Diversity of Prokaryotes Kathy Huschle Northland Community and Technical College

Diversity of ProkaryotesDiversity of Prokaryotes

Kathy Huschle

Northland Community and Technical College

Metabolic DiversityMetabolic Diversity

the use of different compounds to obtain energy the use of different compounds to obtain energy required for the organism, allow for occupation in required for the organism, allow for occupation in diverse habitats, creating diversity among diverse habitats, creating diversity among microorganismsmicroorganisms

ocean

hot springs

mud

Review of TermsReview of Termschemotrophchemotroph– transfer energy from one compound to another transfer energy from one compound to another

through the process of oxidation-reduction reactionsthrough the process of oxidation-reduction reactionsphototrophphototroph– uses light as its energy sourceuses light as its energy source

chemoorganotrophschemoorganotrophs– obtain energy from organic sourcesobtain energy from organic sources

chemolithotrophschemolithotrophs– obtain energy from inorganic sourcesobtain energy from inorganic sources

aerobicaerobic– respiration in the presence of oxygenrespiration in the presence of oxygen

anaerobicanaerobic– respiration in the absence of oxygenrespiration in the absence of oxygen


anaerobic chemotrophsanaerobic chemotrophs– habitat includes any that is lacking in oxygenhabitat includes any that is lacking in oxygen

mud or tightly packed soilmud or tightly packed soilsome aquatic environments where high levels of some aquatic environments where high levels of nutrients exist (generally polluted lakes)nutrients exist (generally polluted lakes)

– increase in nutrients allows for rapid increase in nutrients allows for rapid multiplication of oxygen consuming microbes, multiplication of oxygen consuming microbes, thus precluding oxygen available for other thus precluding oxygen available for other organisms, such as fishorganisms, such as fish


the human (and other animals) the human (and other animals) gut is about 99% anaerobic gut is about 99% anaerobic microorganismsmicroorganisms

– this environment is created by this environment is created by the presence of aerobic the presence of aerobic organisms which quickly organisms which quickly deplete the available oxygendeplete the available oxygen


anaerobic chemolithotrophsanaerobic chemolithotrophs– most are members of the most are members of the ArchaeaArchaea domain domain– methanogensmethanogens

generate energy by oxidizing hydrogengenerate energy by oxidizing hydrogen

byproduct of this process generates byproduct of this process generates methane gasmethane gas

Methanococcus jannischii


anaerobic chemoorganotrophsanaerobic chemoorganotrophs– oxidize organic compounds like glucose to oxidize organic compounds like glucose to

obtain energyobtain energy– sulfur/sulfate-reducing bacteriasulfur/sulfate-reducing bacteria

use sulfur as energy sourceuse sulfur as energy source

by product is by product is smellysmelly hydrogen sulfide gas hydrogen sulfide gas

generally live in rich organic mudgenerally live in rich organic mud

Desulfovibrio variabrilis


anaerobic chemoorganotrophsanaerobic chemoorganotrophs– obtain energy using fermentationobtain energy using fermentation– byproducts of gases and acids are very easily byproducts of gases and acids are very easily

distinguished and can be used for identificationdistinguished and can be used for identification– 2 significant bacteria2 significant bacteria

clostridiumsclostridiums

lactic acid bacterialactic acid bacteria

Aeromonas hydrophila


ClostridiumClostridium– gram positive rods capable of gram positive rods capable of

forming endosporesforming endospores– commonly found in the soilcommonly found in the soil

ClostridiumsClostridiums of concern of concern– C. tetaniC. tetani– C. botulinumC. botulinum– C. perfringensC. perfringens

C. perfringens

C. tetani

C. botulinum

Clostridium tetaniClostridium tetani

causative agent for causative agent for tetanus (lockjaw)tetanus (lockjaw)– spores can be acquired spores can be acquired

from any type of skin from any type of skin trauma with an infected trauma with an infected devicedevice

– spores than germinate spores than germinate in an anaerobic in an anaerobic environment forming environment forming active active C. tetaniC. tetani cells cells

Clostridium tetaniClostridium tetani

at the tissue levelat the tissue level– an exotoxin is released from the an exotoxin is released from the C.C. tetanitetani cells cells

causing nervous system irregularities resulting in causing nervous system irregularities resulting in uncontrollable muscle contractionsuncontrollable muscle contractions

immunization is available to prevent tetanusimmunization is available to prevent tetanus

Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum

causative agent for botulismcausative agent for botulism– most potent toxin in existencemost potent toxin in existence

1 gm of 1 gm of C. botulinumC. botulinum can kill 225 million can kill 225 million peoplepeople

– disease results from ingesting toxin disease results from ingesting toxin contaminated foodcontaminated food

does not result in any noticeable changes in does not result in any noticeable changes in food taste or appearancefood taste or appearanceorganisms generally arise from processing organisms generally arise from processing food, most commonly home processiongfood, most commonly home processiong

cell

spore


damaged cans should be destroyeddamaged cans should be destroyed– the organism may enter through holes the organism may enter through holes

in the cansin the cans

bulging cans should be destroyed since bulging cans should be destroyed since they may indicate the production of gasthey may indicate the production of gas


No more discounted canned goods at the grocery store! No more discounted canned goods at the grocery store! Even a can with a small dent has the possibility of being Even a can with a small dent has the possibility of being

contaminated with contaminated with C. botulinumC. botulinum..

Clostridium perfringensClostridium perfringens

as as C. perfringensC. perfringens grow they grow they ferment carbohydrates ferment carbohydrates producing a gas byproductproducing a gas byproduct

infections of infections of C. perfringensC. perfringens can can also lead to systemic infections also lead to systemic infections causing severe diarrheacausing severe diarrhea

C. perfringensC. perfringens can also cause can also cause food poisoningfood poisoning

C. perfringens onsheep blood agar

Clostridium perfringensClostridium perfringenscausative agent for gas gangrenecausative agent for gas gangrene

exotoxin causes necrosis of the exotoxin causes necrosis of the tissuetissue– damaged tissue enhances the damaged tissue enhances the

further growth of more further growth of more microorganismsmicroorganisms

– C. perfringensC. perfringens cannot grow in cannot grow in healthy tissuehealthy tissue


Lactic Acid bacteriaLactic Acid bacteria– Gram +Gram +– produce lactic acid as the end product of produce lactic acid as the end product of

fermentationfermentation– significant genus includesignificant genus include

StreptococcusStreptococcus

LactobacillusLactobacillus

Streptococcus Lactobacillus

StreptococcusStreptococcuscocci, that generally are found in chainscocci, that generally are found in chains

produce exotoxins that destroyproduce exotoxins that destroy– phagocytic cellsphagocytic cells– host connective tissuehost connective tissue– fibrin: a substance that is essential for the fibrin: a substance that is essential for the

formation of blood clotsformation of blood clots

S. pneumoniae in sputum S. pyrogenes S. mutans


S. pyogenesS. pyogenes– causative agent for strep throat, causative agent for strep throat,

impetigo and scarlet feverimpetigo and scarlet fever


S. pneumoniaeS. pneumoniae– causativie agent for pneumonia, causativie agent for pneumonia,

meningitis, otitis mediameningitis, otitis media

S. pneumoniae in lung tissueS. pneumoniae on blood agar


S. mutansS. mutans– causative agent for dental caries (tooth decay)causative agent for dental caries (tooth decay)– bacteria lives only on the teeth, cannot colonize bacteria lives only on the teeth, cannot colonize

the mouth without teeththe mouth without teeth

Tooth decayColonies of S. mutansS. mutans on MSB agar

LactobacillusLactobacillusGram +, rod shaped, single or loosely associated Gram +, rod shaped, single or loosely associated chains chains

ferment glucose into lactoseferment glucose into lactose

a common application is in the dairy industry where a common application is in the dairy industry where there are involved in the production of fermented there are involved in the production of fermented milk products such as cheese and yogurtmilk products such as cheese and yogurt

Lactobacilluson Rogosa agar

LactobacillusLactobacillus

Lactobacillus Lactobacillus are also found in the normal flora of the are also found in the normal flora of the vaginavagina– they create an acid environment as a result of they create an acid environment as a result of

fermentationfermentation– that acidic environment inhibits the growth of that acidic environment inhibits the growth of

many bacterial species and assists the vagina in many bacterial species and assists the vagina in preventing infectionpreventing infection

Lactobacillus infection


anoxygenic phototrophsanoxygenic phototrophs– believed to be among the first organisms believed to be among the first organisms

inhabiting our planetinhabiting our planet– photosynthetic process produces carbohydrates photosynthetic process produces carbohydrates

but but does notdoes not generate O generate O22

The purple sulfur bacterium is Chromatium, the green sulfur bacterium is Chlorobium.


anoxygenic phototrophsanoxygenic phototrophs– found in aquatic habitats: bogs, upper layers of found in aquatic habitats: bogs, upper layers of

mudmudpurple bacteriapurple bacteriagreen bacteriagreen bacteria

Purple non-sulfur bacteria Purple sulfur bacteria Green sulfur bacteria

Anoxygenic Phototrophs:Anoxygenic Phototrophs:purple bacteriapurple bacteria

purple sulfur bacteriapurple sulfur bacteria– Gram – bacteriaGram – bacteria– appear red, orange or purple in color due to appear red, orange or purple in color due to

pigments for light harvestingpigments for light harvesting– photosynthetic microorganisms, generally photosynthetic microorganisms, generally

found in sulfur rich habitatsfound in sulfur rich habitats

Purple sulfur bacteria in amicrobial mat in YellowstoneFilter on agar


purple sulfur bacteriapurple sulfur bacteria– generally use generally use

hydrogen sulfate as hydrogen sulfate as energy sourceenergy source

– capable of moving up capable of moving up and down in a water and down in a water column to their column to their preferred water levelpreferred water level

Purple sulfur bacteriasurrounding diatoms


purple non-sulfur bacteriapurple non-sulfur bacteria– use organic material to acquire energyuse organic material to acquire energy– extremely versatile organisms, capable ofextremely versatile organisms, capable of

adapting metabolism similar to purple sulfur adapting metabolism similar to purple sulfur bacteriabacteria

can grow aerobically in the absence of lightcan grow aerobically in the absence of light

Colonies on agarFamily Rhodospirillaceae

Anoxygenic Phototrophs:Anoxygenic Phototrophs:green bacteriagreen bacteria

green bacteria are Gram –green bacteria are Gram –– usually green or brown in colorusually green or brown in color– pigments are found in pigments are found in

chlorosomeschlorosomes

green sulfur bacteriagreen sulfur bacteria

green non-sulfur bacteriagreen non-sulfur bacteria

Green non-sulfur bacteriaChloroflexus


oxgenic phototrophsoxgenic phototrophs– cyanobacteria- earliest known oxygen producercyanobacteria- earliest known oxygen producer– believed that the chloroplasts found in plants and believed that the chloroplasts found in plants and

algae originated from cyanobacteriaalgae originated from cyanobacteria

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O CO C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22

chemical formula for photosynthesis

cyanobacteriacyanobacteria

Oxgenic PhototrophsOxgenic Phototrophscyanobacteriacyanobacteria– occupies the role of a primary producer in an occupies the role of a primary producer in an

ecosystemecosystem– diverse genus that can be found in many different diverse genus that can be found in many different

environmentsenvironmentsfreshwaterfreshwatermarine habitatmarine habitatsoilsoilrock surfacerock surface

Cyanobacteria in hot springat Yellowstone National Park


aerobic chemolithotrophsaerobic chemolithotrophs– obtain energy by oxidizing substances like sulfur, obtain energy by oxidizing substances like sulfur,

ammonia, nitrate and hydrogen gasammonia, nitrate and hydrogen gas

Thiobacillus


aerobic chemoorganotrophsaerobic chemoorganotrophs– obtain energy by oxidizing obtain energy by oxidizing

organic compoundsorganic compounds– this group contains many this group contains many

medically significant medically significant species of bacteriaspecies of bacteria

obligate aerobes obligate aerobes include genusinclude genus

– MicrococcusMicrococcus– MycobacteriumMycobacterium– PseudomonasPseudomonas

Micrococcus

Mycobacterium

Pseudomonas

Aerobic ChemoorganotrophsAerobic Chemoorganotrophs

faculative anaerobes include genusfaculative anaerobes include genus– CorynebacteriumCorynebacterium– EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae

Corynebacterium Enterobacteriaceae

MicrococcusMicrococcus

Gram + cocciGram + cocci

habitat includes soil, dust, inanimate objects, habitat includes soil, dust, inanimate objects, and skinand skin

are airborne bacteria and can easily are airborne bacteria and can easily contaminate lab mediacontaminate lab media

Micrococcus lusteus colony

MycobacteriumMycobacterium

Gram +, though they stain poorly with a Gram +, though they stain poorly with a Gram stainGram stain– require an acid fast staining procedure require an acid fast staining procedure

due to a waxy lipid in the cell wall of due to a waxy lipid in the cell wall of MycobacteriumMycobacterium

are found throughout natureare found throughout nature

are the causative agent for tuberculosis and are the causative agent for tuberculosis and leprosyleprosy

Tuberculosis tuber



M. tuberculosisM. tuberculosis– causative agent of tuberculosiscausative agent of tuberculosis

M. tuberculosis

TuberculosisTuberculosis is the leading cause of is the leading cause of death in the world from a single death in the world from a single infectious disease. infectious disease. Mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosistuberculosis infects 1.7 billion infects 1.7 billion people/year which is equal to 33% of people/year which is equal to 33% of the entire world population. the the entire world population. the bacterium is responsible for over 3 bacterium is responsible for over 3 million deaths/year.million deaths/year.

Colonies on agar


M. lepraeM. leprae– causative agent for leprosycausative agent for leprosy

In the US, M. leprae is the cause of about 6,000 new cases each year. Most cases are seen in the southern states. In total, there are about 5 to 10 million cases worldwide, but mostly in tropical and sub-tropical areas such as Central Africa and Southeastern Asia

PseudomonasPseudomonas

Gram – rodsGram – rods

widespread, generally found widespread, generally found in soil and waterin soil and water

most are harmlessmost are harmless

medically significant species medically significant species isis– Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa

opportunistic pathogenopportunistic pathogen– generally infects those who are in a weakened generally infects those who are in a weakened

state such as illness, surgical patients, old peoplestate such as illness, surgical patients, old people– fairly resistant to disinfectants and antimicrobial fairly resistant to disinfectants and antimicrobial

medicationsmedications

abscess caused by P. aeruginosa infectionPseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa

Facultative AnaerobesFacultative Anaerobes

CorynebacteriumCorynebacterium– Gram + rodsGram + rods– commonly found in soil and plant surfacescommonly found in soil and plant surfaces– C. diptheriaeC. diptheriae is the causative agent for diptheria is the causative agent for diptheria

C. diptheriaeC. diptheriae on chocolate agarC. diptheriaeC. diptheriae

C. diptheriaeC. diptheriae

successfully controlled by immunizationsuccessfully controlled by immunization

diphtheria cases in the US

Pharnygeal infection, causative agent:

C. diptheriaeC. diptheriae

EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceaeGram - rodsGram - rodsoften called enterics or enterobacteriaoften called enterics or enterobacteria

– ““gut” organismsgut” organismssignificant genus includesignificant genus include– EnterobacterEnterobacter– KlebsiellaKlebsiella– EscheriaEscheria– Shigella Shigella – SalmonellaSalmonella– YersiniaYersinia

YersiniaKlebsiella

Shigella

Escheria

Salmonella

Enterobacter

EnterobacterEnterobacter

widely distributed in humans, animals, water, widely distributed in humans, animals, water, sewage and soilsewage and soil

can cause urinary tract infections and hospital-can cause urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired infectionsacquired infections

Enterobacter cloacae growing on XLD Agar

KlebsiellaKlebsiella

commonly found in soil or watercommonly found in soil or water

can cause a serious form of can cause a serious form of pneumonia in humanspneumonia in humans

Pneumonia caused by K. pneumoniae infection

Characteristic bulging

lung tissue

Klebsiella pneumoniae growing on XLD Agar

EscheriaEscheriaone of the most common inhabitants of the human one of the most common inhabitants of the human intestinal tractintestinal tract– food digestion: produces vitamin K from undigested food digestion: produces vitamin K from undigested

materialmaterial

its presence in water or food is an indication of fecal its presence in water or food is an indication of fecal contaminationcontamination

generally is harmless but:generally is harmless but:– can cause urinary tract infectionscan cause urinary tract infections– strain strain E. coliE. coli 0157:H7 can cause serious food 0157:H7 can cause serious food

poisoningpoisoning

E. coli

EscheriaEscheria

Hemorrhagic infection caused by Escheria

Click icon to view E. coli infectionClick on each of the three parts

ShigellaShigella

found only in humansfound only in humans

can cause life-threatening dysentarycan cause life-threatening dysentary

22ndnd only to only to EscheriaEscheria in causing “travelers diarrhea” in causing “travelers diarrhea”

ShigellaShigella

SalmonellaSalmonella

almost all members of this genus are almost all members of this genus are pathogenicpathogenic

bacterial food poisoningbacterial food poisoning– transmission through uncooked meat transmission through uncooked meat

and eggsand eggs

widespread presence in poultry widespread presence in poultry productsproducts

up to 65% of poultry products up to 65% of poultry products contain the pathogencontain the pathogen

SalmonellaSalmonella

Click on icon to view animation.

Click on the parts to continue.

YersiniaYersinia

causative agent of plaquecausative agent of plaque– The Black Plaque of Europe killed more than 25% The Black Plaque of Europe killed more than 25%

of the world population in the 13of the world population in the 13thth century century– rats and squirrels carry the pathogen and it is rats and squirrels carry the pathogen and it is

transmitted by fleas and respiratory droplets from transmitted by fleas and respiratory droplets from infected animalsinfected animals

Characteristic enlarged lymph nodesY. enterocoliticaon nutrient agar

EcophysiologyEcophysiology

Not only do prokaryotes show diversity in obtaining their Not only do prokaryotes show diversity in obtaining their metabolic needs, a tremendous amount of diversity is metabolic needs, a tremendous amount of diversity is

displayed in the range of habitats prokaryotes are found displayed in the range of habitats prokaryotes are found in:in:

terrestrialterrestrial

aquaticaquatic

animals: skin and mucous membranesanimals: skin and mucous membranes

intracellular parasitesintracellular parasites

extreme environmentsextreme environments

EcophysiologyEcophysiology

terrestrial environmentsterrestrial environments– exist in a resting stageexist in a resting stage

enables the bacteria to survive environmental enables the bacteria to survive environmental extremesextremes

– BacillusBacillus– Clostridium – Clostridium – previously discussedpreviously discussed– StreptomycesStreptomyces

Bacillus Clostridium Streptomyces

BacillusBacillusGram + rods, that produce Gram + rods, that produce endosporesendospores

widespread in nature, particularly in widespread in nature, particularly in the soilthe soil

some are found in the natural flora in some are found in the natural flora in the human intestinethe human intestine

most are harmless saprophytes most are harmless saprophytes (obtains nutrients from dead organic (obtains nutrients from dead organic matter)matter)

2 species that are medically 2 species that are medically significantsignificant– B. anthracisB. anthracis– B. cereusB. cereus

B. anthracis

B. cereus

B. anthracisB. anthracis

causative agent of anthraxcausative agent of anthrax– transmitted to humanstransmitted to humans

direct contactdirect contact

inhalation of endosporesinhalation of endospores

eating undercooked meat from eating undercooked meat from diseased animaldiseased animal

– this organism is often mentioned as a this organism is often mentioned as a possible agent of biological warfarepossible agent of biological warfare

Epidermal infection

FA stain of the capsule of Bacillus anthracis .(CDC)

B. cereusB. cereus

toxin-mediated food poisoningtoxin-mediated food poisoning

found in many kinds of foodfound in many kinds of food– particularly prevalent in high starch content particularly prevalent in high starch content

foodfood

toxins cause vomiting and diarrheatoxins cause vomiting and diarrhea

B. cereusB. cereus

B. cereus B. cereus on on blood agarblood agar

StreptomycesStreptomyces

over 500 species of Gram + over 500 species of Gram + bacteriabacteria

most commonly isolated from soilmost commonly isolated from soil

Streptomyces Streptomyces produces most of produces most of our commercial antibioticsour commercial antibiotics

Scabs caused by Streptomyces infection

colonies

MyxobacteriaMyxobacteria

Gram – rodsGram – rods

important role as degraders of important role as degraders of organic substancesorganic substances

have a very defining “fruiting have a very defining “fruiting body” structurebody” structure

Terrestrial EcophysiologyTerrestrial Ecophysiology

bacteria associated with plantsbacteria associated with plants– AgrobacteriumAgrobacterium– RhizobiumRhizobium

Rhizobium

Agrobacterium

AgrobacteriumAgrobacteriumGram – rodGram – rodcause plant tumorscause plant tumors– enter the plant through a woundenter the plant through a wound

Agrobacterium Agrobacterium uses a plasmid to transfer genetic uses a plasmid to transfer genetic information to the plants DNAinformation to the plants DNA– lots of scientific interest for the purposes of lots of scientific interest for the purposes of

enhancing the study of genetic engineeringenhancing the study of genetic engineering

A. tumefaciens on overlay agar

plant tumor caused by Agrobcterium infection

RhizobiumRhizobium

Gram – rodGram – rodagriculturally important agriculturally important bacteriabacteriaspecifically infect the roots specifically infect the roots of legumes (peas, beans)of legumes (peas, beans)– the presence of the the presence of the

bacteria forms nodules bacteria forms nodules on the rootson the roots

– results in “fixing” results in “fixing” nitrogennitrogen

making the nitrogen making the nitrogen in the air available in the air available for the use by plantsfor the use by plants Affects of Rhizobium infection

blocking amino acid production

Aquatic EnvironmentsAquatic Environmentsbecause of the lack of a steady supply of nutrients, because of the lack of a steady supply of nutrients, aquatic prokaryotes have developed mechanisms to aquatic prokaryotes have developed mechanisms to ensure their survivalensure their survival– sheathedsheathed– prosthecateprosthecate– predatorspredators– symbiotic relationshipssymbiotic relationships– unusual movementunusual movement– storage granulesstorage granules

Aquatic EnvironmentAquatic Environment

sheathedsheathed– chains of bacteria enclosed in a tube or sheathchains of bacteria enclosed in a tube or sheath

provides protectionprovides protection

allows for attachment to a solid object which allows for attachment to a solid object which places the organism in a favorable locationplaces the organism in a favorable location


prosthecateprosthecate– a projection which is an extension of the cytoplasm a projection which is an extension of the cytoplasm

and cell walland cell wall

provide increased surface area for absorption of provide increased surface area for absorption of nutrientsnutrients

also used for attachmentalso used for attachment

prosthecateprosthecate


predatorspredators– prokaryotes that obtain their nutrients from other prokaryotes that obtain their nutrients from other

organismsorganisms

some prey and eat other organismssome prey and eat other organisms


some live on the organism, in a symbiotic some live on the organism, in a symbiotic relationshiprelationship– one in which both sides benefitone in which both sides benefit

luminescent bacteria

Bacteria get to live and feed off the fish, the fish gets the “light” which it uses to confuse its predators and prey.

SpirochetesSpirochetes

unusual movementunusual movement– spirochetesspirochetes

ability to move ability to move through thick liquids through thick liquids such as mudsuch as mud

Borrelia hermsii


magnetotactic bacteriamagnetotactic bacteria– contain a string of magnetic contain a string of magnetic

crystals which aligns them with crystals which aligns them with the Earth’s magnetic fieldthe Earth’s magnetic field

– this magnetism allows the this magnetism allows the bacteria to move up and down in bacteria to move up and down in the water or sedimentsthe water or sediments

Animals as HabitatAnimals as Habitat

humans and animals provide a nutrient rich, warm, humans and animals provide a nutrient rich, warm, moist, Omoist, O22 rich environment, and in some cases rich environment, and in some cases

anaerobic regionsanaerobic regions– organisms inhabitorganisms inhabit

skinskin

mucous membranemucous membrane

intracellular regionsintracellular regions

Skin BacteriaSkin Bacteriamost common is the genus most common is the genus StaphylococcusStaphylococcus

habitat is dry and salty: most microorganisms find this habitat is dry and salty: most microorganisms find this environment too harsh for survivalenvironment too harsh for survival

common species found on the skin includecommon species found on the skin include– S. epidermidisS. epidermidis– S. aureusS. aureus

S. epidermidis S. aureus

S. EpidermidisS. Epidermidis

opportunisticopportunistic– will take advantage of weakness in the immune will take advantage of weakness in the immune

systemsystem– individuals susceptible to infections includeindividuals susceptible to infections include

IV druggiesIV druggiesnewbornsnewbornselderlyelderlypeople with artificial appliancespeople with artificial appliances

S. epidermidisbiofilm on a catheter

S. aureusS. aureus

causative agent forcausative agent for– soft tissue infectionssoft tissue infections– toxic shock syndrometoxic shock syndrome– pneumoniapneumonia– meningitismeningitis– boilsboils– food poisoningfood poisoning

Skin infections

Pneumatocele caused byS. aureus infection

lung tissue infection

S. aureusS. aureus

S. aureusS. aureus– secretes leukocidin which is a secretes leukocidin which is a

toxin that destroys white blood toxin that destroys white blood cellscells

leads to puss and acneleads to puss and acne

S. aureus on Mannitol Salt agar

Mucous MembranesMucous Membranes

mucous membranes are found in the respiratory tract, mucous membranes are found in the respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, digestive tractgenitourinary tract, digestive tract– in addition to others discussed, the following are in addition to others discussed, the following are

significantsignificant

HelicobacterHelicobacter

HaemophilusHaemophilus

NeisseriaNeisseria

MycoplasmaMycoplasma

Treponema and BorreliaTreponema and Borrelia

HelicobacterTreponema Borrelia

Neisseria

Mycoplasma

Haemophilus

HelicobacterHelicobacter

causative agent for peptic ulcers and chronic causative agent for peptic ulcers and chronic gastritisgastritis

is able to maintain it’s habitat in the acidic stomach is able to maintain it’s habitat in the acidic stomach by producing ureaseby producing urease– urease is an enzyme that breaks down acid, urease is an enzyme that breaks down acid,

creating an acid free environment immediately creating an acid free environment immediately surrounding the organismsurrounding the organism

H. pylori infectionColonies on agar Urease test

H. pyloriH. pylori

Click on the icon to view a movie on Helicobacter pylori

NeisseriaNeisseria

2 medically significant organisms2 medically significant organisms– N. gonrrhoeaeN. gonrrhoeae– N. meningitidisN. meningitidis

N. gonrrhoeae cells

N. meningitidis

N. gonorrhoeaeN. gonorrhoeae

causative agent for the sexually causative agent for the sexually transmitted disease gonorrheatransmitted disease gonorrhea

transmitted through intimate contact of transmitted through intimate contact of mucous membranemucous membrane

can be carried without sign or symptomcan be carried without sign or symptom

female symptomsfemale symptoms– vaginal dischargevaginal discharge– abdominal painabdominal pain– abnormal non-menstrual bleedingabnormal non-menstrual bleeding

N. gonorrhoeaeN. gonorrhoeae

male symptomsmale symptoms– urethral discharge of pussurethral discharge of puss

gonorrhea is a treatable diseasegonorrhea is a treatable disease– sensitive to sensitive to

ultravioletultravioletradiationradiationdryingdryingantibioticsantibiotics

N. meningitidisN. meningitidis

2nd leading cause of meningitis2nd leading cause of meningitis– causes inflammation of membranes covering central causes inflammation of membranes covering central

nervous systemnervous system– headache, fever, vomitingheadache, fever, vomiting– death can quickly followdeath can quickly follow– can have carrier statuscan have carrier status

N. meningitidisN. meningitidis

MycoplasmaMycoplasma

cell wall is absent in these organismscell wall is absent in these organisms

because of the lack of a cell wall, they can pass because of the lack of a cell wall, they can pass through most anythingthrough most anything

one of the smallest forms of life in existenceone of the smallest forms of life in existence

is a causative agent of a form of pneumoniais a causative agent of a form of pneumonia

Mycoplasma hyosynoviaeinfection in swine joint

Mycoplasma colonies

Borrelia and TreponemaBorrelia and Treponema

spirochettes that usually inhabit body spirochettes that usually inhabit body fluid and mucous membranesfluid and mucous membranes

TreponemaTreponema– causative agent of syphiliscausative agent of syphilis– difficult to study because it cannot difficult to study because it cannot

be grown in a culturebe grown in a culture

syphilis symptoms

Borrelia and TreponemaBorrelia and Treponema

BorreliaBorrelia– transmitted by insectstransmitted by insects– Borrelia burgdorferiBorrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of is the causative agent of

Lymes diseaseLymes disease

Characteristic bullseye rash

deer tick

tick mouth parts

HaemophilusHaemophilus

blood loving microorganismsblood loving microorganisms

common flora in the respiratory tractcommon flora in the respiratory tract

causative agent for ear infections, respiratory causative agent for ear infections, respiratory infections, infrluenza, and menigitisinfections, infrluenza, and menigitis

Haemophilus influenzae

Intracellular ParasitesIntracellular Parasites

cannot reproduce outside of the host cellcannot reproduce outside of the host cell

important genus includeimportant genus include– RickettsiaRickettsia: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever– CoxiellaCoxiella: Q fever: Q fever– ChlamydiaChlamydia: pneumonia, eye infections and a STD : pneumonia, eye infections and a STD

that mimics gonorrheathat mimics gonorrhea

Rickettsia Coxiella Chlamydia

RickettsiaRickettsia

Rickettsia infected cells

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

ChlamydiaChlamydia

BordetellaBordetella

B. pertussisB. pertussis– causative agent for whooping coughcausative agent for whooping cough– highly contagious respiratory tract infection that highly contagious respiratory tract infection that

is transmitted via inhalationis transmitted via inhalation– binds to and destroys ciliated epithelial cells of binds to and destroys ciliated epithelial cells of

trachea and bronchitrachea and bronchi– mostly affects children < 1 yearmostly affects children < 1 year– vaccine availablevaccine available

B. bronchhiseptica on blood agar

LegionellaLegionella

discovered and named in 1976discovered and named in 1976

Legionnaire’s disease (pneumonia)Legionnaire’s disease (pneumonia)– fever, chills, dry coughfever, chills, dry cough– severe pneumonia that is not severe pneumonia that is not

responsive to penicillinresponsive to penicillin

VibrioVibrio

non-invasive pathogensnon-invasive pathogens– you have to eat or drink the pathogenyou have to eat or drink the pathogen– causes serious diarrheacauses serious diarrhea– thousands die annuallythousands die annually

waterborne pathogenwaterborne pathogen– water that is infected with fecal contaminationwater that is infected with fecal contamination

V. choleraeV. cholerae

epidemic proportions can be reached in the cases epidemic proportions can be reached in the cases of flooding or heavy rainsof flooding or heavy rains– drinking water becomes contaminated with drinking water becomes contaminated with

sewagesewagesevere diarrhea: water consistencysevere diarrhea: water consistency60% of cholera deaths due to dehydration60% of cholera deaths due to dehydrationorganisms are digestedorganisms are digested– release endotoxin in intestinal tractrelease endotoxin in intestinal tract– cause epithelial cells to excrete saltcause epithelial cells to excrete salt– cells lose watercells lose water

passively flows out of cellspassively flows out of cellsfluid and electrolyte replacement is keyfluid and electrolyte replacement is key

V. cholerae on TCBS agar

Intestinal lumen

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl NaC

l

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

H2O

H2O

H2O H2O H2OH2O

H2OH2O H2O

H2O

H2O

BloodstreamPlasma ion levels drop

H2OH2O

H2OH2O

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

Plasma H2O levels drop (dehydration)

Vibrio invade the intestinal cells

Vibrio release enterotoxinsEnterotoxins cause intestinal cells to give up NaCl to the intestinal lumen

H2O follows NaCl by diffusion Vibrio infection process

Microorganisms in Extreme Microorganisms in Extreme EnvironmentsEnvironments

extreme halophilesextreme halophiles– found in salt lakes and brine for curing fishfound in salt lakes and brine for curing fish

HalobacteriumHalobacterium

Halobacterium salinariumis


extreme thermophilesextreme thermophiles– found in extremely hot environmentsfound in extremely hot environments

volcanic ventsvolcanic vents

hot springshot springs– Thermococcus: Thermococcus: can survive temperatures of 90can survive temperatures of 90ooCC

ThermococcusThermococcus


extreme thermophilesextreme thermophiles– Methanothermus: Methanothermus: can survive temperatures of 97can survive temperatures of 97ooCC


hyperthermophileshyperthermophiles– Pyrolobus fumarii:Pyrolobus fumarii: have been found at temperatures have been found at temperatures

between 90between 9000C – 113C – 11300CC


extreme acidophilesextreme acidophiles– ThermoplasmaThermoplasma: optimal pH is 2: optimal pH is 2– PicrophilusPicrophilus: can survive a pH less than 1: can survive a pH less than 1

ThermoplasmaPicrophilus torridus

Eukaryotic MicroorganismsEukaryotic Microorganisms

algaealgae

protozoaprotozoa

fungifungi

helminthshelminths

AlgaeAlgae

unicellular, filamentous, or multicellularunicellular, filamentous, or multicellular– can be microscopic or macroscopiccan be microscopic or macroscopic– cell walls are made of cellulose, a commercially cell walls are made of cellulose, a commercially

important produceimportant produce

agar and carrageenan (food and pharmaceutical agar and carrageenan (food and pharmaceutical stabilizer)stabilizer)

AlgaeAlgae

most live in an aquatic environmentmost live in an aquatic environment

most algae are photoautotrophsmost algae are photoautotrophs– use sunlight at its energy sourceuse sunlight at its energy source

generally reproduce asexuallygenerally reproduce asexually

primary producers in the aquatic food chainprimary producers in the aquatic food chain

Red algae

AlgaeAlgae

the only disease associated with the only disease associated with algae is paralytic shellfish poisoningalgae is paralytic shellfish poisoning– the disease is caused not by the the disease is caused not by the

algae, but by toxins produced by algae, but by toxins produced by the algae that are ingested by the algae that are ingested by fish and shellfishfish and shellfish

– when these fish are ingested, so when these fish are ingested, so is the toxinis the toxin

– the toxin is not destroyed by the toxin is not destroyed by cookingcooking

Coralline algae

ProtozoaProtozoa

unicellular, eukaryotic chemoheterotrophs (energy and unicellular, eukaryotic chemoheterotrophs (energy and carbon are obtained by ingesting)carbon are obtained by ingesting)

found in soil, water and the normal microbiota in found in soil, water and the normal microbiota in animalsanimals

ProtozoaProtozoa

important decomposers in many ecosystemsimportant decomposers in many ecosystems

key role in the food chainkey role in the food chain

Ciliated protist

Flagella protist

Apicomplexan protists

ProtozoaProtozoatheir life cycle is often complex and can include more their life cycle is often complex and can include more than one habitat – one in which may be the human cellthan one habitat – one in which may be the human cell

diseases caused by protozoa includediseases caused by protozoa include– malaria: malaria: PlasmodiumPlasmodium – African Sleeping Sickness: African Sleeping Sickness: TrypanosomaTrypanosoma– toxoplasmosis: toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasma gondiiToxoplasma gondii– vaginitis: vaginitis: Trichomonas vaginalisTrichomonas vaginalis

Toxoplasma gondiiPlasmodium Trypanosoma Tricohomonas

Plasmodium:Plasmodium: causative agent of causative agent of MalariaMalaria

TrypanosomaTrypanosoma: causative agent : causative agent of African Sleeping Sicknessof African Sleeping Sickness

Toxoplasma: Toxoplasma: causative agent of causative agent of toxoplasmosistoxoplasmosis

TrichomonasTrichomonas: causative : causative agent of vaginitisagent of vaginitis

FungiFungi

mycology: the study of fungimycology: the study of fungi

fungal infections are on the risefungal infections are on the rise

most fungi are decomposers, though a few are most fungi are decomposers, though a few are parasites of plants and animalsparasites of plants and animals

AspergillusGliocladium Penicillum

FungiFungi

structurestructure– consists of filaments of cells called hyphaeconsists of filaments of cells called hyphae– a mass of hyphae is called a myceliuma mass of hyphae is called a mycelium

fungi can be unicellular or multicellularfungi can be unicellular or multicellular– yeast is a unicellular fungusyeast is a unicellular fungus

can grow in acidic, low-moisture, aerobic environmentscan grow in acidic, low-moisture, aerobic environments

Yeast infection

FungiFungi

fungal diseasesfungal diseases– systemic mycoses: fungal infections deep inside systemic mycoses: fungal infections deep inside

the body that can affect tissue and organsthe body that can affect tissue and organs– subcutaneious mycoses: fungal infections subcutaneious mycoses: fungal infections

beneath the skinbeneath the skin

ringworm

FungiFungi

fungal diseasesfungal diseases– cutaneous mycoses: affect keratin-containing cutaneous mycoses: affect keratin-containing

tissues such as nails, hair, skintissues such as nails, hair, skin– superficial mycoses: localize on hair shafts and superficial mycoses: localize on hair shafts and

surface skin cellssurface skin cells

nail fungus

Multicellular ParasitesMulticellular Parasitesarthropodsarthropods– joint legged animals: ticks and insectsjoint legged animals: ticks and insects– are called vectors if they carry diseasesare called vectors if they carry diseases

mosquitos: malaria, yellow fever, West Nile Virusmosquitos: malaria, yellow fever, West Nile Virus

flea: plaqueflea: plaque

tick: Lymes diseasetick: Lymes disease

Lymes Disease

Multicellular ParasitesMulticellular Parasites

helminthshelminths– parasitic flatworms and parasitic flatworms and

roundwormsroundworms– multicellular animalsmulticellular animals– some are parasitic to some are parasitic to

humanshumans– nematodesnematodes

pinworms: Enterobiasispinworms: Enterobiasis

hookworm: Hookworm hookworm: Hookworm DiseaseDisease

ascaria: Ascariasisascaria: Ascariasis

filaria: Elephantiatisfilaria: Elephantiatis

pinworm

hookworm

ascaria

filaria

AscariasisAscariasis: roundworms: roundworms

Multicellular ParasitesMulticellular Parasites

helminthshelminths– tapewormstapeworms

Documents

Diversity of Prokaryotes Kathy Huschle Northland Community and Technical College