DNA 1Backbone:• Sugar (Deoxyribose)• Phosphate

DNA 2Function:• Contains hereditary information• Contains code for making proteins

Protein Synthesis:• DNA mRNA Amino Acid• The order of bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in the protein.

Mutations:• Errors in the code • Mess up the amino acid sequence…• …keeps the protein from doing its job correctly

Causes of Mutations:• Heat• Chemicals• UV Radiation• Nuclear RadiationCell Division Reproduction

Mitosis:• Asexual reproduction in single

celled organisms• Used to make new body cells

in multicellular organisms• Results in 2 identical, diploid

cells

Meiosis:• Used to make sex cells

(gametes) to be used in sexual reproduction

• Results in 4 unique, haploid daughter cells

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DNAReplicates

Before Cell

Division

ASEXUAL• Single-celled organisms• Cell just divides

• Mitosis• Budding• Binary fission

• 2 daughter cells are identical to parent cell

• No genetic variation

SEXUAL• Multicellular organisms• Haploid gametes combine in

fertilization• Diploid zygote has genes from both

parents• Genetic variation from one

generation to the next

Rungs:• Adenine ---Thymine• Cytosine --- Guanine

Made of: Nucleotides

Cell Structure Cell OrganellesOrganelles in Plant and Animal Cells:• Nucleus – holds the cell’s DNA• Cell Membrane – Holds the insides in; controls what goes in and out of the cell• Mitochondria – provides energy for the cell in the form of ATP• Vesicle – transports materials around inside of the cell.• Ribosome – assembles proteins• Golgi apparatus – sorts and packages proteins to be sent out of the cell• Rough ER – proteins are folded and formed as they are created.• Smooth ER – lipids are formed• Cytoplasm – gel-like “filling” of the cell

Organelles in Animal Cells only:• Centrioles – Generate the spindle for cell division• Lysosomes – contain enzymes for breaking down waste in the cell (rare in plants)

Organelles in Plant Cells only:• Chloroplast – location of photosynthesis• Cell Wall – provides support, structure, and protection for the cell• Central Vacuole – holds water; provides support to the cell’s shape

Cell Membrane Transport Cell Membrane StructureActive Transport:

• Requires energy• Moves against the concentration

gradient• Na+/K+ Pump• Endocytosis/exocytosis

Passive Transport:• Does not require energy• Moves with the concentration

gradient• Diffusion (facilitated and simple)• Osmosis

What is it made of?• Phospholipid bi-layer• Proteins• Cholesterol• Carbohydrates

Membrane Proteins• Channel – allow movement in and out

• Pump - force ions in or out

CholesterolKeeps the membrane fluid

Osmosis

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Natural SelectionNatural Selection Requires:• There is variation of alleles• There is reproduction• Alleles are determined favorable or not• Alleles are passed on to offspring

Peppered moths are eitherdark or light in color. Some blend with the dark treesand others blend in with the light trees.

If they blend, they will live longer, and reproduce.

Traits and Inheritance Ecology 1Key Terms:

• Trait – an observable characteristic that can be inherited.

• Allele – a version or variation of a trait.

Photosynthesis:• Carried out by plants.• Occurs in the chloroplast. sunlight• CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

Cellular Respiration:• Carried out by plants and animals.• Occurs in the mitochondria. • C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

C6H12O6

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Energy Flow in Ecosystems• As energy passes up

through the trophic levels, only 10% of the energy in a level is available to go to the next level.

• Organisms at the higher levels have to eat more food to get enough energy.

Experimental Design Ecology 4Invasive Species:Species that are not normally in an ecosystem are added to the ecosystem, naturally or by man.

Ecology 3 Ecology 2Carrying Capacity• The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the population

size of a particular species that the environment can support, given the food, habitat, water and other necessities available in the environment.

Independent Variable (IV)• The variable that the experimenter

changes…on purpose

Dependent Variable (DV)• The variable that the experimenter

measures…as a result of the IV.

Food Webs• If the squid population decreases suddenly, the crab eater seal will have to hunt

more for krill and other small fish to avoid dying. Also the Emperor penguin population is likely to decrease in numbers due to lack of food.

• What will happen to this ecosystem if the fish population vanished, instead?

Zebra mussels are an invasive species. Unionid mussels are native to the ecosystem.

What happened to the population of the native species after the arrival of the invasive species? What happened to the population of the invasive species?

Constants• Variables that are kept the same throughout the experiment.Groups• Control Group - The group in anexperiment that all other groups are compared to. No changes are made. Everything is constant.• Experimental Group – The group in An experiment in which one variable is different from the control group. There are usually several experimental groups in a good experiment.