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DO NOW1. Grab Weekly
2. Grab Chapter 12 Packet
DO NOW1. Grab Weekly
2. Grab Chapter 12 Packet
Ch. 12 History of Life on Earth
Ch. 12 History of Life on Earth
Age of Earth
1. 4.5 billion years ago Earth was a fiery ball of rock
2. Surface of Earth cooled
3. Water vapor in air condensed to form ocean water where life first evolved
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Measuring the Age of Earth
Measuring the Age of Earth
Scientist have measured the age of the rocks found on Earth using radiometric dating
The age of the rock is measured based on how much it has broken down throughout the years called radioactive decay
Scientist have measured the age of the rocks found on Earth using radiometric dating
The age of the rock is measured based on how much it has broken down throughout the years called radioactive decay
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Measuring the Age of Earth
Measuring the Age of Earth
Radioactive Decay of a rock’s content of certain “isotopes” is measured in Half-Lives
Half Life Time it takes for one half of a
certain amount of radioisotope to decay
By measuring this, scientists can calculate how many half lives have passed since a rock was formed
Radioactive Decay of a rock’s content of certain “isotopes” is measured in Half-Lives
Half Life Time it takes for one half of a
certain amount of radioisotope to decay
By measuring this, scientists can calculate how many half lives have passed since a rock was formed
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Measuring the Age of Earth
Measuring the Age of Earth
The Theories – How Life BeganThe Theories – How Life Began
1. Formation of Life’s Chemicals
1. Formation of Life’s Chemicals
Nonliving matter was energized by sun and volcanic heat
Caused chemical reaction to produce simple organic molecules
Organics became more complex
First cells developed
Nonliving matter was energized by sun and volcanic heat
Caused chemical reaction to produce simple organic molecules
Organics became more complex
First cells developed
The Theories – How Life BeganThe Theories – How Life Began
Primordial Soup Model
Primordial Soup Model
Hypothesized that Earth’s oceans were once filled with organic molecules (“soup”)
But, there was no oxygen in the air: only nitrogen, hydrogen, water, ammonia, methane
Hypothesized that Earth’s oceans were once filled with organic molecules (“soup”)
But, there was no oxygen in the air: only nitrogen, hydrogen, water, ammonia, methane
The Theories – How Life BeganThe Theories – How Life Began
Primordial Soup Model
Primordial Soup Model
Solar radiation, volcanic eruptions, lightning excited electrons in gases
Electrons reacted with Hydrogen in the air to form organic molecules
This hypothesis was actually tested and SUPPORTED!
Solar radiation, volcanic eruptions, lightning excited electrons in gases
Electrons reacted with Hydrogen in the air to form organic molecules
This hypothesis was actually tested and SUPPORTED!
Results – found a complex collection of organic molecules! Compounds included life’s building blocks – amino acids, fatty acids – Hypothesis Supported!
The Theories – How Life Began The Theories – How Life Began
Bubble Model
Bubble Model
Scientists Louis Lerman hypothesized that the key processes that formed the chemicals needed for life took place within bubbles on the oceans surface
The bubbles contained the gases needed to make organic molecules
Chemical reactions took place inside the bubbles and UV radiation made this process occur quickly
Lerman suggested this theory occurred much more quickly than the Primordial Soup Model
Scientists Louis Lerman hypothesized that the key processes that formed the chemicals needed for life took place within bubbles on the oceans surface
The bubbles contained the gases needed to make organic molecules
Chemical reactions took place inside the bubbles and UV radiation made this process occur quickly
Lerman suggested this theory occurred much more quickly than the Primordial Soup Model
Whiteboard – Quick QuestionsWhiteboard – Quick Questions
According to scientists how old is the Earth?
After three half-lives of a radioisotope have passed, how much of the original isotope is undecayed?
(1)1/8 (2) ¾ (3) ½ (4) 7/8
What is “Primordial Soup”?
According to scientists how old is the Earth?
After three half-lives of a radioisotope have passed, how much of the original isotope is undecayed?
(1)1/8 (2) ¾ (3) ½ (4) 7/8
What is “Primordial Soup”?
When did the 1st Organisms Form? When did the 1st Organisms Form?
Evolution of Pro-karyotes
Evolution of Pro-karyotes
The best evidence we have to study early life are fossils
Fossil- preserved remains (bone, tooth, shell) or imprint of an organism from long ago
The best evidence we have to study early life are fossils
Fossil- preserved remains (bone, tooth, shell) or imprint of an organism from long ago
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Evolution of Pro-karyotes
Evolution of Pro-karyotes
Oldest fossils - photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) 2.5 billion years old Released oxygen into oceans Oxygen eventually escaped
into air as more and more was produced
Oldest fossils - photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) 2.5 billion years old Released oxygen into oceans Oxygen eventually escaped
into air as more and more was produced
Quick Check - ProkaryotesQuick Check - Prokaryotes
Evolution of Pro-karyotes
Evolution of Pro-karyotes
Hold up 1 finger if prokaryotes do have a nucleus
Hold up 2 fingers if they do not
Hold up 1 finger if they are unicellular
Hold up 2 fingers if they are multicellular
Hold up 1 finger if prokaryotes do have a nucleus
Hold up 2 fingers if they do not
Hold up 1 finger if they are unicellular
Hold up 2 fingers if they are multicellular
Two Groups of ProkaryotesTwo Groups of Prokaryotes
Evolution of Pro-karyotes
Evolution of Pro-karyotes
Eubacteria Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Cause disease and decay Ex: E.Coli
Archaebacteria Cell walls lack peptidoglycan Unique lipid cell membranes The 1st eukaryotic cells evolved
from archaebacteria
Eubacteria Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Cause disease and decay Ex: E.Coli
Archaebacteria Cell walls lack peptidoglycan Unique lipid cell membranes The 1st eukaryotic cells evolved
from archaebacteria
The Evolution of EukaryotesThe Evolution of Eukaryotes
Evolution of Eu-karyotes
Evolution of Eu-karyotes
About 1.5 million years ago the first eukaryotes appeared
With your shoulder partner try to come up with 3 characteristics of Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes Larger More Complex Internal Membranes DNA in a nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts
About 1.5 million years ago the first eukaryotes appeared
With your shoulder partner try to come up with 3 characteristics of Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes Larger More Complex Internal Membranes DNA in a nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts
The KingdomsThe Kingdoms
Evolution of Eu-karyotes
Evolution of Eu-karyotes
Biologist group all living things into six kingdoms.
The first two kingdoms are Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
TRY THIS Name the other four kingdoms Circle the kingdom you believe came
first before all the rest
Protists – Fungi – Plants - Animals
Biologist group all living things into six kingdoms.
The first two kingdoms are Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
TRY THIS Name the other four kingdoms Circle the kingdom you believe came
first before all the rest
Protists – Fungi – Plants - Animals
The 1st EukaryotesThe 1st Eukaryotes
The first Eukaryotic Kingdom were Protists
Includes both multi and unicellular organisms
Single celled organisms STILL carry out all of activities for life’s processes (ex: metabolism, homeostasis)
Multicellular protists include Algae
The first Eukaryotic Kingdom were Protists
Includes both multi and unicellular organisms
Single celled organisms STILL carry out all of activities for life’s processes (ex: metabolism, homeostasis)
Multicellular protists include Algae
ExtinctionExtinction
Mass Extinctions
Mass Extinctions
Extinction- Death of all members of a species
Mass Extinction- Episode during which large numbers of species become extinct
The fossil records show large percentages of the Earth’s organisms were becoming extinct
A total of 5 have occurred
Extinction- Death of all members of a species
Mass Extinction- Episode during which large numbers of species become extinct
The fossil records show large percentages of the Earth’s organisms were becoming extinct
A total of 5 have occurred
ExtinctionExtinction
Mass Extinctions
Mass Extinctions
Most devastating- end of Permian period 245 million years ago 96% of all species became
extinct Cause may have been
worldwide geological and weather changes
Most devastating- end of Permian period 245 million years ago 96% of all species became
extinct Cause may have been
worldwide geological and weather changes
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Mass Extinctions
Mass Extinctions
Fifth mass extinction 2/3 of all land species
(including dinosaurs) become extinct
Fifth mass extinction 2/3 of all land species
(including dinosaurs) become extinct
ExtinctionExtinction
Mass Extinctions
Mass Extinctions
A sixth mass extinction event? May be currently occurring due
to destruction of tropical rain forests by human activity
Can you name the most recent extinction or a species?
A sixth mass extinction event? May be currently occurring due
to destruction of tropical rain forests by human activity
Can you name the most recent extinction or a species?
The Ozone LayerThe Ozone Layer
Ozone Layer
Ozone Layer
Life began in the oceans, why did life suddenly form on land?
UV radiation from the sun is harmful
As cyanobacteria began supplying the air with oxygen, chemical reactions in the atmosphere created the ozone
The Ozone layer blocked the UV radiation and made the Earth’s land a safe place to live
Life began in the oceans, why did life suddenly form on land?
UV radiation from the sun is harmful
As cyanobacteria began supplying the air with oxygen, chemical reactions in the atmosphere created the ozone
The Ozone layer blocked the UV radiation and made the Earth’s land a safe place to live
Whiteboard – Quick QuestionsWhiteboard – Quick Questions
Name the kingdom that includes single and multicellular organisms
Yes or No would today’s organisms exist if the mass extinctions did not occur? Think – Why or why not
How did cyanobacteria contribute to the beginning of more complex life on Earth?
Name the kingdom that includes single and multicellular organisms
Yes or No would today’s organisms exist if the mass extinctions did not occur? Think – Why or why not
How did cyanobacteria contribute to the beginning of more complex life on Earth?
Do NowDo Now
Grab a textbook
Turn in Chapter 11 Take home Exam
p. 8 Wednesday DoNow
**Don’t forget – Weekly Due Friday
Grab a textbook
Turn in Chapter 11 Take home Exam
p. 8 Wednesday DoNow
**Don’t forget – Weekly Due Friday
Section 3 – Gallery WalkSection 3 – Gallery Walk
Each group will be assigned a section from Pages 265 – 268
Make a poster of your section in 15 minutes
Make sure you can answer your questions
We will walk around to each groups poster and have 5 minutes to review and discuss each
Each group will be assigned a section from Pages 265 – 268
Make a poster of your section in 15 minutes
Make sure you can answer your questions
We will walk around to each groups poster and have 5 minutes to review and discuss each
Section 3 – Gallery WalkSection 3 – Gallery Walk Each group will be assigned
a section from Pages 265 – 268
Sections: Plants & Fungi on Land – p.265 Arthropods – p. 266 Fish – p.267 Amphibians – p.267 Reptiles – p.268 Mammals & Birds – p.268
Each group will be assigned a section from Pages 265 – 268
Sections: Plants & Fungi on Land – p.265 Arthropods – p. 266 Fish – p.267 Amphibians – p.267 Reptiles – p.268 Mammals & Birds – p.268
Section 3 – Gallery WalkSection 3 – Gallery Walk
Each group will be assigned a section
Make a poster of your section in 15 minutes
Make sure you can answer your questions
We will walk around to each groups poster and have 5 minutes to review and discuss each
Each group will be assigned a section
Make a poster of your section in 15 minutes
Make sure you can answer your questions
We will walk around to each groups poster and have 5 minutes to review and discuss each
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Plants and Fungi on Land
Plants and Fungi on Land
Plants evolved from photo. bacteria Use sunlight to generate
nutrients Cannot harvest materials from
bare rock
Plants evolved from photo. bacteria Use sunlight to generate
nutrients Cannot harvest materials from
bare rock
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Plants and Fungi on Land
Plants and Fungi on Land
Fungi Can harvest materials from
bare rock Cannot use sunlight to
generate nutrients
Fungi Can harvest materials from
bare rock Cannot use sunlight to
generate nutrients
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Plants and Fungi on Land
Plants and Fungi on Land
Together, they form a mutualistic relationship (both benefit) Mycorrhizae- fungus provides
minerals to plant, and plant provides nutrients to fungi
Together, they form a mutualistic relationship (both benefit) Mycorrhizae- fungus provides
minerals to plant, and plant provides nutrients to fungi
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Arthropods
Arthropods
First animals to successfully invade land (first most likely scorpion)
Hard, outer skeleton Segmented body Paired, jointed limbs Lobsters, crabs, insects,
spiders
First animals to successfully invade land (first most likely scorpion)
Hard, outer skeleton Segmented body Paired, jointed limbs Lobsters, crabs, insects,
spiders
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Arthropods
Arthropods
Insects Most plentiful, diverse group on
Earth First to have wings and fly Efficient at searching for food,
mates and nesting sites
Insects Most plentiful, diverse group on
Earth First to have wings and fly Efficient at searching for food,
mates and nesting sites
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)
Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)
A. Fishes First vertebrates- small jawless
fishes Jawed fish evolved- allowed
predation Most successful of living
vertebrates Developed into land dwellers
A. Fishes First vertebrates- small jawless
fishes Jawed fish evolved- allowed
predation Most successful of living
vertebrates Developed into land dwellers
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)
Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)
B. Amphibians First land vertebrates (to come out
of sea) Smooth skinned, four legged Frogs, toads, salamanders Developed lungs for absorbing
oxygen from air Limbs derived from bones in fish
fins Strong, flexible internal skeleton for
walking Lay eggs in moist areas
B. Amphibians First land vertebrates (to come out
of sea) Smooth skinned, four legged Frogs, toads, salamanders Developed lungs for absorbing
oxygen from air Limbs derived from bones in fish
fins Strong, flexible internal skeleton for
walking Lay eggs in moist areas
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)
Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)
C. Reptiles Evolved from amphibians Snakes, lizards, turtles,
crocodiles Watertight skin locks moisture
in while living on land Can lay eggs on dry land
C. Reptiles Evolved from amphibians Snakes, lizards, turtles,
crocodiles Watertight skin locks moisture
in while living on land Can lay eggs on dry land
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)
Vertebrates (animals with a backbone)
D. Mammals and Birds Evolved from reptiles 5th mass extinction: only
dinosaurs that were ancestors to birds, small reptiles and small mammals survived
D. Mammals and Birds Evolved from reptiles 5th mass extinction: only
dinosaurs that were ancestors to birds, small reptiles and small mammals survived
How did Life Begin?How did Life Begin?
Continental Drift
Continental Drift
Movement of land masses over Earth’s surface through geologic time Explains why there are
Marsupials in both Australia and South America although they are extremely far apart
Movement of land masses over Earth’s surface through geologic time Explains why there are
Marsupials in both Australia and South America although they are extremely far apart
ajkf
Assessment ThreeAssessment Three
Summarize how ozone was important in enabling organisms to live on land
Name the first multicellular organisms that colonized land
Identify the first kinds of animals to live on land Describe the first kinds of vertebrates that inhabited
land Defend the argument that invasion of land could not
have happened until well after the evolution of cyanobacteria
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic relationships between the roots of plants and what other type of organisms?
Summarize how ozone was important in enabling organisms to live on land
Name the first multicellular organisms that colonized land
Identify the first kinds of animals to live on land Describe the first kinds of vertebrates that inhabited
land Defend the argument that invasion of land could not
have happened until well after the evolution of cyanobacteria
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic relationships between the roots of plants and what other type of organisms?