Diversity of Life. Kingdom Diversity of Life using ribosomal RNA sequence Carl Woese

Diversity of Life

Diversity of Life

Kingdom

Diversity of Life

using ribosomal RNA sequenceCarl Woese

Viruses

http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/Images/BacteriophageCartoon.jpg http://www.eoearth.org/image/Infected_cell.jpg

Not a living organism Parasite uses other

organisms to replicate Infect all organisms,

particularly bacteria 10 million/ml in ocean

Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Structurally simple,

lack most organelles

Mostly microscopic Circular DNA

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Life/images/celltypes.gif

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

1 Domain: Eukarya 4 Kingdoms: Protista,

Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Structurally complex Have membrane-bound

organelles with specialized jobs

Mitochondria and chloroplasts – organelles that were once symbiotic bacteria

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Life/images/celltypes.gif

Diversity of Life - Archaea

Simple, primitive Old (3.8 billion years) Recently discovered (1970s) Look like bacteria, but chemically different

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaeamm.html


Have reputation as “extremophiles”

Found almost everywhere Very common in oceans


Extreme high and low temperatures areas (thermophiles)

Volcanic hot springs, hydrothermal vents

http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr0384.htm

Archaea “Strain 121” –survives up to 121°C,reduces iron into byproduct magnetite


Extreme salty regions (halophiles) Hypersaline lakes Salinity 300‰ or more

Haloquadratum walsbyi

http://www.espacial.org/images/jpg2/haloquadratum_walsbyi.jpg


Extreme alkaline and acidic areas Extreme pressure - deep trenches Anoxic muds

Archaea in acid mine drainage

Picrophilus torridus – lives at 60°C and pH=0

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/4/4f/Picrophilus_torridus.jpg

NASA


Symbiotic associations with other organisms: Methanogens – live in

digestive guts of plankton, sea cucumbers

Others still being discovered

green – archaeum (Cenarchaeum symbiosium)red – red sponge (Axinella mexicana) cell nuclei

Diversity of Life - Bacteria

Simple, old Variety of shapes and sizes


Found almost everywhere (including extreme environments)

Found in huge quantities in the ocean


Important part of nutrient recycling

Decomposition of organic matter (dead, wastes)

Food for other organisms


Cyanobacteria (“blue-green algae”)

Green, blue, and red photosynthetic pigments

First photosynthetic organisms on earth

Stromatolites (3 bya and today) – calcareous (CaCO3)

http://web.eps.utk.edu/HistoricalGeo/historicalimages/Stromatolite.jpg


Symbiotic associations with other organisms: Chemosynthesis in tube

worms, mussels, clams at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps


Symbiotic associations with other organisms: Digestive gut bacteria

(shipworms, bone worms)

http://www.phschool.com/science/science_news/articles/images/gutless_wonder.jpg


Symbiotic associations with other organisms: Bioluminescence in

squid, fish Vibrio, Photobacterium

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/c/c9/Vibrio_fischeri_1145457864.jpg

http://beacon-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/lumflaskmod1.jpg

http://www.divernetxtra.com/biolog/pics/0900flash1.jpg

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/life/images/wudep50.jpeg

Diversity of Life – Metabolism

Organisms that can make own food = autotrophs (“self feeders”) Organisms that must eat other organisms or organic matter for food = heterotrophs

7 different types of pathways possible 4 heterotrophic:

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Nitrogen fixation Anaerobic ammonium oxidation

3 autotrophic: Light-mediated ATP synthesis Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis


Aerobic respiration, uses oxygen (O2), “burns” organic matter to get energy:

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Decomposition of organic matter

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy (sugar) (ATP)



Anaerobic respiration, uses NO3-, SO4

-2, or CO2 instead of O2

Nitrogen fixation Makes nitrogen gas (N2) usable to

organisms as ammonia Anaerobic ammonium oxidation All of these 3 require anoxic conditions All of these 3 are in prokaryotes only


Light-mediated ATP synthesis - prokaryotes only Photosynthesis

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes (only algae and plants) Need chlorophyll and other pigments Converts inorganic carbon to organic

Photoautotrophs

CO2 + H2O + light → C6H12O6 + O2

energy (sugar)


Photosynthesis


Chemosynthesis: Energy from chemicals (H2S), not light Critical for life at hot and cold seeps Prokaryotes only Chemoautotrophs

http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/photos/grazers.jpg


Autotrophs must also use respiration to get ATP energy


7 classes of metabolic reactions possible in prokaryotes

Only 2 in eukaryotes (photosynthesis, aerobic respiration)

http://www.addletters.com/Godzillatron-football-sign-generator.htm

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Domains/Kingdoms

Bacteria, Archaea Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Cellular Complexity Simple Complex, organelles

DNA structure Simple, circular Chromosomes in a nucleus

Cellular Organization

All unicellular Some unicellular, many multicellular

Metabolic pathways Variety, 7 possible Only 2 – aerobic respiration & photosynthesis

Feeding strategy Auto & heterotrophy

Auto & heterotrophy

Documents

Diversity of Life. Kingdom Diversity of Life using ribosomal RNA sequence Carl Woese