Dysplasia Loss of uniformity of individual cells and loss

of their architectural orientation (gall bladder, cervix etc)

Pleomorphism Hyperchromatism Increased mitotic figures

Causes are Chronic irritation, chronic inflammationChronic infection Chances of becoming cancer are high

Mechanism of intracellular accumulation

Pathologic calcificationPathologic calcification is the abnormal

tissue deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other mineral salts.Dystrophic Metastatic

Dystrophic calcificationDying tissuesNormal serum calcium levelsNo metabolic derangmentAtheroma in heart.

Metastatic calcificationNormal tissues Hypercalcemia Hyperparathyroidism HyperthyroidismVit D intoxicationIncreased bone catabolismDecreased bone formationBlood vessels, kidneys, lungs

Definition

Clinical pathology is a specialty in which pathologists provide testing of patient samples (usually blood or urine) in several different areas.

Determination of the level of enzymes in blood in case of heart attack or

Level of glucose (sugar) in the blood of a patient with diabetes.

The presence of bacteria and other microorganisms.

Blood cells studies for various types of anemias

Sections of the Laboratory CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

1. Clinical Chemistry  BUN  Cholesterol  FBS

2. Clinical Microscopy  Analysis of body fluids Urin analysis Fecal anaysis Semen analysis

3. Microbiology  Cultures (sputum,blood, urine) Diagnostic

bacteriologyMycology ,Mycobacteriol

ogy Virology Immunology4. Hematology Biggest section Includes CBC,coagulation,

PT, PTT 

Blood bankVery critical section Bec. May have errors Blood typing Cross match AB Identification Goes hand in hand with

serology and immunology Tests done for MALARIA SYPHILIS HIV

Serology/Immunology Cardiac and thyroid fxntest

II. ANATOMY PATHOLOGY

Histopathology Submission of tissues for

tests

Clinical chemistrythe application of biochemical scientific knowledge and

techniques for medical testing and using those results to diagnosis, prognosis, and improve healthcare.

cardiac carecancer testingorgan transplantPoisoningprenatal testingdiabetes managementinfectious disease testinggenetic testing

Coagulation

PT, PTT, fibrinogen, factor 8, antithrombin 3, platelet counts.

platelet hypofunction statesvon Willebrand diseasedisseminated intravascular coagulation,

hemophilia thrombocytopenia

CytogeneticsThe branch of biology that studies the cellular

aspects of heredity (especially the chromosomes.

The branch of genetics that studies the relationships between the structure and number of chromosomes as seen in isolated cells and variation in genotype and phenotype .

The study of the structure of chromosomes. blood and bone marrow taken from patients for chromosomal abnormalities.

Molecular diagnostics

Molecular diagnostics is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused on the study and diagnosis of disease through interrogation of nucleic acids and proteins within solid tissue and body fluids.  In our view, molecular diagnostics is an interdisciplinary science shared between anatomic and clinical pathology

Reasons for ordering testsAid in diagnosis

Confirm diagnosis

Evaluate prognosis

Monitor therapy

Screen for a disease

Nature of RequestSTAT 

Performed immediately and by itself  

Run control and standard 

20-50% More expensive 

TAT is shortened  Request is needed

Today 

confusing  Performed as

soon as possible, given priority

 Based on “running time”

Routine Done with the batch Wait for TAT stated

by laboratory

ValuesREFERENCE

VALUESBetter term than

“normal value”Pulled value, usually

95%of populationVary in diff. hospitals

but not that far

SIGNIFICANT VALUES

Clinical decision should be made if higher or lower than reference value

Usually when 2x to 3x

CRITICAL VALUES Needs immediate attention “panic values” Should call physician Patient is at risk

Reference ValuesNot fixed for allShould consider:

Age  Sex  Pregnancy  Diurnal Variation  Race  Blood type