DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 080 806 CE 000 019

TITLE Flight Test Guide (Part 61 Revised); Private PilotAirplane.

INSTITUTION Federal Aviation Agency (DOT), Washington, D.C.Flight Standards Service.

PUB DATE 73NOTE 48p.AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock no. 5011-00063,$.45 domestic postpaid, $.30 GPO Bookstore)

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29DESCRIPTORS *Aircraft Pilots; *Certification; Performance

Criteria; *Performance Specifications; Skills;*Testing

ABSTRACTThis guide provides an outline of the skills required

to pass the flight test for a Private Pilot Certificate with AirplaneRating under part 61 (revised) of Federal Aviation Regulations..General procedures for flight tests are described and the followingpilot operations outlined; preflight operations, airport and trafficpattern operations, flight maneuvering by reference to groundobjects, flight at critically low speeds, takeoffs and landings,maneuvering by reference to instruments, cross country flying,maximum performance takeoffs and landings, night flying - night VFRnavigation, and emergency operations. Under each heading theobjective, procedures and maneuvers are outlined, followed bydescriptions and acceptable performance guidelines for each item. Theguide is intended to aid both applicant and instructor and assist FAAinspectors and designated pilot examiners in the conduct andstandardization of flight tests. (SA)

FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE CO

S DEPARTMENT,OF HEALTH.EOUCATION &WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EOUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN ITEPPI,DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED TRW.TOE PF ;2 SON OR ORGANIZATION 05161,AT1NG IT POINTS (N VIEW OR OPINIONSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY PEPSISENT OruiCiAt N,',TIONAL INSli TOTE 0.EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

FLIGHT TEST GUIDE[Part 61 Revised]

PRIVATE PILOT

Airplane

1973

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATIONFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

FLIGHT STANDARDS SEaVICE

For sale by the Superin °ndent of DocumentsU.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price: 45 cents, domestic postpala; 30 cents, GPO BookstoreStock No. 6011-00063

PREFACE

Part 61 (revised) of Federal AviationRegulations, effective 1 November 1973, es-tablishes a new concept of pilot training andcertification .requirements. To provide a

transition to these revised requirements, Part61 (revised) permits the applicant, for a

period of 1 year after the effective date, tomeet either the previous requirements orthose contained in the revised part. AC61-3B, Private Pilot Test Guide, dated 1968.outlines the previous requirements.

This flight test guide, AC 61-54, has beenprepared by Flight Standards Service of theFederal Aviation Administration to assist theapplicant and his instructor in preparing forthe flight test for the Private Pilot Certificatewith Airplane Rating under Part 61 (re-vised). It contains information and guidanceconcerning the pilot operations, procedures,and maneuvers relevant to the flight test re-quired for that certificate. A suggested flighttest checklist is included for the convenienceof those who may find such a checklist useful.

In addition to providing help to the appli-cant and his instructor, this guide will beuseful to FAA Inspectors and designated pilotexaminers in the conduct and standardization

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of flight tests. Persons using this guide inconnection with private pilot training andflight tests should also refer to the applicableFederal Aviation Regulations; Airman's In-formation Manual; Flight Training Hand-book, AC 61-21; and other pertinent advisorycircular;.

Comments regarding this guide may bedirected to Department of Transportation,Federal Aviation Administration, FlightStandards Technical Division, P.O. Box 25082.Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73125.

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CONTENTS

PagePreface iii

Applicant's Flight Test Checklist ix

General Information 1

Pilot Operations

I. PREFLIGHT OPERATIONSA. Certificates and Documents 9B. Airplane Performance and

Limitations 10

C. Weight and Balance 10

D. Weather Information 11

E. Line Inspection 11

F. Airplane Servicing 12

G. Engine and Systems PreflightCheck 12

II. AIRPORT AND TRAFFICPATTERN OPERATIONS

A. Radio Communications andATC Light Signals _ 13

B. Airport and Runway Markingsand Lighting 14

C. Operations on the Surface 14

D. Traffic Patterns 15

E. Collision Avoidance Precautions 15F. Wake Turbulence Avoidance 16

Page

III. FLIGHT MANEUVERING BYREFERENCE TO GROUNDOBJECTS

A. "S" Turns Across a Road ____ 17B. Eights Along a Road or Eights

Across a Road 18

C. Rectangular Course 19

D. Turns About a Point 20

E. Eights Around Pylons 20

IV. FLIGHT AT CRITICALLYSLOW AIRSPEEDS

A. Maneuvering at Minimum Con-trollable Airspeed 21

B. Imminent Stalls 22

C. Full Stalls 23

V. TAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS

A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs(Landplanes) 24

B. Normal and Crosswind Landings(Landplanes) 25

C. Seaplane Taxiing 27

D. Seaplane Takeoffs 27

E. Seaplane Landings 98

VI. MANEUVERING BY REFER-ENCE TO INSTRUMENTS

A. Basic Maneuvers 29

B. Use of Radio Aids 30

C. Use of Radar or DF HeadingInstructions 30

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Page

VII. CROSS-COUNTRY FLYING

A. Plight Planning 31

!:3. Conduct of Planned Flight 32

C. Diversion to an Alternate 33

VIII. MAXIMUM PERFORMANCETAKI;OFFS AND LANDINGS

A. Short-Field Takeoff and Maxi -mum Climb 33

B. Short-Field Landing 34

C. Soft-Field Takeoff 35

D. Soft-Field Landing 36

IX. NIGHT FLYINGNIGHTVFR NAVIGATION

A. Preparation and Equipment 37

B. Takeoffs and Landings 37C. VFR Navigation 38

X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. Partial or Complete PowerMalfunctions 39

B. Systems or EquipmentMalfunctions 39

C. Lost Procedures 40

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APPLICANTS FLIGHT TEST CHECKLIST

(Suggested)

APPOINTMENT WITH INSPECTOR

OR EXAMINER: Name

Time/De te

ACCEPTABLE AIRPLANE WITHDUAL CONTROLS

View-limiting deviceAircraft Documents:

Airworthiness CertificateRegistration CertificateOperating Limitations

Aircraft Maintenance Records:Airworthiness Inspections

FCC Station License

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

Current Aeronautical ChartsComputer and PlotterFlight Plan FormFlight LogsCurrent AIM

PERSONAL RECORDS

Pilot CertificateMedical CertificateSigned RecommendationWritten Test ResultsLogbookNotice of Disapproval (if applicable)Approved School Graduation Certificate

(if applicable)FCC Radiotelephone Operator PermitExaminer's Fee (if applicable)

ix506-922 0 - 73 - 2

GENERAL. INFORMATION

PILOT TRAINING ANDCERTIFICATION CONCEPT

Part 61 of the Federal Aviation Regulationshas been revised and upgraded to reflect thecomplexity of the modern aircraft as well asits operating environment. In the past, air-man certification requirements could be metby training a student to pass' a written testand then to demonstrate his ability to per-form predetermined flight training maneuv-ers during a flight test. Rather than merelyduplicating on the flight test the maneuversused for training, the new training and cer-tification concept requires that the applicantreceive instruction in and demonstrate hiscompetency in all pilot operations listed inpertinent sections of Part 61 (revised). Apilot operation, as used herein, is a group ofrelated procedures and maneuvers involvingskills and knowledge required to safely andefficiently function as a pilot. The specificprocedures and maneuvers used to teach thepilot operations are not listed in Part 61(revised). Instead, the instructor is per-mitted to select procedures and maneuversfrom FAA-approved training publicationspertinent to the certificate or rating sought.

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The instructor indicates by logbook endorse-ment that the applicant has demonstratedcompetency in all the required pilot opera-tions and considers him qualified to pass theflight test. On the flight test, the examinersselects the procedures and maneuvers to beperformed by the applicant to show com-petency in each required pilot operation.

The procedures and maneuvers appropriateto the Private Pilot Certificate with an air-plane rating are contained in AC 61-21,Flight Training Handbook.

USE OF THIS GUIDE

The pilot operations in this flight test guide,indicated by Roman numerals, are requiredby Section 61.107 of Part 61 (revised). Thisguide is intended only to outline appropriatepilot operations and the minimum standardsfor the performance of each procedure ormaneuver which will be accepted by theexaminer as evidence of the pilot's com-petency. It is not intended that the applicantbe tested on every procedure or maneuverwithin each pilot operation, but only thoseconsidered necessary by the examiner to de-termine competency in each pilot operation.

When, in the judgment of the examiner,certain demonstrations are impractical (for

The word "examiner" is used hereafter in thisguide to denote either the Federal Aviation Ad.ministration Inspector or designated pilot examinerwho conducts an official flight test.

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example, night flying), competency may bedetermined by oral testing.

This guide contains an Objective for eachrequired, pilot operation. Under each pilotoperation, pertinent procedures or maneuversare listed with Descriptions and AcceptablePerformance Guidelines.

1. The Objective states briefly the pur-pose of each pilot operation required onthe flight test.2. The Description provides informationon what may be asked of the applicantr 1rding the selected procedure or ma-neuver. The procedures or maneuverslisted have been found most effective indemonstrating the objective of that par-ticular pilot operation.3. The Acceptable Performance Guide-lines include the factors which will betaken into account by the examiner indeciding whether the applicant has metthe objective of the pilot operation. Theairspeed, altitude, and heading tolerancesgiven represent the minimum perform.ance expected in good flying conditions.However, consistently exceeding thesetolerances before corrective action isinitiated is indicative of an unsatisfactoryperformance. Any proce lure or action,or the tack thereof, which requires theintervention of the examiner to maintainsafe flight will be disqualifying. Failureto exercise proper vigilance or to take

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positive action to ensure that the flightarea has been adequately cleared forconflicting traffic will also be. disquali-fying.

Emphasis will be placed on procedures,knowledge, and maneuvers which are mostcritical to a safe performance as a pilot. Thedemonstration of prompt stall recognition,adequate control, and recovery techniqueswill receive special attention. Other areas ofimportance include spatial disorientation,collision avoidance, and wake turbulencehazards.

The applicant will be expected to know themeaning and significance of the airplane per-formance speeds important to the pilot, andbe able to readily find these speeds for theairplane used for the flight test. These speedsinclude:

V,. the stalling speed or minimumsteady flight speed in landing con-figuration.

Vy the speed for the best rate of climb.VX the speed for the best angle of climb.V. the design maneuvering speed.V.. the never exceed speed.

In the event the private pilot flight test istaken in a multiengine airplane, the Descrip-tion and Acceptable Performance Guidelinesfound in Section 1 of AC 61-57, the Multi-engine Airplane Class and Type RatingFlight Test Guide, will be used for each re.

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quired maneuver which is performed differ-ently in rnultiengine airplanes, rather thanthose in this guide.

GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR FLIGHT TESTS

The ability of an applicant for a private orcommercial pilot certificate, or for an aircraftor instrument rating on that certificate, toperform the required pilot operations is

based on the following:

1. Executing procedures and maneuverswithin the aircraft's performance capa-bilities and limitations, including use ofthe aircraft's systems.2. Executing emergency procedures andmaneuvers appropriate to the aircraft.3. Piloting the aircraft with smoothnessand accuracy.

4. Exercising judgment.5. Applying his aeronautical knowledge.6. Showing that he is the master of theaircraft, with the successful outcome ofa procedure or maneuver never seriouslyin doubt.

If the applicant fails any of the requiredpilot operations he fails the flight test. Theexaminer or the applicant may discontinuethe test at any time when the failure of arequired pilot operation makes the applicantineligible for the certificate or rating sought.II the test is discontinued the applicant is

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er.titled to credit for only those entire pilotoperations that he has successfully performed.

FLIGHT TEST PREREQUISITES

An applicant for the private pilot flight testis required by revised Section 61.39 of theFederal Aviation Regulations to have: (1)passed the appropriate private pilot writtentest within 24 months before the date hetakes the flight test, (2) the applicable in-struction and aeronautical experience pre-scribed for a private pilot certificate, (3) a

first, second, or third class medical certificateissued within the past 24 months, (4) reachedat least 17 years of age, and (5) a writtenstatement from an appropriately certificatedflight instructor certifying that he has giventhe applicant flight instruction in preparationfor the flight test within 60 days precedingthe date of application, and finds him com-petent to pass the test and to have a satis-factory knowledge of the subject areas in

which he is shown to be deficient by his air-man written test report.

AIRPLANE AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRE-MENTS FOR FLIGHT TEST

The applicant is required by revised Sec-tion 61.45 to provide an airworthy airplanefor the flight test. This airplane must becapable of, and its operating limitations mustnot prohibit, the pilot operations required in

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the test. The following equipment is relevantto the pilot operations required by revisedSection 61.107 for the private pilot flight test:

1. Twoway radio suitable for voicecommunicatio,is with aeronautical groundstations.

2. A radio receiver which can be utilizedfor available radio navigation facilities(may be the same radio used for com-munications).

3. Appropriate flight instruments for thecontrol of the airplane during instrumentconditions. Appropriate flight instruments are considered to be those required by FAR Part 91 for flight underinstrument flight rules.

4. Engine and flight controls that areecsily reached and operated in a normalmanner by both pilots.

5. A suitable viewlimiting device, easyto install and remove in flight, for simu-lating instrument flight conditions.6. Operating instructions and limitations.The applicant should have an appropriatechecklist, an Owner's Manual/Handbook,or, if required for the airplane used, anFAA approved Airplane Flight Manual.Any operating or other pub-lished recommendations oi the manufac-turer that are applicable to the specificairplane wi;1 be observed.

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PILOT OPERATIONS

Procedures/Maneuvers

I. PREFLIGHT OPERATIONS

Objective

To determine that the applicant can ensurethat he meets pilot requirements, that the air-plane is airworthy and ready for safe flight,and that suitable weather conditions exist.

Procedures/Maneuvers

A. Certificates and Documents

7. Description The applicant may beasked to present his pilot and medical cer-tificates and to locate and explain the air-plane's registration certificate, airworthinesscertificate, operating manual or FAA ap-proved Airplane Flight 'Manual if required) .

equipment list. and required weight andbalance data. In addition. he is expected tohe able to explain the airplane and engineloghooks or other maintenance records.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall be knowledgeableregarding the location, purpose, and signifi-cance of each required item.

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B. Airplane Performance and Limitations

1. Description The applicant may beorally quizzed on the performance capabili-ties, approved operating procedures, andlimitations of the airplane used. This in-cludes power settings, placarded speeds, andfuel and oil requirements. In addition, themanufacturer's published recommendationsor FAA approved Airplane Flight Manualshould 1w used to determine the effects oftemperature, pressure altitude, wind, andgross weight on performance.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall be evaluated onhis ability to obtain, explain, and apply theinformation which is essential in determiningthe performance of the airplane used.

C. Weight and Balance/. Description The applicant may be

asked to demonstrate the application of theapproved weight and balance data for theairplane used to det,!rmine that the grossweight and e.g. (center of gravity) locationare within limits. Charts and graphs pro-vided by the manufacturer may be used.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his ability to deter-mine the empty weight, maximum grossweight, useful load (fuel, passengers, bag-gage) by reference to appropriate publica-tions, and his ability to apply this information

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to determine that the gross weight and e.g.are within approved limits.

D. Weather Information

1. Description The applicant may beasked to obtain Aviation Weather Reports,Area and Terminal Forecasts, and WindsAloft Forecasts pertinent to the proposedflight.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall demonstrate thatne knows what weather information is perti-nent anc how to best obtain this information,and that he can interpret and understand itssignificance with respect to his proposedflight.

E. Line inspection

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a visual check to deter-mine the airplane's airworthiness and readi-ness for flight. This includes all requiredequipment and documents. A checklist pro-vided by the manufacturer or operator shouldbe used.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall use an orderlyprocedure in conducting a preflight check ofthe airplane. He shall know the significanceof each item checked and recognize any 'in-

safe condition.

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F. Airplane Servicing

I. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a visual inspection to

determine that the fuel is of the proper gradeand type and the supply of fuel, oil, andother required fluids is adequate for the pro-posed flight. He should take appropriateaction to eliminate possible fuel contamina-tion in the airplane.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall know the gradeand type of oil and fuel specified for th,2 air-plane and be able to determine the a,nountof fuel required to complete the flight. Heshall know where to find all fuel and oil

fillers, and the capacity of each tank, as wellas the location of the battery, hydraulic fluidreservoirs, anti-icing fluid tanks, etc. Heshall also know the proper steps for avoidingfuel contamination during and followingservicing.

G. Engine and Systems Preflight Check

7. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a check to determinethat the engine is operating within inceptablelimits and that all systems, equipnit.nt, andcontrols are functioning properly and ad-justed for takeoff. A checklist provided bythe manufacturer or operator should be used.

2. Acceptabh. Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall use proper proce-dures in engine starting and runup and in

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checking airplane systems, equipment, andcontrols to determine that the airplane isready for flight. Careless operation in closeproximity to obstructions, ground personnel,or other aircraft shall be disqualifying.

II. AIRPORT AND TRAFFIC PATTERNOPERATIONS

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant is able to

safely and efficiently conform to arrival anddeparture procedures and established trafficpatterns at controlled and noncontrolled air-ports during day and night VP.1 operations.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Radio Communication and ATC Light

Signals

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate the use of designatedfrequencies and recommended voice proce-dures to report position and state intentionsregarding the flight. and to obtain pertinentinformation and clearances. Where ap-plicable, he is expected to use Airport Ter-minal Information Service, Airport AdvisoryService, Control Tower, Approach and De-parture Control, UNICOM, and ATC lightsignals.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall determine the typeof comTrunication facilities available, selectcorrect ifcquencies, and use appropriate

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communications procedures to obtain andacknowledge necessary 7 formation. Failingto comply with airport affic procedures orinstructions without permission to do so shallbe disqualifying.

B. Airport and Runway Markings andLighting

I. Description Where available, theapplicant may be asked to demonstrate theproper use of wind and traffic direction in-dicators, and markings indicating closed run-ways, displaced thresholds, taxiways, holdinglines, and basic runways. He is also expectedto be familiar with taxiway and runwaylighting. rotating beacons, obstruction lights.and VAST (Visual Approach Slope Indicator).

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall know the meaningki7 standard wind and traffic indicators, mark-ings and lighting, and how they relate toairplane operation. Failure to properly usethese aids, creating an unsafe situation, shallhe disqualifying.

C. Operations on the Surface

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate safe operating practiceswhile in close proximity to other aircraft,persons, or obstructions. Emphasis should

placed on use of brakes and power tocontrol taxi speeds, proper positioning offlight controls for existing wind conditions,awareness of possible ground hazards, and

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compliance with taxi procedures and instruc-tions. The applicant is expected to take extraprecautions when taxiing behind large aircraft.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maneuver the air-plane on the surface without endangeringpersons or property or conflicting with a

smooth and orderly flow of traffic.

D. Traffic Patterns

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate prescribed arrival anddeparture procedures. He is expected tomaintain appropriate altitudes, airspeeds, andground track consistent with instructions re-ceived or the established traffic pattern.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his ability to ma-neuver the airplane relative to the runwayin use. Consideration shall be given to ap-plication of wind drift corrections, adequatespacing in relation to 'other aircraft, andmaintaining and controlling altitude and airspeed. Deviation of ±100 ft. from prescribedtraffic pattern altitudes or ±10 knots fromrecommended airspeeds shall be considereddisqualifying unless corrected promptly.

E. Collision Avoidance Precautions

1. Description The applicant is expected to exercise conscientious and con-tinuous surveillance of the airspace in which

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the airplane is being operated to guard againstpotential mid-air collisions. In addition. to"see and avoid" practices, he is expected touse VFR Advisory Service at nonradar fa-cilities, Airport Advisory Service at nontowerairports or FSS locations, and Radar TrafficInformation Service, where available.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maintain con-tinuous vigilance for other aircraft and takeimmediate actions necessary to avoid anysituation which could result in a mid-air col-lision. Extra precautions shall be taken,particularly in areas of congested traffic, to

ensure that his view of other aircraft is notobstructed by his airplane's structure. Whentraffic advisory service is used, the applicantshall understand terminology used by theradar controller in reporting positions of

other aircraft. Failure to maintain propersurveillance shall be disqualifying.

F. Wake 1%;rbulence Avoidance

1. Description The applicant may beasked to explain bow, where, and when wing-tip vortices pre generated and their charac-istics and a,ociated hazards. He shouldfollow recommended courses of action to re-main clear of these hazards.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall identify the condi-tions and locations in which wingtip vorticesmay be encountered and adjust his flight path

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so as to avoid these areas. Failure to followrecommended procedures for minimizing thelikelihood of flying into wingtip vortices shallbe disqualifying.

III. FLIGHT MANEUVERING BY REFER-ENCE TO GROUND OBJECTS

Objective

To determine that the applicant is able tomaneuver the airplane at approximately traf-fic pattern altitude over a predeterminedground path while dividing his attention in-side and outside the airplane.

Procedures /Maneuvers

A. "S" Turns Across a Road

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a series of "S" turnsacross a straight ground reference line ap-proximately perpendicular to the wind. Heis expected to plan bank variations to com-pensate for wind so that each half circle is

equal on opposite sides of the line. At eachreversal of direction, he should cross the lineat a 90° angle with the wings level. A con-stant altitude should be maintained through-out the maneuver.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall readily selectground references and maneuver the airplanein relation to these references. Properly co-ordinated turns, smooth control usage, and

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division of attention shall be required. De-

viation of ±100 ft. from the selected altitudeshall be considered disqualifying unless cor-rected promptly. Also, excessively steep banks,flight below minimum safe altitudes prescribedby Regulations, or inadequate clearance ofother aircraft shall be disqualifying.

B. Eights Along a Road or Eights Acrossa Road

1. Description The applicant may beasked to maneuver along a gromid trackstarting above and parallel to a road, thenperform a 360° turn in each direction.He is expected to vary the bank to correctfor wind so as to arrive back over the roadat the starting point upon completion of each360°. turn. The ground track should be inthe form of a figure "8 ".

The applicant may be asked to performa similar ground track maneuver startingover the intersection of two roads or somepoint on a road. The turns should be madeso the intersection or point, which forms thecenter of the "8", is crossed in straight-and-level flight. A emstant altitude should bemaintained throughout the maneuver.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maneuver the air-plane so the loops of the "8" are symmetrical.Performance shall be evaluated on the basisof proper wind drift correction. airspeedcontrol. coordination, altitude control, and

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vigilance for other aircraft. Deviation of±100 ft. from the selected altitude shall beconsidered disqualifying unless ,:,rrectedpromptly. Also. excessively steep banks, flightbelow minimum safe altitude prescribed byRegulations, or inadequate clearance of otheraircraft shall be disqualifying.

C. Rectangular Course

1. Description The applicant may beasked to follow a rectangular or square coursearound and outside of a selected area. He isexpected to correct for wind drift so theground track is parallel to the sides of theselected area and equidistant from each side.A constant altitude should be maintainedthroughout the maneuver. This patternshould be perfoilned both to the right and tothe left.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall readily select theground reference and maintain the desiredtrack in relation to that reference. Properlycoordinated turns, smooth control usage, anddivision of attention shall be required. De-

viation of -±-100 ft. from the selected altitudeshall be considered disqualifying unless cor-rected primply. Also, excessive maneuveringto correct for wind drift, flight below mini-mum safe altitude prescribed by Regulations,or inadequate clearance from other aircraftshall be disqualifying.

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D. Turns About a Point1. Description The applicant may be

asked to perform a ground track maneuverin which a constant radius of turn is main-tained by varying the bank to compensatefor wind drift, so as to circle and maintain auniform distance from a prominent referencepoint on the ground. A constant altitudeshould be maintained throughout the ma-neuver. This maneuver should be performedboth to the right and to the left.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maneuver the air-plane so that the ground track is a constantdistance from the reference point. Perform-ance shall be evaluated on the basis of properwind drift correction, airspeed control, coordi-nation, altitude control, and vigilance for otheraircraft. Deviation of more than ±1.00 ft.from the selected altitude shall be considereddisqualifying unless corrected promptly. Also,excessively steer) banks, flight below minimumsafe altitude prescribed by Regulations, or in-adequate clearance from other aircraft shall hedisqualifying.

E. Eights Around Pylons

1. Description The applicant may berequested to perform right and left turnsaround two ground reference points or pylons.A turn should be made in each direction,varying bank to correct for wind drift, result-ing in a constant distance from each point.

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The ground track should be in the form of afigure 8 ".

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall maneuver the air-plane so that both loops of the "8" arc ofequal size. Performance shall be evaluatedOn proper wind drift correction, airspeedcontrol, coordination. altitude control, andvigilance for other aircraft. Deviation of-±-100 ft. from the selected altitude shall beconsidered disqualifying unless correctedpromptly. Also. excessively steep hanks, flightbelow minimum safe altitude prescribed byRegulations, or inadequate . clearance fromother aircraft shall be disqualifying.

IV. FLIGHT AT CRITICALLY SLOW AIR-SPEEDS

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant under.

stands the reason for and can recognizechanges in the airplane flight characteristicsat critically slow airspeeds in various attitudes and configurations. To determine thatthe applicant can recognize imminent andfull stalls and can accomplish prompt, posi-tive, and effective recoveries in all normallyanticipated situations.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Maneuvering at Minimum Control-

lable Airspeed1. Description The applicant may be

asked to maneuver in various configurations

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and at such airspeeds that controllability isminimized to the point that if the angle ofattack is further increased by an increase inload factor or a decrease in airspeed, animmediate stall would result. The maneuvershould be accomplished in medium-bankedlevel, climbing and descending turns, as wellas in straight-and-level flight.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall be evaluated on hisability to zstablish the minimum controllableairspeed, to positively control the airplane,and to recognize incipient stalls. Primaryemphasis shall be placed on airspeed control.During straight-and-level flight at this speed,the applicant shall maintain altitude within±100 ft. and heading within ±10° of thatassigned by the examiner. Inadequatesurveillance of C. area prior to and duringthe maneuver or an unintentional stall shallbe disqualifying.

B. Imminent Stalls

I. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate recoveries from immi-nent stalls entered from straight flight andfrom turning flight with power-on or power-off. He is expected to place the airplane inthe attitude and configuration appropriate forflight situations such as takeoffs, departures,landing approaches, and accelerated maneuv-ers, as directed by the examiner. The appli-cant should apply control pressures which

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result in an increase in angle of attack untilthe first buffeting or decay of control effec-tiveness is noted. The recovery should beaccomplished immediately by reducing theangle of attack with coordinated use of flightand power controls.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall recognize the in-dications of an imminent stall and takeprompt, positive control action to prevent afull stall. The applicant shall be disqualifiedif a full stall occurs or if it becomes necessaryfor the examiner to take control of the air-plane to avoid excessive airspeed, excessiveloss of altitude, or a spin.

C. Full Stalls

1. )escription The applicant may beasked to demonstrate recoveries from fullstalls entered from straight flight and fromturning flight with power-on or power-off.He is expected to establish the attitude andconfiguration for flight situations such astakeoffs and departures, landing approaches,and accelerated maneuvers. Then he shouldincrease the angle of attack smoothly until astall occurs, as indicated by a sudden loss ofcontrol effectiveness or uncontrollable pitch-ing. Recovery should be accomplished by re-ducing the angle of attack imnit-diately, andpositively regaining normal flight attitudewith coordinated use of flight and power con-trols. The applicant is expected to be aware

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of the loss of altitude necessary to recoverfrom a stabilized high rate of descent withthe elevator control fully back, if this condi.tion is encountered before a stall develops.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall recognize whenthe stall has occurred and take prompt actionto prevent a prolonged stalled condition.The applicant shall be disqualified if a secondary stall occurs or if it becomes necessaryfor the examiner to take control of the air-plane to avoid excessive airspeed, excessiveloss of altitude, or a spin.

V. TAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can accom-

plish safe takeoffs and landings under all

normally anticipated conditions in a land-plane or in a seaplane.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs

iLundplanes)

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate normal and crosswindtakeoffs by aligning the airplane with therunway or takeoff surface and applyingtakeoff power smoothly and positively whilemaintaining directional control. In crosswindtakeoffs he is expected to hold aileron intothe wind and maintain a straight takeoff pathby use of rudder and to gradually establish

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a pitch attitude which produces an angle ofattack that permits normal acceleration andlift off.

The applicant may be asked to make atleast one crosswind takeoff with sufficientcrosswind to require the use of crosswindtechniques, but not in excess of the crosswindlimitations of the airplane used.

2. Acceptable Perform'ance Guide-lines The applicant's performance of normaland crosswind takeoffs shall be evaluated onthe hasis of power application, smoothness,wind drift correcti, n coordination, and di-rectional control. The applicant shall main-tain climb speed within ±5 knots of thedesired initial climb speed after liftoff.

B. Normal and Crosswind Landings(Landplanes)

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate normal and crosswindlandings using a final approach speed equalto 1.3 times the stalling speed in landingconfiguration (1.3 V,), or the final approachspeed prescribed by the manufacturer. He

should progressively reduce power so that thethrottle is closed when the desired touchdownpoint is assured, or while roundingout fortouchdown. If the airplane is equipped withflaps, landings may be made with full flaps,partial flaps, or no flaps. Forward slips anda slip-to-a-landing may he performed with or

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without flaps, unless prohibited by the air-plane's operating limitations.

In a tailwheel type airplane, the mainwheels and tailwheel should touch the runwaysimultaneously at or near poweroff stallingspeed. In a nosewheel type airplane, thetouchdown should be on the main wheels withlittle or no weight on the nosewheel. Instrong, gusty surface winds, in a tailwheeltype airplane, the round-out should be madeto an attitude which permits touchdown onthe main wheels only. In crosswind condi-tions, wind drift corrections should be madethroughout the final approach and touchdown.Adequate corrections and positive directionalcontrol should be maintained during theafter-landing roil.

The applicant may he asked to make atleast one crosswind landing with sufficientcrosswind to require the use of crosswindtechniques, but not to exceed the crosswindlimitations of the airplane.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance of normaland crosswind landings shall be evaluatedon the basis of his landing technique, judg-ment, wind drift correction, coordination,power technique, and smoothness. He shallmaintain the proper final approach speedwithin ±5 knots and touch down in the properlanding attitude within the portion of therunway or landing area specified by theexaminer.

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Touching down with an excessive sideload on the landing gear and poor directionalcontrol shall be disqualifying.

C. Seaplane Taxiing7. Description The applicant may be

asked to demonstrate taxiing at slow speedsand on the step, into the wind, downwind,and crosswind. Turns to downwind head-ings, step turns, sailing, docking, and simu-lated or actual approaches to a buoy shouldbe included. The applicant should demon-strate taxiing with and without the use of awater rudder, if the seaplane is so equipped.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his proper use offlight controls, power, and water rudder tosafely and effectively maneuver the seaplane.Any faulty technique which results in a haz-ardous situation shall be disqualifying.

D. Seaplane Takeoffs

1. Description The applicant may berequested to demonstrate takeoffs into thewind, and with light crosswind components.He may also be asked $o demonstrate, w11,:nfeasible, or to describe in detail any or all ofthe following:

a. High-density altitude takeoffs fromglassy water;b. Takeoffs from choppy water orocean swells; and

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c. Takeoffs from streams or inletswith significant current or tide anddoWnstream wind.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his smooth opera-tion of the power and flight controls, direc-tional control, and ability to achieve anefficient planing attitude promptly and to makea smooth, effective transition to flight. Mis-use of the controls, consistent retarding oftakeoffs by premature rotation for liftoff, orfailure to take immediate corrective actionto stop porpoising while on the step shall bedisqualifying.

E. Seaplane Landings7. Description The applicant in:ly be

asked to demonstrate landings into the wind,and with light crosswind components. Land-ing approaches should be made in accordancewith the established traffic pattern for thearea. used, and with a final approach speedof approximately /.3 times the power-offstalling speed in landing configuration (1.3Vso), or the final approach speed recom-mended by the aircraft manufacturer. Astraight course should be maintained duringtouchdown and throughout the runout on thesurface. The applicant may also be asked todemonstrate, if feasible, or to describe in de-tail any of the following:

a. Landings on glassy water;

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b. Landings on choppy water or oceanswells; and

c. Emergency landings on airports orunprepared fields.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of the accuracy of hisapproaches, drift correction, correct use of

the controls in flight and on the surface, andlanding technique. He shall maintain t'ac

desired final approach speed within ±5knots, and touch down smoothly within thearea specified by the examiner.

VI. MANEUVERING BY REFERENCE -0INSTRUMENTS

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant is able to

control and maneuver an airplane solely byreference to flight instruments as might beexperienced under emergency conditions, andto use the emergency assistance availablethrough radio aids, radar and DF (directionfinding) heading instmetions.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Bask Maneuvers

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate his ability to controland maneuver the airplane solely by refcrenceto flight instruments while performingstraight-and-level flight, turns, climbs and

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descents, and while recovering from criticalflight attitudes.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated o:t the basis of coordination, smooth-ness, and accuracy. He shall perform turnsof at least 180° to within ±20° of a pre-selected heading, and climbs and descents towithin ±100 ft. of a preselected altitude.If the examiner finds it necessary to take overto avuid a stall or to avoid exceeding theoperating limitations of the airplane, the ap-plicant shall be disqualified.

B. Use of Radio Aids1. Description Under simulated instru-

ment conditions the applicant may be asked tofollow a VOR radial or "home" to a radiostation using ADF (Automatic DirectionFinder), as appropriate to the radio equip-ment it: the airplane. No prescribed orienta-tion procedure will be required.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall follow a radial or"home" to a station while effectively con-trolling altitude, heading, and airspeed.

C. Use of Radar or DF Heading Instruc-tions

1. Description. The applicant may beasked to demonstrate the proper proceduresfor contacting Approach Control or FlightService Stations to request emergency assist-

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ante. He should be able to follow radar orDF heading instructions while in simulatedinstrument conditions.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on his ability to obtain and followradar or DF heading instructions and emer-gency approach assistance received by radio,while effectively controlling altitude, heading,and airspeed.

VII. CROSS-COUNTRY FLYING

Objective

To determine that the applicant can pre-pare for and conduct a safe, expeditiouscross-country flight.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Flight Planning

1. Description The applicant may beasked to plan a cross-country flight to a pointat least 2 hours away at the cruising speedof the airplane used. At least one inter-mediate stop should be included. Planningshould include the obtaining of pertinent andavailable weather information; plotting thecourse on an aeronautical chart; selectingcheckpoints; measuring distances; and com-puting flight time, headings, and fuel require-ments. The Airman's Information Manualshould be used as a reference for airportinformation. NOTAMS, and such other ap-

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propriate guidance as may be extracted fromits contents.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines All flight planning operations shall bemeaningful, accurate, and applicable to thetrip proposed. The applicant shall explainhis plan for the flight, verify his calculations,and present his sources of information anddata.

8. Conduct of Planned Flight1. Description The applicant may be

asked to perform the planned flight usingpilotage, dead reckoning, and VOR or ADFradio aids as appropriate to the equipmentin the airplane. He should make good thedesired track, determine position by referenceto landmarks, and calculate estimated timesof arrival over checkpoints. He may also beasked to intercept and follow a VOR radialor "home" to a radio station using ADF,recognize station passage, and determine po-sition by means of cross bearings.

The applicant should set out on thecross-country flight which he had plannedbefore takeoff. The planned course shouldbe followed at least until the applicant estab-lishes the compass heading necessary to stayon course, and can give a reasonable estimateof his groundspeed and time of arrival at hisfirst point of intended landing.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall: (1) establish andmaintain headings required to stay on course ;

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(2) correctly identify position; (3) providereasonable estimates of times of arrival overcheckpoints and destination with an apparenterror of not more than 10 minutes; and, (4)maintain altitude within ±200 ft. of theplanned altitude.

C. Diversion to an Alternate1. Description When requested by the

examiner to divert to an alternate airport, asmight be necessary to avoid adverse weather,the applicant is expected to turn to the newcourse promptly. This may be accomplishedby means of pilotage, dead reckoning, orradio navigation aids.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lnes The applicant shall, establish the ap-propriate heading for the course to thealternatz; and within a reasonable time givean acceptable estimate of the flying time andrequired fuel.

VIII. MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE TAKE-OFFS AND LANDINGS

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can use

techniques appropriate to takeoffs and land-ings on short fields and on soft/rough fields.

Procedures/ManeuversA. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum

Climb

I. Description The applicant may Leasked to demonstrate a takeoff from a siniu-

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fated short field with obstructions. He shouldapply power promptly and smoothly, androtate to liftoff just as the best angle-of-climbairspeed is attained. He is expected to main-tain that speed until the assumed obstructionshave been cleared. The applicant is expectedto know and understand the effectiveness ofthe hest rate-of-climb and best angleof-climbairspeeds of the airplane to obtain maximumclimb performance. The flap settings andairspeeds prescribed by the airplane manu-facturer should be used.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his planning,smoothness, directional control, and accuracy.In simulating a short-field takeoff. the liftoffand climb shall be performed within ±5knots of the best angle-of-climb speed.

B. Short-Field Landing1. Description The applicant may be

asked to demonstrate a landing from over anassumed 50-ft. obstruction using a final ap-proach sp ed which will result in little or nofloating after the throttle is closed during theflare for touchdown. The airplane shouldtouch down within the area designated by theexaminer, at minimum controllable airspeed.Upon touchdown, the applicant is expected toproperly apply brakes to minimize the aft,,r-landing roll. Power, flaps, or moderate slipsshould be used as necessary on the last seg-ment of the final approach.

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2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his planning, coor-dination, smoothness, and accuracy. He shallcontrol the angle of descent and airspeed onfinal approach so that floating is minimizedduring the flare. After touchdown, he shallbring the airplane smoothly to a stop withinthe shortest possible distance consistent withsafety.

C. Soft-Field Takeoff

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a takeoff from a simu-lated soft field. This should be accomplishedwith the wing at a relatively high angle ofattack so as to transfer the weight from thewheels to the wing as soon as possible. Thenosewheel or tailwheel should be lifted clearof the surface as soon as the elevators be-come effective. When liftoff occurs, the angleof attack should be reduced gradually withthe wheels just clear of the surface until thebest rate-of-climb airspeed is achieved. Theflap setting used should he in accordance withthe manufacturer's recommendations.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his planning, direc-tional control, smoothness, and accuracy.The applicant shall lift off at a speed nothigher than the power-off stalling speed andobserve normal climb-out speed.

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D. Soft-Field Landing

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a landing from a normalapproach with touchdown at the slowest pos-sible airspeed to permit the softest possibletouchdown and a short landing roll. A nose-high attitude should be maintained duringthe after-landing roll and the flaps promptlyretracted (if recommended by the manufacturer) to prevent damage from mud or slushthrown by the wheels.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his planning, smooth-ness, and accuracy. He shall maintain thefinal approach airspeed within ±5 knots ofthat prescribed. During flap retraction theapplicant shall exercise extreme caution andmaintain positive control.

IX. NIGHT FLYINGNIGHT VFR NAVI-GATION 2

Objective

To determine that the applicant can prop.erly prepare for a night flight and that he isthoroughly familiar with all aspects of nighttakeoffs and landings and night VFR cross-country flights.

This pilot operation is not required if the appli-cant does not meet the night flying requirementsset forth in Section 61.109. His certificate will bearthe limitation. "Night Flying Prohibited".

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Procedures/ManeuversA. Preparation and Equipment

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate how he would preparefor a local or cross-country night flight. Thisrequires that he be familiar with: (1) air-port lighting; (2) the airplane's lightingsystem and its operation; (3) the need fora personal flashlight; and, (4) the weatherconditions pertinent to night flight. Par-ticular attention should be given to thetemperature/dewpoint spread due to the pos-sibility of ground fog forming during nightflights.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant shall explain the sig-

nificance of the items peculiar to the prepara-tion for night flights.

B. Takeoffs and Landings

1. Description An actual demonstrationof takeoffs and landings at night may be re-quired. If required, the applicant is ex-

pected to explain and demonstrate: (1)proper use of power during the approach andlanding phase; (2) efficient use of landinglights; (3) safe climb and approach paths;(4) safe taxi speeds; (5) recognition of po-sition relative to other aircraft by the locationand color of their lights; and, (6) the dangersof spatial disorientation. If an actual dem-onstration is not required, the foregoing mayhe satisfied by oral quizzing.

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2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of his ability to explainor demonstrate, as required by the examiner,the various techniques and aspects of nighttakeoffs and landings. He shall understandthe importance of constant vigilance for otheraircraft on the ground and in the air, and theprecautions necessary to avoid wake turbu-lence and spatial disorientation.

C. VFR Navigation

I. Description An actual demonstrationof night navigation may be required. Ifrequired, the applicant is expected to followprocedures similar to those described in thisguide under "Cross.country Flying." If anactual night demonstration is not required,the foregoing may be satisfied by a daylightdemonstration or oral quizzing.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines The applicant's performance shall beevaluated on the basis of the AcceptablePerformance Guidelines under "Cross.countryFlying" in this guide, with special emphasison the pecularities of night flying.

X. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant can react

pi3mptly and correctly to emergencies whichmay occur during flight.

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Procedures/ManeuversA. Partial or Complete Power Malfunc-

tions

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a knowledge of correc-tive actions for: (1) partial loss of power;(2) complete power failure; (3) rough en-gine; (4) carburetor ice; (5) fuel starvation;and (6) fire in the engine compartment.The examiner may, with no advance warning,reduce power to simulate engine malfunction.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Performance shall be evaluated on theapplicant's prompt analysis of the situationand on his remedial course of action. Heshall perform the emergency procedures incompliance with the manufacturer's publishedrecommendations. Any action which createsunnecessary additional hazards shall be dis-qualifying.

B. Systems or Equipment Malfunctions

1. Description The applicant may beasked to demonstrate a knowledge of correc-tive actions for: (1) inoperative electricalsystem (generator, alternator, battery or cir-cuit breaker) ; (2) electrical fire or smokein cockpit; (3) gear or flap malfunctions;(4) door opening in flight; and (5) inop-erative elevator trim tab. Where practicable,the examiner may, with no advance warning.simulate flap malfunctions, landing gear mal-functions, or an inoperative electrical system.

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The applicant is expected to perform emergency procedures for the simulated malfunc-tion.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Performance shall be evaluated on theapplicant's prompt analysis of the situationand his remedial course of action. He shallperform the emergency procedures in com-pliance with the manufacturer's publishedrecommendations. Any action which createsunnecessary additional hazards shall be disqualifying.

C. Lost Procedures

1. Description The applicant may beasked to explain the proper courses of actionto be taken in the event he becomes lost, istrapped on top of an overcast, loses radiocommunications, or encounters unanticipatedadverse weather.

2. Acceptable Performance Guide-lines Performance shall be evaluated on theapplicant's ability to promptly and correctlyanalyze the situation and describe the appro-priate remedial action.

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U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1973 0-506-922