SOUTH ASIA Region of the Monsoon. Diversity Amid Globalization, 4 th 2 Setting the Boundaries 2nd most populous region in the world 2nd most populous

SOUTH ASIA SOUTH ASIA Region of the MonsoonRegion of the Monsoon

Diversity Amid Diversity Amid Globalization, 4Globalization, 4thth

22

Setting the BoundariesSetting the Boundaries• 2nd most populous region in the world2nd most populous region in the world

• Distinct landmass separated from the rest Distinct landmass separated from the rest of the Eurasian continent: Subcontinentof the Eurasian continent: Subcontinent

• India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the MaldivesBhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives

• Regional unity: Shared historyRegional unity: Shared history

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIAASIA

• Well defined physiographicallyWell defined physiographically

• The world’s second largest population The world’s second largest population clustercluster

• Significant demographic problemsSignificant demographic problems

• Low income economiesLow income economies

• Population concentrated in villages - Population concentrated in villages - subsistence agriculturesubsistence agriculture

• Strong cultural regionalismStrong cultural regionalism

• Boundary problemsBoundary problems

THE REGION

Sub-RegionsSub-Regions

• IndiaIndia

• PakistanPakistan

• BangladeshBangladesh

• Mountainous Mountainous NorthNorth

• Southern Southern IslandsIslands

MONSOONSMONSOONS

• ““To know India and her people, one To know India and her people, one has to know the monsoon.”has to know the monsoon.”

• To the people of India the monsoons To the people of India the monsoons are a source of life.are a source of life.

• Seasonal reversal of winds Seasonal reversal of winds • General onshore movement in summerGeneral onshore movement in summer• General offshore flow in winter General offshore flow in winter • Very distinctive seasonal precipitation Very distinctive seasonal precipitation

regimeregime

MonsoonsMonsoons

Diversity Amid Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Lewis, Price, and WyckoffWyckoff 77

Climate

Figure 12.8

What two processes account for high rainfall in the Western Ghats?


South Asian Monsoon

-Dry and wet monsoons

-Seasonal wind changes

-Pressure differences

Figure 12.7

Summer Monsoon Rain inMumbai, India

-Some areas receive as much as 70 inches of rainin three months

POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONSEFFECTS OF MONSOONS

(RESULTS OF CATASTROPHIC RAINFALL)(RESULTS OF CATASTROPHIC RAINFALL)• Widespread floodingWidespread flooding• Property damageProperty damage• Destruction to agricultural landsDestruction to agricultural lands• Damage to transportation infrastructureDamage to transportation infrastructure• HomelessnessHomelessness• DiseaseDisease• MalnutritionMalnutrition• Serious injurySerious injury• DeathDeath

Diversity Amid Globalization, Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis,

Price, and WyckoffPrice, and Wyckoff 1111

Agricultural RegionsAgricultural Regions

• Subsistence cropsSubsistence crops– RiceRice– WheatWheat– MilletMillet

• Other productsOther products– Oil seeds, coconut Oil seeds, coconut

groves, spice gardens, groves, spice gardens, tea plantationstea plantations

• LivestockLivestock

Rice cultivationin Sri Lanka

Figure 12.13

What climate variables

help to explain this distribution?



The Green RevolutionThe Green Revolution• 1960s: Agricultural 1960s: Agricultural

research stationsresearch stations

• High yield crop High yield crop varietiesvarieties

• Move toward food Move toward food self-sufficiencyself-sufficiency

• Environmental and Environmental and social problemssocial problems

Figure 12.14

Punjab, India

CULTURECULTURE

• A culturally fragmented regionA culturally fragmented region

• Religious and linguistic diversityReligious and linguistic diversity

• Religious PatternsReligious Patterns– IslamIslam is predominant in Pakistan and is predominant in Pakistan and

Bangladesh.Bangladesh.– HinduismHinduism is predominant in India. is predominant in India.– SikhismSikhism thrives in northern India. thrives in northern India.– BuddhismBuddhism is predominant in Sri Lanka. is predominant in Sri Lanka.



Cultural Coherence and Cultural Coherence and DiversityDiversity• Early unity: HinduismEarly unity: Hinduism

• IslamIslam– Added dimension to Added dimension to

cultural landscapecultural landscape

• British colonialismBritish colonialism

• Since 1980sSince 1980s– Growing Hindu Growing Hindu

nationalismnationalism– Reaction to secular Reaction to secular

Indian stateIndian state

Figure 12.18

Destruction of the Ayodhya Mosque


Linguistic Linguistic DiversityDiversity

Figure 12.24

- Dravidian: unique to South Asia

- Linguistic nationalism


Figure 12.21

Contemporary Religious Diversity

-Hinduism-Islam-Sikhism-Buddhism and Jainism


Early South Asian Civilizations

Figure 12.19

Coexistence of Hinduism and Islam

Religious LandscapesReligious Landscapes


Taj Mahal

Buddhist Monastery

Figure 12.22

Figure 12.23

HINDUISM

• The world’s oldest The world’s oldest religionreligion

• Culture hearth of the Culture hearth of the Indus River Indus River

• Diffused south and Diffused south and east down the east down the Ganges Ganges

• Absorbed and Absorbed and eventually eventually supplanted earlier supplanted earlier native religions and native religions and customscustoms

CULTURE HEARTHCULTURE HEARTH The Indus RiverThe Indus River

• Where an early culture emerged and Where an early culture emerged and developeddeveloped– Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated

tribes and villages to towns and beyond. tribes and villages to towns and beyond. – HinduismHinduism emerged from the beliefs and emerged from the beliefs and

practices brought to India by the Indo-practices brought to India by the Indo-Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC)Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC)

– BuddhismBuddhism born of discontent; made the born of discontent; made the state religion of India in 3rd century BCstate religion of India in 3rd century BC

– Islam Islam sweeps through central India from sweeps through central India from the 8th -10th centuries ADthe 8th -10th centuries AD

HINDUISMHINDUISM

• Not just a religion Not just a religion

• An intricate web of religious, An intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elementsartistic elements

• No common creedNo common creed

• No single doctrineNo single doctrine

• No direct divine revelationNo direct divine revelation

• No rigid narrow moral codeNo rigid narrow moral code

•Karma and Karma and DharmaDharma

•CremationCremation of of the deadthe dead

•Regulations of Regulations of the the caste caste systemsystem

THREE BASIC PRACTICES

MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISMMAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM

• Three main ideas are important in Three main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion and understanding the Hindu religion and the caste systemthe caste system– ReincarnationReincarnation– KarmaKarma– DharmaDharma

REINCARNATIONREINCARNATION

•Every living thing has a soul.Every living thing has a soul.

•When a living thing dies, its soul When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature.moves into another living creature.

•Souls are reborn in a newly created Souls are reborn in a newly created life.life.

KARMAKARMA

•Every action brings about certain Every action brings about certain results.results.

•There is no escaping the There is no escaping the consequences of one’s actions.consequences of one’s actions.

•Good behavior is rewarded when Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn into a higher the soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature.ranking living creature.

DHARMADHARMA

•A set of rules that must be followed A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of work their way up the ladder of reincarnation.reincarnation.

•Each person’s dharma is different.Each person’s dharma is different.



The Caste SystemThe Caste System• Complex Hindu Complex Hindu

social ordersocial order

• Hierarchically Hierarchically structuredstructured

• ““Social pollution”Social pollution”

• State of fluxState of flux

Figure 12.20

Hindu Temple

ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM

Early challenge to Hinduism in South Early challenge to Hinduism in South AsiaAsia

E. J. PALKA

BUDDHISMBUDDHISM

• Adherents objected to Adherents objected to

harsher features of harsher features of

HinduismHinduism

• Focuses on knowledge, Focuses on knowledge,

especially self-knowledge especially self-knowledge

• Elimination of worldly Elimination of worldly

desires, determination not desires, determination not

to hurt or kill people or to hurt or kill people or

animalsanimals E. J. PALKA

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHSFOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

• Sorrow and suffering are part of all life.Sorrow and suffering are part of all life.• People suffer because they desire People suffer because they desire

things they cannot have.things they cannot have.• The way to escape suffering is to end The way to escape suffering is to end

desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting.stage of not wanting.

• To end desire, follow the “middle path,” To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire.of too much pleasure and desire.

RELIGIOUS CONTRASTSRELIGIOUS CONTRASTS

• ISLAMISLAM– MonotheisticMonotheistic– No idolsNo idols– One sacred bookOne sacred book– Uniform dogma - 5 pillarsUniform dogma - 5 pillars– Accepts one true pathAccepts one true path– Eat beef/Sacrifice cowsEat beef/Sacrifice cows– Bury DeadBury Dead– Social Equality (in theory)Social Equality (in theory)– Theocratic societyTheocratic society

• HINDUISMHINDUISM– PolytheisticPolytheistic– Many idolsMany idols– Various sacred writingsVarious sacred writings– Varying beliefsVarying beliefs– Absorbed other religionsAbsorbed other religions– Venerate cowsVenerate cows– Burn dead (& alive)Burn dead (& alive)– Caste separationCaste separation– ““State” of secondary State” of secondary

importanceimportance

Diversity Amid Globalization, Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Lewis, Price, 4th edition: Lewis, Price, 3333

The British PartitionThe British Partition (1947) (1947)

• India and East and India and East and West PakistanWest Pakistan– Hindu and Muslim Hindu and Muslim

majorities, respectivelymajorities, respectively

• Millions displaced as a Millions displaced as a result of the Partitionresult of the Partition

• East Pakistan (1971)East Pakistan (1971)– BangladeshBangladesh

Figure 12.29

PARTITION AND ISLAM

Challenges:•Stability•Refugees

POPULATION POPULATION GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY

• THE SPATIAL VIEW OF THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHYDEMOGRAPHY– STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION,

COMPOSITION, RATES OF GROWTH, AND COMPOSITION, RATES OF GROWTH, AND PATTERNS OF FLOWPATTERNS OF FLOW

• POPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION DENSITY– ARITHMETICARITHMETIC– PHYSIOLOGICPHYSIOLOGIC

• KEY MEASURESKEY MEASURES– RATE OF NATURAL INCREASERATE OF NATURAL INCREASE– DOUBLING TIMEDOUBLING TIME


PopulationPopulationand and SettlemenSettlementt

Figure 12.11

What serves as a “limiting factor” to population distribution in South Asia?


Demographic IndicatorsDemographic Indicators

Population Momentum



Demographic IssuesDemographic Issues

• Rapid population Rapid population growthgrowth

• Family planning Family planning – Approaches to and Approaches to and

acceptance of the acceptance of the process differ process differ across the regionacross the region

Figure 12.2.1

Figure 12.10

POPULATION GROWTH

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODELMODEL



Urban South AsiaUrban South Asia

DhakaMumbai

Karachi

Figures 12.15, 12.16, and 12.17


Urban South Urban South AsiaAsia– Mumbai – Mumbai Figure 12.3.1

Figure 12.3.2

SOUTH ASIA SOUTH ASIA Region of the MonsoonRegion of the Monsoon

Documents

SOUTH ASIA Region of the Monsoon. Diversity Amid Globalization, 4 th 2 Setting the Boundaries 2nd most populous region in the world 2nd most populous