MONASTICISM, CRUSADES, INQUISITIONS AND SCHISMS IN THE CHURCH

Presented by:

Barreno, John Michael

Evite, Gienielle Fhina

Frio, Aaron Angelo

Linga, Ma. Victoria Maeryl

Mondejar, John Paul

Ocampo, Juan Antonio

Robedillo, Jena Patricia

Tolosa, Aila Arielle

Topic Overview

MONATICISM

CRUSADES

INQUISITIONS

SCHISMS

MONASTICISM

• literally the act of "dwelling alone" (Greek monos, monazein, monachos)

•  has come to denote the mode of life pertaining to persons living in seclusion from the world, under religious vows and subject to a fixed rule, as monks, friars, nuns, or in general as religious.

• basic idea of monasticism in all its varieties is seclusion or withdrawal from the world or society. 

In simple words,

• means the removal of obstacles to loving God, and what these obstacles are is clear from the nature of love itself. Love is the union of wills. If the creature is to love God, he can do it in one way only; by sinking his own will in God's, by doing the will of God in all things

3 Vows

• Poverty- detachment from worldly riches.• Chastity- morally clean in their thoughts,

words, and actions.• Obedience- The voluntary binding of oneself

under oath to obey superiors in a religious institute, or a confessor, or spiritual guide.

Extremes of Monasticism

• Dendrites- live in trees• Recluses - clustered in hovels• Stylites- preached on top of the pillars• Adamites- threw their clothes and left them

behind.

Examples of Significant People who live a life of Monasticism

St. Teresa of Avíla

Co- foundress of the Discalced Carmelites

For a Carmelite:“prayer is deeply theological”

St. Benedict of Nursia

“Pax Ora et Labora”

PEACE, PRAY and WORK

(Rule of St. Benedict)

Crusades

• were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, called by the Pope and with the main goal of restoring Christian control of the Holy Land.

• corresponds to a political conception which was realized in Christendom only from the eleventh to the fifteenth century; this supposes a union of all peoples and sovereigns under the direction of the popes.

First Crusade

• 1095-1099• a military expedition by Western

Christianity to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem.

Second Crusade

• 1147 – 1149•  started in response to the fall of the County of

Edessa the previous year to the forces of Zengi.

• announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other important European nobles.

Third Crusade

• 1189-1192• also known as the King’s Crusade• an attempt by European leaders to

reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin n as the Kings' Crusade

• was largely successful, but fell short of its ultimate goal—the reconquest of Jerusalem.

Fourth Crusade

• 1202-1204• originally intended to conquer Muslim-

controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt.

• But instead, Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and conquered Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire

Fifth Crusade

• 1218-1221• an attempt to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of

the Holy Land by first conquering the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt.

• Pope Innocent III and his successor Pope Honorius III organized crusading armies led by the king Andrew II of Hungary and the Duke Leopold VI of Austria, and a foray against Jerusalem ultimately left the city in Muslim hands.

Sixth Crusade

• Happened in 1228-1229• Called by Pope Gregory IX• It was responded by King Frederick II of the Holy

Roman Empire. However, the Pope excommunicated Frederick because of his many delays and failure to keep his vow. Frederick finally arrived in Acre September 7, 1228, ten years after his vow. However he chose diplomacy over warfare and negotiated a controversial agreement with the Sultan of Egypt for the return of Jerusalem, which remained in Christian hands once again for 15 years, until 1244.

Seventh Crusade

• 1248-1254• led by Louis IX of France• Approximately 800,000 bezants were paid in ransom

for King Louis who, along with thousands of his troops, was captured and defeated by the Egyptian army led by the Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah supported by the Bahariyya Mamluks led by Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al Bunduqdari, Qutuz ,Aybak and Qalawun.

Eighth Crusade

• Happened in 1270• launched by Louis IX, King of France• attacked the Arabs in Tunis in North Africa• However, he picked the hottest season of the

year for campaigning and his army was devastated by disease that the king himself died, ending the last major attempt to free the Holy Land.

skhísma

INQUISTIONS

• the "fight against heretics" by several institutions within the justice-system of the Roman Catholic Church.

• was a medieval church court instituted to seek out and prosecute heretics.

Purpose

The 1578 handbook for inquisitors spelled out the purpose of inquisitorial penalties:

“for punishment does not take place primarily and per se for the correction and good of the person punished, but for the public good in order that others may become terrified and weaned away from the evils they would commit.”

SCHISM

• From the Greek word “skhísma” which means

“to tear, to split”.• a division between people, usually belonging

to an organization or movement religious denomination.

Eastern Schism

• The Eastern Christians spoke Greek

• the Eastern Church's administration was governed by a group of bishops (i.e., Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem)

• some theological issues which were promulgated by the Western Church were never and are not to this very day accepted by the Eastern Church such as: the infallibility of the Pope of Rome on matters of Church doctrine, the universal jurisdictional authority of the Pope of Rome, the doctrine of Purgatory, and the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary.

Western Schism

•  split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417. 

• Occurred after Pope Gregory XI died when Romans rioted to ensure the election of a Roman for pope. The cardinals, fearing the crowds, elected a Neapolitan when no viable Roman candidates presented themselves. Pope Urban VI, born Bartolomeo Prignano, the Archbishop of Bari, was elected in 1378.

• Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope he proved suspicious, overbearing, and prone to violent outbursts of temper. The cardinals who had elected him soon regretted their decision: the majority removed themselves from Rome to Anagni, where they elected Robert of Geneva as a rival pope on September 20 of the same year.

Robert took the name Pope Clement VII and reestablished a papal court in Avignon. The second election threw the Church into turmoil. There had been antipopes—rival claimants to the papacy—before, but most of them had been appointed by various rival factions; in this case, a single group of leaders of the Church had created both the pope and the antipope.

END OF PRESENTATION

Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam!

SOURCES

• http://latter-rain.com/theology/schisms.htm• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition• http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm• Schism of 1054. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica.• Monasticism. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica.• Crusades.(2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica.• Bréhier, L. (1908). Crusades. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New

York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved October 7, 2011 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm

• Blötzer, J. (1910). Inquisition. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved October 7, 2011 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm