Welcome to theAP Human Geography Saturday Cram Session

Grab a packet, you need a pen/cil

AP TEST

• Part I. Multiple Choice

• 75 Questions in 60 minutes

• Part II. Free Response Questions (FRQs)

• 3 FRQ’s in 75 minutes

AP Review Models

To practice FRQ’s

• Google AP Central.. Go to website

• AP Courses and Exams

• Course Home Pages

• AP Human

• AP Human Exam Info

• Click on any year to see the questions and answer guidelines

• http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/exam/exam_information/2004.html

The Demographic Transition

: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in birth rates then in death rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

Ravenstein’s Migration Laws

• 1. Most relocate a short distance and remain within same country

• 2. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity

• 3. Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow.

• 4. Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas.

• 5. Females are more migratory than males.

• 6. Economic factors are the main cause of migration.

• Human capital theory of migration: that educated workers often migrate from poor to wealthy countries. This benefits both countries.

• Life Course theory of migration: the interaction of major life events (marriage, having a baby, divorce, college grad) with migration have major repercussions on a society.

• ex. Married individuals less likely to move than singles. Families with more kids move less

U.S. Immigration Patterns• U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million annually.

• Three main eras of immigration in the U.S.– 1. Colonial settlement in seventeenth and

eighteenth centuries– 2. Mass European immigration in the late 19th

and early twentieth centuries (in 3 waves)– 3. Asian and Latin American integration in the

late Twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Possibilism v. Environmental Determinism

• Environmental Determinism-• aspects of physical geography, particularly

climate/vegetation, influenced the psychological mind-set of individuals, which in turn defined the behavior and culture of the society that those individuals formed.

• Possibilism- the theory in geography that human behavior, and therefore culture, is not merely determined by the environment but by human agency and innovation

Language Family Map

Fig. 5-3: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.

Language Family Trees

Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population

Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

Kurgan TheoryKurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin

Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7,000 years ago.

Marija Gimbutas postulated:Marija Gimbutas postulated:

•Kurgan people came from Kurgan people came from steppe region of Russia and steppe region of Russia and KazakhstanKazakhstan

•3500-2500 BC 3500-2500 BC

•used horses as weapons to used horses as weapons to conquer much of Europe and conquer much of Europe and South AsiaSouth Asia

•In short, war and conquest In short, war and conquest spread language spread language

Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin

Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey around 2,000 years before the Kurgans and diffused Turkey around 2,000 years before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.through agricultural expansion.

World Religions

Self-Sufficiency Approach

• Also known as “balanced growth” • Elements

– Country spreads investment equally across all sectors and regions of its economy

– High tariffs protect domestic industries– Price supports (subsidies) for farmers– Reducing poverty is primary goalReducing poverty is primary goal

• Problems– Inefficiency – Large (and expensive) bureaucracies

Rostow’s Dev. Model

1. Traditional society– High % of labor force in agri– Output consumed by producers (subsistence)– Wealth used for “nonproductive” activities

• Military • Religion

Rostow’s Dev. Model

2. Preconditions for takeoff– Elite group initiate innovated econ activities– Investment in new tech and infrastructure for

specific industries– Goal is to prepare this industry to compete in

world markets

Rostow’s Dev. Model

3. Takeoff– Rapid growth in area of investment

• Industry develops • Infrastructure develops to support it

– Labor force moves from farming to urban manufacturing

– Rest of econ still traditional

Rostow’s Dev. Model

4. Drive to Maturity– Modern tech diffuse to wide variety of

industries• Making more industries better able to compete in

world market

– Education and skills diffused to wide segments of population

– Entrepreneur class beginning to generate and operate on own

Rostow’s Dev. Model

5. Age of Mass consumption– Shift of econ from heavy industry to consumer

goods – Country is now developed

– Examples of countries using this: Japan, Asian Tigers, Saudi Arabia, UAE, etc(SW Asia countries) who focus on OIL industry

1

2

4

3

5

Which basic shape are they?

Can you name the country?

Do you know the pro’s and con’s of each shape?

Government Systems

• Democracy• Autocracy : monarchy or dictatorship• Anocracy: combination of demo and auto

• Theocracy? • Government by religion. Example?• Islamic Republic of Iran, Vatican City• Oligarchy?• Rule by a few

Governments…

• Federal v. Unitary

• Unitary System: most power placed with the central government. Examples?

• China, Cuba, France, Yemen, Afghanistan• Most countries fit here

• Federal System: power is allocated from a central government to smaller regional units

• USA, Russia, Pakistan, Australia, Switzerland, Brazil, Iraq

• EXCLAVE- a bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state.

• Example: Nakhijaven, Azerbaijan

• ENCLAVE- any small, relatively homogenous group, region or state surrounded by another larger region or state

• Example: Lesotho

C is A's exclave, and B's enclave

C is A's exclave, but is not an enclave of B or D

Theories of global powerHegemony

• Heartland Theory:

• Sir Halford Mackinder (early 20th century)

• The Eurasian landmass is the world’s heartland/center and thus the key to world domination

• Rimland Theory: Nicholas Spykman

• The Eurasian rim, not its heart, is the key to global power

Other economic theories

• Dependency Theory- based on an idea that countries on the periphery provide resources to countries in the core. A reaction to Rostow’s modernization

• World Systems Theory- based on the idea of core, periphery and semi-periphery– creating the international division of labor. Does not focus on nations/states– but global or macro analysis

• Least Cost Theory- businesses will locate where profit is maximized based on labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

• Locational Interdependence Theory- that business competitors, in trying to maximize profits, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base. Example?

• mattress anyone?

• 1st Agricultural Revolution-• (Neolithic Revolution between10-12,000 years

ago), invention of agriculture- rise of civilization• 2nd Agricultural Revolution- • ( coincided with IR), better farming techniques

and tools– shift from subsistence to commercial ag.

• 3rd Agricultural Revolution • (mid 20th Century)- biotechnology, use of science

and chemicals, genetically modified seeds, etc.

Von Thünen Model & Access to Markets

Fig. 10-13: Von Thünen’s model shows how distance from a city or market affects the choice of agricultural activity in (a) a uniform landscape and (b) one with a river.

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

Immigrant / Low Income Housing

Working Class Housing Suburbia

Middle Class

Similarities b/tSimilarities b/t Burgess Model Burgess Model

& & von Thunen Modelvon Thunen Model

Prior to the development of Prior to the development of modern transportation systems, modern transportation systems, how was the cost of land how was the cost of land affected by its distance from affected by its distance from market? market?

How has modern transportation How has modern transportation systems affected the cost of systems affected the cost of land relative to its distance from land relative to its distance from market? market?

Sector Model

Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

Creation of a border

• Phase 1: definition- when the exact location is legally described an negotiated

• Phase 2: delimitation: when the boundary is drawn onto a map

• Phase 3: demarcation:when the boundary is visibly marked on a landscape with a fence, wall, sign, etc.

Core and Periphery

United Nations Millennium Goals

• Millennium Development Goals Eight Goals for 2015• 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • 2 Achieve universal primary education • 3 Promote gender equality and empower women • 4 Reduce child mortality • 5 Improve maternal health • 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases • 7 Ensure environmental sustainability • 8 Develop a global partnership for development

Helpful video links

• http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of-religion.html

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BbkQiQyaYc

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAXladJwbOI

Review links

• www.collegeboard.com AP, AP Central, Human Geography, Exam Information,

• www.studystack.com Human Geography study cards and games

• www.quizlet.com Human Geography vocabulary

Vocabulary- Development• Agglomeration

• Alfred Weber

• Backwash effect

• Bulk/Weight gaining

• Bulk/weight reducing

• Commodification

• Comparative advantage

• Conglomerate corporation

• Dependency theory

• Development

• Development gap

• Footloose industries

• GDP• High-tech corridor• Industrialization• Informal sector• Multinational corporation• New international division of labor• Nongovernmental organization• North-South Split • Quaternary• Secondary• Spatially variable costs• Special economic zone• Substitution principle

Vocabulary: Population/Migration

Vocabulary—Culture• Acculturation• Assimilation• Caste system• Christianity• Cultural geography• Cultural landscape• Culture complex• Culture hearth• Denomination• Diaspora• Ethnic religion• Ethnocentrism• Genocide

•Independent innovation•Islam•Judaism•Koran/Q’uran•Nonmaterial components•Perceptual regions•Polytheistic•Possibilism•Relocation diffusion•Siddhartha Gautama•Standard language•Stimulus diffusion•Theocracy

Vocabulary – Political Geography• Benelux• Centripetal forces• Compact• Delimitation• Ethnonationalism• Federalism• Forward Capital• Frontier• Geopolitics• Heartland Theory• Imperialism• Median line

principle• Mercantilism• Multinational state

NationNew World OrderOperational boundary disputePerforatedSovereigntyStateSubsequent boundaryTerritorial morphologyTerritorialityWarsaw PactWorld-systems analysis

Vocab. Agriculture/Rural Land• Agribusiness• Agriculture• Capital-Intensive farming• Commercial farming• Dairying• Debt-for-nature swaps• Double cropping• Enclosure movement• Extensive subsistence ag.• 1st Agricultural Revolution• Green Revolution• Hunters and gatherers• Intensive Subsistence• Mediterranean Ag.

MilkshedMixed crop and livestockPlantation agricultureRanchingSeed AgricultureShifting cultivationSlash and Burn Third Agricultural Rev.TranshumanceUndernutritionVegetative planting

Settlements/Urbanization