DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF ARARIAmines.bih.nic.in/DSR/MM/DSR-MM-Araria.pdf · 2018-12-17 · divided into 2 civil Sub-Division, 9 community development blocks, 218 Panchayats and 742

9/27/2018

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF ARARIA

Sand Mineral and Brick Kilns

As per Notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi, the 25th

July, 2018 of Ministry of

Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India

Prepared by

INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENT & ECO- DEVELOPMENT

Ground Floor, Shyam Nagar Colony, Maurya Path, Khajpura P.O. B.V. College,

Patna-800014, Bihar, India E-mail- [email protected] Website-

www.ieedindia.in Tel.: 0612-2590373, Telefax- 0612-2590373 M-+91-9472919161, 7004620817

Submitted to

Under Secretary

Mines& Geology Department, Government of Bihar

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 1

PREFACE

The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India, made

Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of minerals mandatory through its Notification of 27th

January, 1994 under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986. Keeping in view the

experience gained in environmental clearance process over a period of one decade, the MoEF&CC

came out with Environmental Impact Notification, SO 1533 (E), dated 14th September 2006. Now

again Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India

amended the notification S.O. 141(E) Dated 15th

January, 2016 videS.O. 3611(E) Dated 25th

July, 2018. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance for different kinds of

development projects as listed in Appendix-X of the Notification.

Further, in pursuance to the order of Hon’ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in I.A.

No.12- 13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, in the matter of Deepak

Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others etc., prior environmental clearance has now become

mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease; And also in view of

the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th January, 2015 in the matter regarding sand

mining has directed for making a policy on environmental clearance for mining leases in cluster for

minor Minerals, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in consultation with State

governments has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand Mining detailing the provisions on

environmental clearance for cluster, creation of District Environment Impact Assessment Authority

and proper monitoring of minor mineral mining using information technology and information

technology enabled services to track the mined out material from source to destination.

The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of mining

of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding document

which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and

ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on data of various

departments, published reports, journals and websites. The District Survey Report will form the basis

for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The

Report will be updated once every five years.


OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the preparation of District Survey Report (as per the Sustainable Sand

Mining Guideline, 2016) is to ensure the following –

� Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed;

� Identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and

installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of

replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area.

� Identification of mineral wealth in the district.


INDEX

Sl.No. Chapters Page No.

Chapter-1 Introduction 4

Chapter-2 Overview of Mining Activity in the District 12

Chapter-3 The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area and period

of validity

15

Chapter-4 Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 16

Chapter-5 Detail of Production of Sand or minor mineral in last three years 17

Chapter-6 Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 18

Chapter-7 General Profile of the District 23

Chapter-8 Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture,

Horticulture, Mining etc.

24

Chapter-9 Physiography of the District 25

Chapter-10 Rainfall: month-wise 30

Chapter-11 Geology and Mineral Wealth

• Drainage System with description of main rivers.

• Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams

31

Chapter-12 Status of Brick Kilns in Araria 35

References 36

Annexures


CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

As per Gazette Notification of 15th January, 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and

Climate Change a survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment

Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Irrigation department, Drainage department, Forest

department, Mining department and Revenue department in district of preparation of District

Survey Report as per the sustainable sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of area of

aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed, and identification of areas of erosion

and proximity to infrastructural structures and installation where mining should be prohibited

and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining

in that area.

Every effort has been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and overviews of mining

activity in the district with all the relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in

replenish-able and non-replenish-able areas of rivers, stream and other sources. The mineral

potential is calculated based on field investigation taking coordinates of the area and gather all

relevant information and geology of the catchment area of the river or stream. Also gather all

data for bricks mining, taking area coordinates with local soil quality, availability of soil etc.

Also as per the site condition and location depth of mineable mineral is defined. The area of

removal of mineral in the river and stream is decided on geomorphology and other factors, it can

be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river or stream. Similarly for bricks and soil mining all

data will be gathered. Other constituents like clay and slit are excluded as waste while

calculating the mineral potential of particular river or stream. This District Survey Report shall

form the basis of application for environmental, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects.

The report shall be updated once every 5 years.


Historical Perspective:-

Araria has a very prestigious past though shrouded in midst of uncertainties and termed as a

place of confluence of three

entirely different cultures. In

the year 1765 the areas come

under the Dewani of East India

Company. This district was one

of the sub-division of undivided

Purnea district. Araria district

came into existence on the day

of Makar-Sankranti in 1990

after the bifurcation of

undivided Purnea district in

Purnea, Kishanganj and Araria.

The district has it’s headquarter

at Araria.

Araria has huge ground water

potential that can be exploited

to increase the cropping

intensity. The ground water

information booklet of the district, prepared as a part of one of the activities of the “Water Year

2007”, contains information, in brief, pertaining to administrative set-up, climate, irrigation

practises, geomorphology, soils, hydrogeology and ground water potential.

Administration:-

Araria is situated in the northeastern corner of Bihar state having its international boundary with

Nepal in the north. Supaul district is in the west, Madhepura district is in the southwest, Purnea

districts is in the south and Kishanganj district is in the east. The Araria district is situated

between latitudes 25056’30” to 26

035’15” north and longitude 87

002’30” to 87

042’45” east in the

Survey of India Toposheet nos. 72 N & 72 O with geographical area of 2830sq. km. The district

divided into 2 civil Sub-Division, 9 community development blocks, 218 Panchayats and 742

villages. The total population of district is 2806200 in this Rural 2637656 & Urban 168544 (2011

census). The district boundaries, administrative divisions, major roads, rivers, and HNS locations

are located in Fig 2.

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR

Fig.

Basin/sub-basin, Drainage:-

The district falls in the Kosi and Mahananda sub

tributaries with Kosi dhars drain the district, Out of 9 blocks

Kosi dhars. Kosi Dhars are abandoned channels of river Kosi, left

migration. They originate at different places and flow in the south direction and effluent in

nature. Small rivers coming down from Nepal confluence in the north of the district to make the

rivers Parman Nadi, Katua Dhar, Ratua Nadi

Kosi and its tributaries exhibit dichotomic drainage pattern

the district is sub-parallel.

Irrigation Practices:-

There are four cropping season in the district. Bhadai and

by Rabi and Garma. Out of 265,000 hectare total cropped area, contribution from Bhadai is

64,000 hectare, Aghani is 103,000 hectare, Rabbi is 63,000 hectare and Garma is 30,000 hectare

(1998-1999). The cropping intensity


Fig. 2 Index map of Araria district

The district falls in the Kosi and Mahananda sub-basin of Lower Ganga basin. Kosi and its

tributaries with Kosi dhars drain the district, Out of 9 blocks, 6 blocks marked by the presence of

Kosi dhars. Kosi Dhars are abandoned channels of river Kosi, left behind in course of its



rivers Parman Nadi, Katua Dhar, Ratua Nadi etc., which flow in the southern direction.

Kosi and its tributaries exhibit dichotomic drainage pattern. In General, the drainage pattern in

There are four cropping season in the district. Bhadai and Aghani from Kharif season followed



1999). The cropping intensity is 147%.

Page 6

basin of Lower Ganga basin. Kosi and its

6 blocks marked by the presence of

behind in course of its



etc., which flow in the southern direction.

rainage pattern in

Aghani from Kharif season followed




Irrigation from both surfaces and ground water is being practised in the district. The Western part

of the district is covered under Eastern Kosi canal command area. The main canals terminate in

Araria district while its branch canals pass through the district. The irrigation from ground water

is mainly through diesel operated pumps. The other sources of irrigation, on a limited scale

includes, lifting of water from river and nala with the help of centrifugal pumps. Out of 104,069

hectare total gross irrigated area, contribution from tube-wells is maximum 1,03,199 hectare,

followed by canals 870 hectare.

Climates and Rainfall:-

The district experienced three different season viz., summer from March to early June, rainy

from later part of June to September and winter from November to Feburary. Mean daily

ambient temperature in summer shoots upto 400C and in winter mean daily ambient temperature

falls down to 40C. The relative humidity is generally above 70% in most part of the year.

Rainfall in the district is mainly by southwest monsoon, which sets in the month of June and

continues upto September. Sometimes monsoon retreats in early October. The average annual

rainfall for 2004 is 1582 mm. The district receives 85% of the rainfall during the southwest

monsoon.

Geomorphology:-

The district has a monotonous flat topography with gentle slope in the southeast direction. The

regional topographic gradient in the northern part of the district is about 0.5m/Km and reduces to

0.2m/Km in the southern part. The maximum relief in the district is 71.3m amsl near Ghurna and

the minimum is 45.3m amsl near Jokihat.

Soil:-

The two broad soil groups are available in the district -

I. Recent Alluvium non-

calcareous non-saline groups

found over major part of the

district. It is mostly light to

medium texture and acid to

neutral in nature. It also

formed layered sediments

having no horizontal

differentiation.

Source : NBSS& LUP, Regional Centre, Kolkata


II. Recent Alluvium-Tarai soils found as a small patch

district. It is mixture of highly disturbed recent alluvium along the course of river. It

is light to heavy textured and poorly drained.

Soil Texture of Araria:-

Entire Araria district fits for agrarian activities. Its soil texture best suits for the production of

crops such as paddy, maize, pulses and different categories of vegetable stuffs. Many local fruits

are also produced here due to the suiting of its soil for t

Vegetation of Araria:-

Although no organized vegetation has been planned in Araria but due to the rich soil of this

region it has welcomed too much forestation over the centuries. Every portion of the district

witnesses forestry which makes

to heavy rainfall. Variety of trees is found in this area.

Connectivity:-

Araria is well connected to the rest of the s

By Air

Patna the capital city of Bihar is t

flights to important cities like: Delhi, Kolkata Varanasi, Lucknow and so on. One can also reach

Patna from Kathmandu.

By Road

A convenient road network covers Araria

connecting it to a number of important cities

in Bihar, such as: Patna (316 km

NH322 or 341.7km via), Muzaffarpur (

NH27 km), which are in turn linked to rest of

the country. Other important destinatio

Bihar, namely; Bodhgaya (384

(3145kms), Nalanda (340kms) lie close by.

By Rail

The nearest railhead is, which is only 2.5 kms away from Vaishali

railway station of Hajipur regularly. One can approach Hajipur from major cities all over India

like: Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Varanasi.


Tarai soils found as a small patch in the northeast corner of the


is light to heavy textured and poorly drained.

district fits for agrarian activities. Its soil texture best suits for the production of


are also produced here due to the suiting of its soil for that purpose.



witnesses forestry which makes it one of the greenest regions in the area. It is also possible due


is well connected to the rest of the state and India by rail, road and air connections.

the capital city of Bihar is the nearest Airport from Araria. Patna is linked by regular


road network covers Araria

connecting it to a number of important cities

km by NH27 and

), Muzaffarpur (246 via

km), which are in turn linked to rest of

the country. Other important destinations in

Bihar, namely; Bodhgaya (384kms), Rajgir

40kms) lie close by.

, which is only 2.5 kms away from Vaishali.Important trains service the


like: Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Varanasi.

Page 8

in the northeast corner of the


district fits for agrarian activities. Its soil texture best suits for the production of




it one of the greenest regions in the area. It is also possible due


ate and India by rail, road and air connections.

. Patna is linked by regular


Important trains service the




Page 9


The district is divided into 2 Sub-divisions and 9 Blocks which are as under:-

S.N. Name of Sub-

Division

Name of Blocks

1. Araria Araria

Raniganj

Jokihat

Narpatganj

2. Forbishganj Forbishganj

Palasi

Kursakatta

Bhargama

Sikti


Demography of Araria District:-

According to the 2011 census Araria district has a population of 2, 806, 200 roughly equal to the

nation of Jamaica or the US state of Utah. This gives it a ranking of 139th in India (out of a total

of 640). The district has a population density of 992 inhabitants per square kilometer (2,570/sq

. mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 30%. Araria has a sex ratio of

921 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 55.1%. The population of Araria district

has a large concentration of Muslims.

Source: Census of India 2011


CHAPTER - 2

OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT.

Topography:-

The district is agricultural based area as the lands are fertile leads to cultivation being the major

activity in the district. The River kosi since 1954 always brings flood in the area and damages

too.

As Araria is mainly an agrarian region, entire district is enriched with agrarian lands. Its soil is

best suited to produce various types of crops, vegetables and fruits. By now no minerals have

been found in this area. It definitely has ample sandy areas as well that makes it easy for the

people to use such areas for multiple purposes. River banks of this district is perfect in terms of

collecting sands for building materials and so are rivers known for fishing purposes.

General Geology:-

The district is underlain by thick unconsolidated sediment of Quaternary period. Geological

survey of India has given the following classification based on nature of alluvial deposits

System Series Formation Lithology

Quaternary Upper Holocene Diara Formation Alteration of fine

grey silt and clay

Unclassified

Holocene

Kosi Formation Grey silt and clay

alteration with

fine to medium

sand

Purnea Formation Pale yellow to

grey silt and silty

clay, fine sand,

grey medium to

coarse sand with

thin partings of

sand and fine silt


Main objectives of Sustainable Sand Mining:-

• To ensure that sand and gravel mining is done in environmentally sustainable and

socially responsible manner.

• To ensure availability of adequate quantity of aggregate in sustainable manner.

• To improve the effectiveness of monitoring of mining and transportation of mined out

material:

• Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment by protection

and restoration of the ecological system.

• Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with hydraulic structures

such as jetties, water intakes etc.

• Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.

• No obstruction to the river flow, water transport and restoring the riparian rights and in

stream habitats.

• Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.

• To prevent depletion of ground water reserves due to excessive draining out of ground

water.

• To prevent ground water pollution by prohibiting sand mining on fissures where it works

as filter prior to ground water recharge.

• To maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in

determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted

• Streamlining and simplifying the process for grant of environmental clearance (EC) for

sustainable mining.



CHAPTER - 3

LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND

PERIOD OF VALIDITY.

Sl.

No.

Mining

Unit Block

Location

Area(In

Hect.)

Period

(In

Yrs)

Name of

Minor

Minerals

Name of

Granted of

Minerals

Concession

Annual

Capacity as per

E.C./Mining

Plants/Tor in

MT.

Present Status

There is no Ghats has created in this districts.


CHAPTER - 4

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS.

Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.) Remarks

1 2014-15 2555.85 This is combined revenue received from Purnia,

Araria and Kishanganj districts of Purnia division.

Separate data for Araria district not found during

survey of minerals in the district.

2 2015-16 3452.53

3 2016-17 4223.99

Total 10232.37


CHAPTER - 5

DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE

YEARS.

Sr. Year Production Value in

(MTPA)

Remarks

1 2014-15 NIL

2 2015-16 NIL

3 2016-17 NIL

Total


REPLENISHMENT REPORT OR PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN

THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT

Process:-

Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and

erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of

gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported

transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume,

shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to rise, while larger

or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow.

Deposition is the processes where

occurs when a river loses energy. This can

be when a river enters a shallow area (this

could be when it floods and come

contact with the flood plain) or towards its

mouth where it meets another body of

water.

Rivers flood on a regular basis. The area

over which they flood is known as the

floodplain and this often coincides with

regions where meanders form. Meanders

support the formation of flood plains

through lateral erosion.

When rivers flood the velocity of water

slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to transport material is reduced and deposition

occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment acr

floods layers of sediment form along the flood plain.

Larger material and the majority of deposition occurs next to the river channel. This is the result

of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the

rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the

river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.

If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the s

Downstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling

velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load

by rolling, sliding, and saltation


CHAPTER - 6


THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT.



gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported by water. Sediment is

transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume,


more likely to fall through the flow.

is the processes where sediment being transported by a river is deposited. Deposition

occurs when a river loses energy. This can

be when a river enters a shallow area (this

could be when it floods and comes into

contact with the flood plain) or towards its

mouth where it meets another body of

Rivers flood on a regular basis. The area

over which they flood is known as the

floodplain and this often coincides with

regions where meanders form. Meanders

support the formation of flood plains

When rivers flood the velocity of water


occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment across the whole floodplain. After a series of

floods layers of sediment form along the flood plain.


of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the velocity of the river to slow and therefore


river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.

If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the settling velocity, sediment will be transported

ownstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling


saltation (jumping up into the flow, being transported a short distance

Page 18




by water. Sediment is

transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume, density, and


transported by a river is deposited. Deposition


oss the whole floodplain. After a series of


velocity of the river to slow and therefore


ettling velocity, sediment will be transported

ownstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling


g transported a short distance


then settling again). If the upwards velocity is higher than the settling velocity, the sediment will

be transported high in the flow as wash load.

As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, it is common for material of

different sizes to move through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions.

The various factors governing the occurrence and deposition of sand is country rock i.e.

geological disposition, climate, and rainfall, water load physical parameters of river and velocity

of water current. Rivers have a lot of energy and because they have energy, they do stuff. The

obvious things rivers do with their energy is flow but, besides this, they also transport load, erode

load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion is the breaking down of material by

an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river’s channel and

the river’s load. A river’s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river

transports until it deposits its load.

Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so many loads depending on their energy. The

maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the age

river’s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the

river’s competence. Deposition to transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river

loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There’s several reasons why a river could lose

energy. If the river’s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn’t flowing

as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in

evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing

it deposit its load. If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load

because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load

because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As

rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The

channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its

tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be

small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the

material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers

flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend

most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now

eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral

erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore

be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be

deposited.

This is called a point bar or slip off slope Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition

on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion

narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river

will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest

current, called the thalweg, will now tend to be in the center of the river, and so deposition is

likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks. Eventually deposition will block off the old

meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy


rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases,

when the volume of water decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they

encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones,

piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.

A river system can be divided into three subsystems: -

� Collecting system (branches) -- consisting of a network of tributaries in the headwater

region, collects and funnels water and sediment to the main stream.

� Transporting system (trunk) -- the main trunk stream, which functions as a channel way

through which water and sedimentmove from the collecting area toward the ocean.

(Erosion and deposition also occur in a river's transporting system)

� Dispersing system (roots) -- consists of a network of distributaries at the mouth of a river

(delta), where sediment and water are dispersed into an ocean, a lake, or a dry basin

Removal of washed in Silt Load:-

Geologically, the district is the part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract. The origin of the

IndoGangetic tract as a whole is now attributed to the sag in the earth crust formed in the upper

Eocene times between Gondwana land and the raising of Himalaya belt. The economic minerals

found in the district are Sand, Soil and Kankar.

The sand deposits being an integral part of the dynamic river system to which it belongs.

Therefore, as a part of natural cycle, the monsoon flow of every river carries with it

replenishment of silt and washed out soil and clay from upstream areas in the catchment. This

silt shall be removed during the sieving of sand before it is loaded into truck/tipper/trailer to

carry to the consumers.

Sand mining is critical to infrastructure development around the globe. Sand is an essential

minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent and

variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with high silica content)

etc. The rivers are the most important source of Sand. It acts as source of transportation and

deposition of sand etc.

Local Geology of the Area:-

Quaternary Alluvial deposit consisting of alternate layers of sand, silt, clay and gravel forms

prolific unconfined and confined aquifer system. The unconfined aquifer system consists of sand

layers with parting of thin clay layers upto a depth of 60-70 m. The clay layers at shallow depth

are not regionally extensive as such the entire sequence behaves as unconfined aquifer system.

The transmissivity of the aquifer varies from 1000 to 5000 m2/day. The specific yield varies

between 8-12%. The movement of ground water is in south-east direction towards the rivers.

It overlies the Araria surface. This surface comprises ash-grey-silt/silt-clay/clayey-silt and has

been found development on the eroded and very gently sloping surface.


Origin & Control of Mineralization (Annual Replenishment of Mineral in River Bed

Area/Sedimentation):-

Sedimentation, in the geological sciences, is a process of deposition of a solid material from a

state of suspension or solution in a fluid (usually air or water). Broadly defined it also includes

deposits from glacial ice and those materials collected under the impetus of gravity alone, as in

talus deposits, or accumulations of rock debris at the base of cliffs. The term is commonly used

as a synonym for sedimentary petrology and sedimentology.

Sedimentation is generally considered by geologists in terms of the textures, structures, and

fossil content of the deposits lay down in different geographic and geomorphic environments.

The factors which affects the “Computation of Sediment”:

a) Geomorphology & Drainage Pattern: The following geomorphic units plays important role:

� Structural Plain

� Structural Hill

� Structural Ridge

� Denudation Ridge & Valley

� Plain & Plateau of Gangetic plain

� Highly Dissected pediment

� Undissected pediment

b) Distribution of Basin Area River wise

c) Drainage System/Pattern of the area, Rainfall & Climate: Year wise Rainfall data for

previous 10 years of Basin/Rivers

e) As per Dandy & Bolton study “Sediment Yield” can be related to

� Catchment Area and

� Mean Annual Run-off

Sand is an essential minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction

constituent and variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with

high silica content) etc. It is common knowledge that minerals are non-renewable but this form

of mineral naturally gets replenished from time to time in a given river system and is very much

interrelated to the hydrological cycle in a river basin.

Sand mining has become a widely spread activity and does not require a huge set up or

technology, the number of ventures has increased extensively and it has become a footloose


industry in itself but the backward-forward linkages are becoming stronger as many are getting

employed as well as the construction activity / industry requires this mineral at consistent rates.

Reverie environmental systems are unique in themselves and provide environmental services,

natural resources to meet variety of needs of urban and rural communities. The Rivers

originating from the Himalayas bring with them lots of aggregate materials whereas as they

move downstream, only finer elements / minerals like sand are found in abundance.


CHAPTER-7

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT.

Sl.No. ITEMS STATISTICS

1 GENERAL INFORMATION

i) Geographical area (Sq.km) 2830

ii) Administrative Divisions 2

Number of Tehsil/Block 9

Number of Panchyat/Villages 218/742

iii) Population (As on 2011 Census)

Rural 2637656

Urban 168544

iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1582

2 GEOMORPHOLOGY

Major physiographic units Alluvial plain

Major Drainages Kosi, Suware, Koli, and Keli

3 LAND USE (Hectares)

a) Forest area: 838

b) Net area sown: 1,60,251

c) Total cropped area: 287060

4 MAJOR SOIL TYPES Recent alluvium and

calcareous soil

5 PRINCIPAL CROPS Paddy, Wheat, Maize,Millet, Cereals and Vegetables

6 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Area in hectares)

Dugwells -

Tube wells/Borewells 1,03,199

Tank/ponds -

Canals 870

Gross irrigated area 1,04,069

7 NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS

OF CGWB (2011)

8 No. of Dug wells 03

9 No. of Piezometers -

10 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS

Quaternary alluvium

11 HYDROGEOLOGY

Major Water bearing formations Recent alluvium

Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011 2.5 – 4.3 mbgl

Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011 1.79 – 3.3 mbgl

Long term water level trend in 10 years (2002-2011)

inm/yr

No significant change

Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)


CHAPTER-8

LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE,

HORTICULTURE, MINING .

Best with fertile soil and having good irrigation facilities, about 80% area of the district is under

agricultural use. The land level is plain and fertile land of total area available for cultivation,

most of the area is used as double cropped area. The land is cover by the forest area, cultivable

land agriculture barren land, current fallow, other fallow land use and non-cultivable land, land

used other than agriculture, pasture land and vacant land etc. The land is used for orchard tree,

plantation and cane productions. The land holdings are generally small in size. Some land

holding in the district is categorized in medium and large stake holder. Land use details are given

in below table: 8.1

01 LAND USE (ha)

a) Forest area: Nil

b) Net area sown: 150.2(000 ha)

c) Total Cropped area: 252.041(000ha)

02 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS

IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)

Area (ha)

Dug wells and Tube wells 285

Canal 1558

Net irrigated area 81,495 ha

Gross irrigated area surface water 73,864 ha


CHAPTER-9

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT.

The Bihar state can be broadly subdivided into three major unit’s i.e., main physical sub-

divisions is the Northern Mountains, the Gangetic Plains and the Central Highlands. Northern

Mountains comprises the Himalayan ranges including their foot hills. The Gangetic plains,

situated between the Himalayas and the Deccan plateau, constitute the most fertile plains of the

sub-basin ideally suited for intensive cultivation. The Central highlands lying to the south of the

Great Plains consists of mountains, hills and plateaus intersected by valleys and river plains.

They are largely covered by forests. Aravali uplands, Bundelkhand upland, Malwa plateau,

Vindhyan and Narmada valley lie in the this region. Predominant soil types found in the sub-

basin are sandy, loamy, clay and their combinations such as sandy loam, loam , silty clay loam

and loamy sand soils.

Relief & Structure:-

The district of Araria is in the extreme eastern part of the middle Ganga plain. The district

presents an almost dead level, with the exception of a few tracks of undulating part in the north.

Being a play ground of the Kosi, it is rather well defined region with internal homogeneity.

Frequent occurrence of flood and shifts of channels have made it largely a khader land.

Topographically, the whole district is a plain area uninterrupted by any marked topographical

break, except, by the imperceptible alluvial uplands and riverside levees, ox-bow lakes, Tals,

remnants of river channels, or occasionally available badlands and ravines. The migratory nature

of the river has further aided the levelling of this plain track by its huge deposits of sands and

clays. The plain exhibits a general slope from north-west to south-east having the gradient

slightly above one foot for every 2 kilometres horizontal distance. The general height of the plain

ranges between 75 metres in the extreme north-west to 50 metres in the south-eastern part of the

district from mean sea level'. (Fig-2.2)

Basically, the district has two broad types of surface (a) the upland of older alluvium, and (2) the

low land. The upland is a track of older alluvium left un-eroded by rivers; however, the lowland

includes the eroded surface like Jhils (Lakes) and Marshes. Though whole district is level plain

track, there are marked alluvial uplands in a number of localities. The most prominent among

them is spur of upland track stretching from north to south in the western part of the district.

There is also run of alluvial upland in the south eastern part of the district.

Another belt of high land extends right from the north near Nepal border up to Katihar in the

south running along the Katihar-Jogbani railway line of North East Frontier Railways. These are

the tracks of the older bed of Kosi River. Besides, these upland tracks, there are number of

pronounced depression or Jhils and Marshes in the plain. These deeps are most common in

south-west part of the district.


Geomorphology:-

The district has a monotonous flat topography with gentle slope in the southeast direction. The

regional topographic gradient in the northern part of the district is about 0.5 m/Km and reduces

to 0.2 m/Km in the southern part. The maximum relief in the district is 71.3 m amsl near Ghurna

and the minimum is 45.3 m amsl near Jokihat.

Hydrogeology:-


survey of India has given the following classification based on nature of alluvial deposits.


Quaternary Upper

Holocene

Diara

Formation

Alteration of fine grey silt and clay

Unclassified

Holocene

Kosi

Formation

Grey silt and clay alteration with fine

to medium sand

Purnea

Formation

Pale yellow to grey silt and silty clay,

fine sand, grey medium to coarse sand

with thin partings of sand and fine silt

Mode of Occurrence of Ground Water:-

Quaternary unconsolidated sediments consisting of sand, gravel and pebbles constitute

potential ground water

repository. Shallow aquifer is

about 40-70 meters within a

depth of 80 meters. A thin

veneer of clay is present

overlying the granular zone in

the northern part of the

district. Though lateral facies

changes have been observed,

the aquifer system behaves as

single continuous one. The

aquifers are highly potential

and yield 200m3/hr for

nominal drawdown of 2 m.


Water Level Fluctuation:-

The pre-monsoon (May 2011) water level is within the 4.2 m bgl and post

(November 2011) water level with in 3.3 m bgl in major part of the district. The seasonal

fluctuation of pre and post monsoon data of 2011 show rise 0.93 m. The long

level data does not show any significant changes. The season wise, annual and long term

Fig. Pre-monsoon (May 2011) & Post

Ground Water Resources:-

The net annual replenishable ground water resource as on 31

ha m. The gross annual draft for all uses works out to be 25615 ha m. Allocation of ground water

for domestic and industrial use for 25 years works out

water development is 31.9%. The stage of ground water development is highest in Bhargawan

(59.6%) and lowest in the Raniganj (21.3%). As

blocks are less than 70%, and there


monsoon (May 2011) water level is within the 4.2 m bgl and post


fluctuation of pre and post monsoon data of 2011 show rise 0.93 m. The long


(decadal) fluctuations of water level are

given in below.

(May 2011) & Post-monsoon (November 2011) water level map of Araria district

The net annual replenishable ground water resource as on 31st March’09 works out to be 80397


for domestic and industrial use for 25 years works out to be 6105 ha m. The stage of ground


(59.6%) and lowest in the Raniganj (21.3%). As stages of ground water development in all the

less than 70%, and there is no long-term decline in water levels, all the blocks are

Page 27

monsoon (May 2011) water level is within the 4.2 m bgl and post-monsoon


fluctuation of pre and post monsoon data of 2011 show rise 0.93 m. The long-term water


(decadal) fluctuations of water level are

monsoon (November 2011) water level map of Araria district.

March’09 works out to be 80397


to be 6105 ha m. The stage of ground


stages of ground water development in all the

term decline in water levels, all the blocks are


under safe category. The stage of groundwate

wise ground water resource is given

Fig. Block wise Stage of Ground Water Development of Araria district

Table: Block wise dynamic ground water resource of Araria district (As on 31

ha m):-

Sl

.

Assessment Net Existing

N

o

Unit/District Annual Gross

Ground Ground

water Water

Draft

Availa

bility

for

Irrigation


under safe category. The stage of groundwater development is depicted in Fig below

wise ground water resource is given in following table.

Stage of Ground Water Development of Araria district

dynamic ground water resource of Araria district (As on 31st

Existing Existing

Gross

Existing Allocation Net

GroundGross Ground

water

Gross Water

for

Domestic Ground Draft for Ground Availability

and

Water

Draft

Domestic

and

Water for future

Industrial

for Industrial Draft irrigation

Requireme

nt Irrigation Water

Supply

For all developme

ntsupply upto

Uses (9-10

year 2025

(10+11)

Page 28

r development is depicted in Fig below. The block-

Stage of Ground Water Development of Araria district

stMarch 2009, in

Net

Ground

Stage of

Water Ground

Availability Water

for future Development

irrigation

developme

nt

(12/9)*100

10-13) (%)


1 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Araria 11333 1848 908 2756 1005 8480 24.3

2 Bhargawan 7591 4195 328 4523 511 2885 59.6

3 Forbisganj 12377 2760 987 3746 1056 8560 30.3

5 Kruskanta 4908 1693 211 1903 327 2888 38.8

6 Narpatganj 11028 2451 492 2943 764 7813 26.7

7 Palasi 6903 2104 346 2450 538 4261 35.5

8 Raniganj 13401 2310 550 2861 855 10235 21.3

9 Sikti 5130 998 226 1224 351 3781 23.9

Total 80397 21120 4496 25615 6104 53174 31.9

Soils:-

Araria district is characterized by a wide variety of soils which can be broadly grouped into two

categories according to U.S Survey Staff in 1975.

1.Entisols: They are younger alluvial soils locally known as Balsundari. They are deficient

in nitrogen, phosphoric acid but generally rich in potash and lime. The Balsundari soils are

generally a light friable loam with higher portion of sand and silt. The soil is most fertile

and suitable for cultivation of high yielding crops like sugarcane and wheat.

2.Inceptisols: Calcareous alluvial soils occur mostly in the central part and locally known as

Mathivari. The percentage of both phosphoric acid and potash are higher in this region.

This soil is richer in lime content and kanker than Balsundari soil. This forms the typical

paddy land of Bihar.


CHAPTER-10

CLIMATE AND RAINFALL.

The district experienced three different season viz., summer from March to early June, rainy

from later part of June to September and winter from November to February. Mean daily

ambient temperature in summer shoots up to 400C and in winter mean daily ambient temperature

falls down to 40C. The relative humidity is generally above 70% in most part of the year.

Rainfall in the district is mainly by southwest monsoon,

which sets in the month of June and continues up to September. Sometimes monsoon retreats in

early October. The average annual rainfall for 2004 is 1582 mm. The district receives 85% of the

rainfall during the southwest monsoon.


CHAPTER-11

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH.

Geology:-


survey of India has given the following classification based on nature of alluvial deposits


Quaternary Upper Holocene Diara Formation Alteration of fine

grey silt and clay

Unclassified

Holocene

Kosi Formation Grey silt and clay

alteration with

fine to medium

sand

Purnea Formation Pale yellow to

grey silt and silty

clay, fine sand,

grey medium to

coarse sand with

thin partings of

sand and fine silt

Regional Geology:-

Geologically, it represents nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga basin composed of

alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks.

Geological succession and their occurrences distribution

Age Geology Occurrences

Quaternary Alluvial Deposits(sand, clay, silt,

Fragments)

North Bihar Plain & Central Bihar Plain

Tertiary Sand Stones& Clay Stones North Champaran Hills

Gondwana Coal Measures,Forming a series of

small outlier basins

Banka District

Vindhyans Sandstones,shales, Limestones etc. Parts of Bahbhua and Rohtas Disricts


Satpura Schist, Phyllite, Quartzite Part of Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada,

Nalanda, Sheikhpura and Munger

District

Proterozoic Schist, amphibolites, quartzite,

granites, dolerites and pegmatite’s

Nawada, Jamui and Banka

Archaean Gneisses,

Granites,Schists,Phyllites,quartzites,

amphibolites & intrusive all

metamorphosed sedimentary and

igneous rocks

Part of Aurangabad ,Gaya, Nawada

,Jamui, Banka and Bhagalpur

Drainage System with description of main rivers:-

The district falls in the Kosi and Mahananda sub-basin of Lower Ganga basin. Kosi and its

tributaries with Kosi dhars drain the district, Out of 9 blocks 6 blocks marked by the presence of

Kosi dhars. Kosi Dhars are abandoned channels of river Kosi, left behind in course of its



rivers Parman Nadi, Katua Dhar, Ratua Nadi etc., which flow in the southern direction.

Kosi and its tributaries exhibit dichotomic drainage pattern. Drainage pattern in the district is

sub-parallel in general.

Sl. No. Name of the River Area drained (sq. Km.) % Area drained in the

District

1 Bakra 1.74 0.06

2 Biniyan 1.65 0.06

3 Das 0.53 0.02

4 Garaiya 1.40 0.05

5 Ghaghi 0.53 0.02

6 Jogjan 1.95 0.07

7 Kajra 0.30 0.01

8 Kankai 0.9 0.00

9 Kosi Dhar 3.45 0.12

10 Lachchha Dhar 1.3 0.05

11 Parnar 6.9 0.02

12 Parman 4.55 0.16

13 Ratua 0.40 0.01

14 Saura 1.08 0.04

15 Sursar (Arar Dhar) 0.97 0.03

Total 27.65 0.72%


Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams:-

Sl. No. Name of the River of

Stream

Total Length in the

District (in Km)

Place of Origin Altitude at

Origin

1 Bakra 65 Siktia 62

2 Biniyan 43 Mirdaul 61

3 Das 44 Belbari 52

4 Garaiya 52 Manikpur 73

5 Ghaghi 24 Amgachhi 68

6 Jogjan 36 Asura Kalan

Khola

69

7 Kajra 5.5 Mirzapur 56

8 Kankai 6 Kesarra 49

9 Kosi Dhar 95 Bhanghi 67

10 Lachchha Dhar 37 Fatehpur 66

11 Parnar 121 Goarpuchhri 70

12 Parman 73 Barahmasia

Ranikatta

65

13 Ratua 7 kalahi 53

14 Saura 50 Bishunpur 56

15 Sursar (Arar Dhar) 21 Ghurna 76

Methodology Adopted for Calculating of Mineral Potential:-

The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation and geology of the catchment

areaof the river/ streams. As per the policy of the State and location, depth of minable mineral is

defined.The area for removal of mineral in a river or stream can be decided depending on geo-

morphologyand other factors, it can be 25% to 30% of the area of a particular river/stream, e.g.

in river mineral constituents like sand up to a depth of one meter areconsidered as resource

mineral. Other constituents like clay and silt are excluded as waste whilecalculating the mineral

potential of particular river/ stream.

The specific gravity of each mineral constituent is different. While calculating the mineral

potential,the average specific gravity is taken as 2.25. The percent of mineral constituent like

sand also varies for different river and streams. While calculating the mineral potential

thepercentage of each mineral constituent is taken as, Sand 25-30% and 5-10% for silt and clay.

The quantum of deposition varies from stream to stream depending upon factors like

catchmentlithology, discharge, river profile and geomorphology of the river course. There are

certaingeo-morphological features developed in the river beds such as channel bar, point bar etc.

whereannual deposition is more even two to three meters.


The details are given below:-

River of

Stream

Portion of the

river or

stream

recommended

for mineral

concession (

in Sq. Km)

Length of

area

recommen

ded for

mineral

concession

(in

Kilometer)

Average

width of

area

recommen

ded for

mineral

concession

in meter)

Area

recommended for

mineral

concession (In

Square Meter)

Mineable Mineral

Potential (In

Metric Tonne)

60% of total

Mineral

Bakra 1.74 65 27 17.55 Lakh Sq. m 48.33 Lakh MT

Biniyan 1.65 43 38 16.34 Lakh Sq. m 45.00 Lakh MT

Das 0.53 44 12 5.28 Lakh Sq. m 14.54 Lakh MT

Garaiya 1.40 52 27 14.04 Lakh Sq. m 38.66 Lakh MT

Ghaghi 0.53 24 22 5.28 Lakh Sq. m 14.54 Lakh MT

Jogjan 1.95 36 54 19.44 Lakh Sq. m 53.54 Lakh MT

Kajra 0.30 5.5 55 3.03 Lakh Sq. m 8.34 Lakh MT

Kankai 0.9 6 150 9.00 Lakh Sq. m 24.78 Lakh MT

Kosi Dhar 3.45 95 38 36.10 Lakh Sq. m 99.41 Lakh MT

Lachchha

Dhar

1.3 37 35 12.95 Lakh Sq. m 35.66 Lakh MT

Parnar 6.9 121 57 68.97 Lakh Sq. m 189.94 Lakh MT

Parman 4.55 73 62 45.26 Lakh Sq. m 124.64 Lakh MT

Ratua 0.40 7 57 3.99 Lakh Sq. m 10.99 Lakh MT

Saura 1.08 50 22 11.00 Lakh Sq. m 30.29 Lakh MT

Sursar (Arar

Dhar)

0.97 21 46 9.66 Lakh Sq. m 26.60 Lakh MT

679.5 702

Avg. (app.

47 m)

277.89 Lakh Sq. m 765.26 Lakh MT

Mineral Potential is calculated in Following Way:-

Mineral Potential

Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential(MT)

765.26 Lakh MT 765.26 Lakh MT

Annual Deposition

229.58 Lakh MT 229.58 Lakh MT

Note: As per calculation above, the sand mineral potential in Araria district is 229.58 Lakh MT.

But due to typical geomorphological reason/low quality of sand/Non-availability of large sand

block no any sand ghat recognized for mining activities. Thus the sand mineral potential can be

considered negligible.


CHAPTER -12

BRICK KILNS IN BIHAR.

The state of Bihar is developing rapidly. In the five year period from 2004 to 2009 Bihar’s Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) has grown by 11.03% and between 2001 and 2011 there has been a

significant increase in urbanization with the number of towns increasing from 120 to 213

according to the latest census. This has been possible through investment in various sectors,

especially the construction sector. If this growth rate needs to be sustained, the demand for

quality building materials will increase manifold. In rural areas too, Bihar faces challenges with

the need for over 7.5 billion bricks over the next five years to meet the rural housing gap. A field

study was conducted in 5 districts on Bihar to understand the present scenario of the brick

industry and to assess the market potential and barriers for introducing energy efficient

technologies for walling materials. The major brick producing districts of Bihar is Patna,

Nalanda, Siwan, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, East and West Champaran, Darbhanga, Samastipur and

Madhubani. With over 5,700 authorized brick kilns the state produces around 17 billion bricks

per year. The brick sector in Bihar is growing at a rate of 9%, however it continues to be

dominated by traditional technology - the Fixed Chimney Bulls Trench Kiln (FCBTK). Unlike

the rest of India (except Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) the state of Bihar is

the only state which has transformed the brick firing technology from movable to fixed chimney.

List of Bricks Earth are attached -Annexure -I

Status of Brick Earth in Araria District

Sl. No. No of operational Units of Brick Earth in Araria

districts during Financial Year (2016-17)

No of Units of Brick Earth in

Araria Identified by IEED

1 88 116


References

1. Singh,U, (1965):“Ditribution and Character of Cities of The Ganga Plain.”National

Geographical Journal of India,Vol.XI P.37

2. Optimum Utilization of Surface Water and Ground Water Potential Using Fuzzy Approach

National Systems Conference, NSC 2008, 17–19 December 2008

3. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov results/Census2011Bihar.pdf

4. Census of India 2011- Provisional Population Totals - Bihar - Data Sheet" (PDF).

Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division. Office of the

Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. pp. 1 & 2. Retrieved 16 August

2012.

5. www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/ Araria.pdf

6. cgwb.gov.in/gw profiles/st_Bihar.htm

7. www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf

8. www.census2011.co.in › Bihar

9. http://www.cwc.nic.in

10. http://www.ecobrick.in

Documents

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF ARARIAmines.bih.nic.in/DSR/MM/DSR-MM-Araria.pdf · 2018-12-17 · divided into 2 civil Sub-Division, 9 community development blocks, 218 Panchayats and 742