Diversity Amid Globalization World Regions, Environment, Development

SIXTH EDITION

 Lester Rowntree • Martin Lewis • Marie Price • William Wyckoff

Row

ntree • Lewis • Price • W

yckoffThis is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the beneit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada 

the approval of the Publisher or Author.

For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools. This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the North American version.   

GLOBAL EDITION

LES ROWNTREEUniversity of California, Berkeley

MARTIN LEWISStanford University

MARIE PRICEGeorge Washington University

WILLIAM WYCKOFFMontana State University

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Hoboken

Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto

Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

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Diversity Amid GlobalizationWorld Regions, Environment, Development

Global Edition

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Diversity Amid Globalization: World Religions, Environment,Development, PDF ebook, Global Edition

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Contents

Preface

About the Authors

Digital and Print Resources

1 Concepts of World GeographyConverging Currents of Globalization

Economic Globalization

Globalization and Changing Human Geographies

Exploring Global Connections: A Closer Look at Globalization Geopolitics and Globalization

The Environment and Globalization

Controversy About Globalization

Pro-globalization Arguments

Critics of Globalization

A Middle Position

Diversity in a Globalizing World

Flat and Spiky Worlds

Geography Matters: Environments, Regions, LandscapesAreal Differentiation and Integration

Regions: Formal, Functional, and Vernacular

The Cultural Landscape: Space into Place

The Geographers Toolbox: Location, Maps, Remote Sensing, and GISLatitude and Longitude

Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

Map Projections

Map Scale

Map Patterns and Legends

Aerial Photos and Remote Sensing

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Themes and Issues in World Regional Geography

Physical Geography and Environmental Issues: The Changing Global Environment

Population and Settlement: People on the LandPopulation Growth and Change

Working Toward Sustainability: Managing Resources and Protecting the

Table of Contents

Environment People on the Move: Migrants and Refugees

Global Migration and Settlement

Cityscapes: The Human Habitat

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Geography of Change and TraditionCulture in a Globalizing World

Everyday Globalization: Complexities in the Common Language and Culture in Global Context

The Geography of World Religions

Gender and Globalization

Sports and Globalization

Geopolitical Framework: Unity and FragmentationWorld Political Systems

The Nation-State Revisited

Colonialism, Decolonialization, and Neocolonialism

Global Conflict and Insurgency

Economic and Social Development: The Geography of Wealth and PovertyMore and Less Developed Countries

Indicators of Economic Development

Indicators of Social Development

Concepts of World Geography In Review

2 Physical Geography and the EnvironmentGeology: A Restless Earth

Plate Tectonics

Geologic Hazards

Global Climates: Adapting to ChangeClimate Controls

Exploring Global Connections: Antarctica, the Protected Continent World Climate Regions

Global Climate Change

Global Energy: The Essential ResourceNon-Renewable and Renewable Energy

Fossil Fuel Reserves, Production, and Consumption

Renewable Energy

Energy Futures

Water: A Scarce World Resource

Working Toward Sustainability: Lighting Up Dark Places Water Scarcity

Water Sanitation

Water Access

Table of Contents

Bioregions and Biodiversity: The Globalization of NatureTropical Rainforests

Tropical Seasonal Forests

Tropical Savannas

Deforestation of Tropical Forests

Deserts and Grasslands

Mediterranean Shrubs and Woodlands

Temperate Deciduous Forests

Everyday Globalization: The Hamburger Connection Revisited Evergreen Forests

Tundra

Physical Geography and the Environment In Review

3 North AmericaPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: A Vulnerable Land of Plenty

A Diverse Physical Setting

Patterns of Climate and Vegetation

The Costs of Human Modification

Growing Environmental Awareness

Working Toward Sustainability: Bison Return to the Northern Great Plains The Shifting Energy Equation

Climate Change in North America

Population and Settlement: Reshaping a Continental LandscapeModern Spatial and Demographic Patterns

Occupying the Land

North Americans on the Move

Settlement Geographies: The Decentralized Metropolis

Settlement Geographies: Rural North America

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Shifting Patterns of PluralismThe Roots of a Cultural Identity

Peopling North America

Culture and Place in North America

Cityscapes: VANCOUVER Patterns of North American Religion

Exploring Global Connections: West Indian Gardens in East New York The Globalization of American Culture

Everyday Globalization: The NBA Goes Global

Geopolitical Framework: Patterns of Dominance and DivisionCreating Political Space

Continental Neighbors

The Legacy of Federalism

Table of Contents

Native Peoples and National Politics

The Politics of U.S. Immigration

A Global Reach

Economic and Social Development: Patterns of Abundance and AffluenceAn Abundant Resource Base

Creating a Continental Economy

Enduring Social Issues

North America and the Global Economy

People on the Move: Skilled Immigrants Fuel Big City Growth

North America In Review

4 Latin AmericaPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: Neotropical Diversity and UrbanDegradation

Western Mountains and Eastern Shields

River Basins and Lowlands

Climate and Climate Change in Latin America

Impacts of Climate Change for Latin America

Environmental Issues: The Destruction of Forests

Urban Environmental Challenges

Working Toward Sustainability: Greening Transport and Expanding Access inBogota

Population and Settlement: The Dominance of CitiesThe Latin American City

Patterns of Rural Settlement

Cityscapes: Claiming the High Ground in La Paz, Bolivia Population Growth and Mobility

Patterns of Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Repopulating a ContinentDecline of Native Populations

Patterns of Ethnicity and Culture

Exploring Global Connections: The Catholic Church and the Argentine Pope The Global Reach of Latino Culture

Geopolitical Framework: From Two Iberian Colonies to Many NationsIberian Conquest and Territorial Division

People on the Move: The Impact of U.S. Deportations on Latin America Regional Organizations

Economic and Social Development: From Dependency to NeoliberalismDevelopment Strategies

Primary Export Dependency

Everyday Globalization: Good Morning Coffee Latin America in the Global Economy

Table of Contents

Social Development

Latin America In Review

5 The CaribbeanPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: Paradise Undone

Island and Rimland Landscapes

Exploring Global Connections: Crisis Mapping in Haiti After the Earthquake Caribbean Climate and Climate Change

Environmental Issues

Population and Settlement: Densely Settled Islands and Rimland FrontiersDemographic Trends

The RuralUrban Continuum

Working Toward Sustainability: Urban Agriculture in Havana

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Neo-Africa in the AmericasThe Cultural Imprint of Colonialism

Creolization and Caribbean Identity

Cityscapes: San Juan as Cultural Crossroads of the Americas

Geopolitical Framework: Colonialism, Neocolonialism, and IndependenceLife in the American Backyard

Independence and Integration

People on the Move: Suriname in the Postcolonial World

Economic and Social Development: From Cane Fields to Cruise ShipsFrom Fields to Factories and Resorts

Social Development

Everyday Globalization: Caribbean Migrants and Health Care

The Caribbean In Review

6 Sub-Saharan AfricaPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: The Plateau Continent

Plateaus and Basins

Climate and Vegetation

Africas Environmental Issues

Working Toward Sustainability: Can Bamboo Reduce Deforestation in Africa? Climate Change and Vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa

Population and Settlement: Young and RestlessPopulation Trends and Demographic Debates

Patterns of Settlement and Land Use

Urban Life

Cityscapes: East Africas High-Tech Leader, Nairobi

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Unity Through AdversityLanguage Patterns

Table of Contents

Religion

Globalization and African Culture

Exploring Global Connections: The Reach of Nollywood

Geopolitical Framework: Legacies of Colonialism and ConflictEuropean Colonization

Decolonization and Independence

Enduring Political Conflict

Everyday Globalization: The African Origins of the Diamond Engagement Ring

Economic and Social Development: The Struggle to DevelopRoots of African Poverty

Links to the World Economy

People on the Move: Chinese Merchants to Africa Economic Differentiation Within Africa

Measuring Social Development

Women and Development

Building from Within

Sub-Saharan Africa In Review

7 Southwest Asia and North AfricaPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: Life in a Fragile World

Regional Landforms

Patterns of Climate

Legacies of a Vulnerable Landscape

Climate Change in Southwest Asia and North Africa

Population and Settlement: Changing Rural and Urban WorldsThe Geography of Population

Water and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns

Cityscapes: Cairo, City of Many Neighborhoods Many-Layered Landscapes: The Urban Imprint

A Region on the Move

Working Toward Sustainability: Masdar City Emerges in the Desert Shifting Demographic Patterns

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Complex Cultural MosaicPatterns of Religion

Geographies of Language

Regional Cultures in Global Context

Geopolitical Framework: Never-Ending TensionsThe Colonial Legacy

Modern Geopolitical Issues

An Uncertain Political Future

People on the Move: The Syrian Exodus

Table of Contents

Economic and Social Development: A Region of Stark ContrastsMeasuring Development

The Geography of Fossil Fuels

Regional Economic Patterns

Exploring Global Connections: Yanbu as a Global City

Everyday Globalization: Popping Pills from Israel A Woman's Changing World

Global Economic Relationships

Southwest Asia and North Africa In Review

8 EuropePhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: Human Transformation of a DiverseLandscape

Landform Regions

Europes Climate

Seas, Rivers, and Ports

Environmental Issues: Local and Global

Climate Change in Europe

Working Toward Sustainability: Germanys Energy Transformation

Population and Settlement: Slow Growth, Rapid Migration, and Widespread UrbanismLow (or No) Natural Growth

Migration to and Within Europe

People on the Move: The Roma, Europes Largest Ethnic Minority

Landscapes of Urban Europe

Cityscapes: Dresden and Its Symbolic Landscape

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Mosaic of DifferencesGeographies of Language

Geographies of Religion, Past and Present

Everyday Globalization: International Students in Europe European Culture in a Global Context

Geopolitical Framework: A Dynamic MapRedrawing the Map of Europe Through War

A Divided Europe, East and West

The Balkans: Waking from a Geopolitical Nightmare

A Europe of Small Regions?

Economic and Social Development: Integration and TransitionEuropes Industrial Revolution

Rebuilding Postwar Europe

Economic Disintegration and Transition in Eastern Europe

Promise and Problems of the Eurozone

Exploring Global Connections: Gas, Money, and Politics in Europes Southeast

Table of Contents

Corner Europe In Review

9 The Russian DomainPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: A Vast and Challenging Land

A Diverse Physical Setting

Exploring Global Connections: Russian Meteorite Fragments Go Global A Devastated Environment

Working Toward Sustainability: Lake Baikals Success Story

Climate Change and the Russian Domain

Population and Settlement: An Urban DomainPopulation Distribution

Regional Migration Patterns

Cityscapes: Kiev, Enduring Cultural Capital

People on The Move: Moscows Central Asian Communities Inside the Russian City

The Demographic Crisis

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Legacy of Slavic DominanceThe Heritage of the Russian Empire

Geographies of Language

Geographies of Religion

Russian Culture in Global Context

Geopolitical Framework: Resurgent Global SuperpowerGeopolitical Structure of the Former Soviet Union

Current Geopolitical Setting

Geopolitics in the South and West

The Shifting Global Setting

Economic and Social Development: The Key Role of EnergyThe Legacy of the Soviet Economy

The Post-Soviet Economy

Growing Economic Globalization

Everyday Globalization: How the Russian Domain Shapes the Virtual World

Russian Domain In Review

10 Central AsiaPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: Steppes, Deserts, and ThreatenedLakes

Central Asias Physical Regions and Climate

Central Asias Environmental Challenges

Everyday Globalization: Kazakhstan, Home of the Apple Climate Change in Central Asia

Population and Settlement: Densely Settled Oases Amid Vacant Lands

Table of Contents

Highland Population and Subsistence Patterns

Pastoralism and Farming in the Lowlands

Urbanization in Central Asia

Working Toward Sustainability: Pastoralism in Mongolia

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Meeting Ground of Different TraditionsHistorical Overview: Steppe Nomads and Silk Road Traders

Cityscapes: Kabul, A Precariously Booming City Contemporary Linguistic and Ethnic Geography

Geography of Religion

Central Asian Culture in International Context

Geopolitical Framework: Political Reawakening in a Power VoidPartitioning of the Steppes

Central Asia Under Communist Rule

Current Geopolitical Tensions

Global Dimensions of Central Asian Geopolitics

People on the Move: Afghan Refugees in Iran

Economic and Social Development: Abundant Resources, Struggling EconomiesEconomic Development in Central Asia

Exploring Global Connections: The Heroin and Opium Trade from Afghanistan Social Development in Central Asia

Central Asia In Review

11 East AsiaPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: Resource Pressures in a CrowdedLand

East Asias Physical Geography

East Asias Environmental Challenges

Working Toward Sustainability: Japans Smart City Movement Dams, Flooding, and Soil Erosion in China

Climate Change in East Asia

Population and Settlement: A Realm of Crowded Lowland BasinsAgriculture and Settlement in Japan

Agriculture and Settlement in China, Korea, and Taiwan

Agriculture and Resources in Global Context

Urbanization in East Asia

Cityscapes: Hong Kong, the Vertical City

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Historical Influence of Confucianism andBuddhism

Unifying Cultural Characteristics

Religious Unity and Diversity

Linguistic and Ethnic Diversity

Table of Contents

East Asian Cultures in Global Context

Geopolitical Framework: Struggles for Regional DominanceThe Evolution of China

The Rise of Japan

Postwar Geopolitics

Global Dimensions of East Asian Geopolitics

Exploring Global Connections: China Courts the Portuguese-Speaking World

Economic And Social Development: A Core Region of the Global EconomyJapans Economy and Society

The Newly Industrialized Countries

Everyday Globalization: The East Asian Smartphone Connection Chinese Development

People on the Move: North Koreas Hidden Migration Streams Social Development in East Asia

East Asia In Review

12 South AsiaPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: From Tropical Islands to MountainRim

The Four Physical Subregions of South Asia

Environmental Issues in South Asia

Working Toward Sustainability: Green Schools and Eco-Tourism in Bhutan South Asias Monsoon Climates

Climate Change in South Asia

Population and Settlement: The Demographic DilemmaThe Geography of Population Expansion

Migration and the Settlement Landscape

Agricultural Regions and Activities

Urban South Asia

Cityscapes: Karachi, Pakistans Sprawling Megacity

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by ReligiousRivalries

Origins of South Asian Civilizations

The Caste System

Contemporary Geographies of Religion

Geographies of Language

South Asians in a Global Cultural Context

Everyday Globalization: Customer Support Call Centers in India

Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided RegionSouth Asia Before and After Independence in 1947

Ethnic Conflicts and Tensions in South Asia

Table of Contents

People on the Move: Migration from Bangladesh to Assam, India The Maoist Challenge

International Geopolitics

Economic and Social Development: Rapid Growth and Rampant PovertyGeographies of Economic Development

Exploring Global Connections: The Troubled Tourism Industry in the Maldives Globalization and South Asias Economic Future

Social Development

South Asia In Review

13 Southeast AsiaPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: A Once-Forested Region

Patterns of Physical Geography

The Deforestation of Southeast Asia

Fires, Smoke, and Air Pollution

Climate Change in Southeast Asia

Working Toward Sustainability: Malaysias National Physical Plan

Population and Settlement: Subsistence, Migration, and CitiesSettlement and Agriculture

Recent Demographic Change

Urban Settlement

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Meeting Ground of World CulturesThe Introduction and Spread of Major Cultural Traditions

Cityscapes: Baguio, the Summer Capital of the Philippines Geography of Language and Ethnicity

Southeast Asian Culture in Global Context

Exploring Global Connections: Baltimore Turns to the Philippines to RecruitTeachers for Inner-City Schools

Geopolitical Framework: War, Ethnic Strife, and Regional CooperationBefore European Colonialism

The Colonial Era

The Vietnam War and Its Aftermath

Geopolitical Tensions in Contemporary Southeast Asia

International Dimensions of Southeast Asian Geopolitics

People on the Move: Burmese Migrants in Thailand

Economic and Social Development: The Roller-Coaster Ride of Developing EconomiesUneven Economic Development

Globalization and the Southeast Asian Economy

Issues of Social Development

Everyday Globalization: The Southeast Asian Palm Oil Connection

Southeast Asia In Review

Table of Contents

14 Australia and OceaniaPhysical Geography and Environmental Issues: Varied Landscapes and Habitats

Topography of Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealands Climates

Oceanias Diverse Environments

Australias Unique Plants and Animals

Complex Environmental Issues

Climate Change in Oceania

Working Toward Sustainability: Sea-Level Rise and the Future of Low Islands

Population and Settlement: Migration, Cities, and Empty SpacesContemporary Population Patterns

Cityscapes: Perth, Australias Boomtown Historical Geography

Settlement Landscapes

Diverse Demographic Paths

Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Global CrossroadsMulticultural Australia

Cultural Patterns in New Zealand

The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures

People on the Move: Australias Asylum Problem Gender Geographies

Sports in Oceania

Everyday Globalization: Hawaiian Pidgin Interactions with the Larger World

Geopolitical Framework: A Region of Dynamic PolitiesRoads to Independence

Exploring Global Connections: Hypercommunication Comes to Oceania Land and Native Rights Issues

The Strategic Pacific

Economic and Social Development: Increasing Ties to AsiaThe Australian and New Zealand Economies

Oceanias Economic Diversity

Oceania in Global Context

Continuing Social Challenges

Australia and Oceania In Review

Glossary

Text and Illustration Credits

IndexA

Table of Contents

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I

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M

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O

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U

V

W

X

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Notes