9/27/2018
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF ARARIA
Sand Mineral and Brick Kilns
As per Notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi, the 25th
July, 2018 of Ministry of
Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India
Prepared by
INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENT & ECO- DEVELOPMENT
Ground Floor, Shyam Nagar Colony, Maurya Path, Khajpura P.O. B.V. College,
Patna-800014, Bihar, India E-mail- [email protected] Website-
www.ieedindia.in Tel.: 0612-2590373, Telefax- 0612-2590373 M-+91-9472919161, 7004620817
Submitted to
Under Secretary
Mines& Geology Department, Government of Bihar
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 1
PREFACE
The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India, made
Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of minerals mandatory through its Notification of 27th
January, 1994 under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986. Keeping in view the
experience gained in environmental clearance process over a period of one decade, the MoEF&CC
came out with Environmental Impact Notification, SO 1533 (E), dated 14th September 2006. Now
again Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India
amended the notification S.O. 141(E) Dated 15th
January, 2016 videS.O. 3611(E) Dated 25th
July, 2018. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance for different kinds of
development projects as listed in Appendix-X of the Notification.
Further, in pursuance to the order of Hon’ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in I.A.
No.12- 13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, in the matter of Deepak
Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others etc., prior environmental clearance has now become
mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease; And also in view of
the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th January, 2015 in the matter regarding sand
mining has directed for making a policy on environmental clearance for mining leases in cluster for
minor Minerals, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in consultation with State
governments has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand Mining detailing the provisions on
environmental clearance for cluster, creation of District Environment Impact Assessment Authority
and proper monitoring of minor mineral mining using information technology and information
technology enabled services to track the mined out material from source to destination.
The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of mining
of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding document
which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and
ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on data of various
departments, published reports, journals and websites. The District Survey Report will form the basis
for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The
Report will be updated once every five years.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 2
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the preparation of District Survey Report (as per the Sustainable Sand
Mining Guideline, 2016) is to ensure the following –
� Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed;
� Identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and
installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of
replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area.
� Identification of mineral wealth in the district.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 3
INDEX
Sl.No. Chapters Page No.
Chapter-1 Introduction 4
Chapter-2 Overview of Mining Activity in the District 12
Chapter-3 The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area and period
of validity
15
Chapter-4 Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 16
Chapter-5 Detail of Production of Sand or minor mineral in last three years 17
Chapter-6 Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 18
Chapter-7 General Profile of the District 23
Chapter-8 Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture,
Horticulture, Mining etc.
24
Chapter-9 Physiography of the District 25
Chapter-10 Rainfall: month-wise 30
Chapter-11 Geology and Mineral Wealth
• Drainage System with description of main rivers.
• Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams
31
Chapter-12 Status of Brick Kilns in Araria 35
References 36
Annexures
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 4
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
As per Gazette Notification of 15th January, 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change a survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment
Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Irrigation department, Drainage department, Forest
department, Mining department and Revenue department in district of preparation of District
Survey Report as per the sustainable sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of area of
aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed, and identification of areas of erosion
and proximity to infrastructural structures and installation where mining should be prohibited
and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining
in that area.
Every effort has been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and overviews of mining
activity in the district with all the relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in
replenish-able and non-replenish-able areas of rivers, stream and other sources. The mineral
potential is calculated based on field investigation taking coordinates of the area and gather all
relevant information and geology of the catchment area of the river or stream. Also gather all
data for bricks mining, taking area coordinates with local soil quality, availability of soil etc.
Also as per the site condition and location depth of mineable mineral is defined. The area of
removal of mineral in the river and stream is decided on geomorphology and other factors, it can
be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river or stream. Similarly for bricks and soil mining all
data will be gathered. Other constituents like clay and slit are excluded as waste while
calculating the mineral potential of particular river or stream. This District Survey Report shall
form the basis of application for environmental, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects.
The report shall be updated once every 5 years.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 5
Historical Perspective:-
Araria has a very prestigious past though shrouded in midst of uncertainties and termed as a
place of confluence of three
entirely different cultures. In
the year 1765 the areas come
under the Dewani of East India
Company. This district was one
of the sub-division of undivided
Purnea district. Araria district
came into existence on the day
of Makar-Sankranti in 1990
after the bifurcation of
undivided Purnea district in
Purnea, Kishanganj and Araria.
The district has it’s headquarter
at Araria.
Araria has huge ground water
potential that can be exploited
to increase the cropping
intensity. The ground water
information booklet of the district, prepared as a part of one of the activities of the “Water Year
2007”, contains information, in brief, pertaining to administrative set-up, climate, irrigation
practises, geomorphology, soils, hydrogeology and ground water potential.
Administration:-
Araria is situated in the northeastern corner of Bihar state having its international boundary with
Nepal in the north. Supaul district is in the west, Madhepura district is in the southwest, Purnea
districts is in the south and Kishanganj district is in the east. The Araria district is situated
between latitudes 25056’30” to 26
035’15” north and longitude 87
002’30” to 87
042’45” east in the
Survey of India Toposheet nos. 72 N & 72 O with geographical area of 2830sq. km. The district
divided into 2 civil Sub-Division, 9 community development blocks, 218 Panchayats and 742
villages. The total population of district is 2806200 in this Rural 2637656 & Urban 168544 (2011
census). The district boundaries, administrative divisions, major roads, rivers, and HNS locations
are located in Fig 2.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
Fig.
Basin/sub-basin, Drainage:-
The district falls in the Kosi and Mahananda sub
tributaries with Kosi dhars drain the district, Out of 9 blocks
Kosi dhars. Kosi Dhars are abandoned channels of river Kosi, left
migration. They originate at different places and flow in the south direction and effluent in
nature. Small rivers coming down from Nepal confluence in the north of the district to make the
rivers Parman Nadi, Katua Dhar, Ratua Nadi
Kosi and its tributaries exhibit dichotomic drainage pattern
the district is sub-parallel.
Irrigation Practices:-
There are four cropping season in the district. Bhadai and
by Rabi and Garma. Out of 265,000 hectare total cropped area, contribution from Bhadai is
64,000 hectare, Aghani is 103,000 hectare, Rabbi is 63,000 hectare and Garma is 30,000 hectare
(1998-1999). The cropping intensity
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
Fig. 2 Index map of Araria district
The district falls in the Kosi and Mahananda sub-basin of Lower Ganga basin. Kosi and its
tributaries with Kosi dhars drain the district, Out of 9 blocks, 6 blocks marked by the presence of
Kosi dhars. Kosi Dhars are abandoned channels of river Kosi, left behind in course of its
migration. They originate at different places and flow in the south direction and effluent in
nature. Small rivers coming down from Nepal confluence in the north of the district to make the
rivers Parman Nadi, Katua Dhar, Ratua Nadi etc., which flow in the southern direction.
Kosi and its tributaries exhibit dichotomic drainage pattern. In General, the drainage pattern in
There are four cropping season in the district. Bhadai and Aghani from Kharif season followed
by Rabi and Garma. Out of 265,000 hectare total cropped area, contribution from Bhadai is
64,000 hectare, Aghani is 103,000 hectare, Rabbi is 63,000 hectare and Garma is 30,000 hectare
1999). The cropping intensity is 147%.
Page 6
basin of Lower Ganga basin. Kosi and its
6 blocks marked by the presence of
behind in course of its
migration. They originate at different places and flow in the south direction and effluent in
nature. Small rivers coming down from Nepal confluence in the north of the district to make the
etc., which flow in the southern direction.
rainage pattern in
Aghani from Kharif season followed
by Rabi and Garma. Out of 265,000 hectare total cropped area, contribution from Bhadai is
64,000 hectare, Aghani is 103,000 hectare, Rabbi is 63,000 hectare and Garma is 30,000 hectare
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 7
Irrigation from both surfaces and ground water is being practised in the district. The Western part
of the district is covered under Eastern Kosi canal command area. The main canals terminate in
Araria district while its branch canals pass through the district. The irrigation from ground water
is mainly through diesel operated pumps. The other sources of irrigation, on a limited scale
includes, lifting of water from river and nala with the help of centrifugal pumps. Out of 104,069
hectare total gross irrigated area, contribution from tube-wells is maximum 1,03,199 hectare,
followed by canals 870 hectare.
Climates and Rainfall:-
The district experienced three different season viz., summer from March to early June, rainy
from later part of June to September and winter from November to Feburary. Mean daily
ambient temperature in summer shoots upto 400C and in winter mean daily ambient temperature
falls down to 40C. The relative humidity is generally above 70% in most part of the year.
Rainfall in the district is mainly by southwest monsoon, which sets in the month of June and
continues upto September. Sometimes monsoon retreats in early October. The average annual
rainfall for 2004 is 1582 mm. The district receives 85% of the rainfall during the southwest
monsoon.
Geomorphology:-
The district has a monotonous flat topography with gentle slope in the southeast direction. The
regional topographic gradient in the northern part of the district is about 0.5m/Km and reduces to
0.2m/Km in the southern part. The maximum relief in the district is 71.3m amsl near Ghurna and
the minimum is 45.3m amsl near Jokihat.
Soil:-
The two broad soil groups are available in the district -
I. Recent Alluvium non-
calcareous non-saline groups
found over major part of the
district. It is mostly light to
medium texture and acid to
neutral in nature. It also
formed layered sediments
having no horizontal
differentiation.
Source : NBSS& LUP, Regional Centre, Kolkata
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
II. Recent Alluvium-Tarai soils found as a small patch
district. It is mixture of highly disturbed recent alluvium along the course of river. It
is light to heavy textured and poorly drained.
Soil Texture of Araria:-
Entire Araria district fits for agrarian activities. Its soil texture best suits for the production of
crops such as paddy, maize, pulses and different categories of vegetable stuffs. Many local fruits
are also produced here due to the suiting of its soil for t
Vegetation of Araria:-
Although no organized vegetation has been planned in Araria but due to the rich soil of this
region it has welcomed too much forestation over the centuries. Every portion of the district
witnesses forestry which makes
to heavy rainfall. Variety of trees is found in this area.
Connectivity:-
Araria is well connected to the rest of the s
By Air
Patna the capital city of Bihar is t
flights to important cities like: Delhi, Kolkata Varanasi, Lucknow and so on. One can also reach
Patna from Kathmandu.
By Road
A convenient road network covers Araria
connecting it to a number of important cities
in Bihar, such as: Patna (316 km
NH322 or 341.7km via), Muzaffarpur (
NH27 km), which are in turn linked to rest of
the country. Other important destinatio
Bihar, namely; Bodhgaya (384
(3145kms), Nalanda (340kms) lie close by.
By Rail
The nearest railhead is, which is only 2.5 kms away from Vaishali
railway station of Hajipur regularly. One can approach Hajipur from major cities all over India
like: Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Varanasi.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
Tarai soils found as a small patch in the northeast corner of the
district. It is mixture of highly disturbed recent alluvium along the course of river. It
is light to heavy textured and poorly drained.
district fits for agrarian activities. Its soil texture best suits for the production of
crops such as paddy, maize, pulses and different categories of vegetable stuffs. Many local fruits
are also produced here due to the suiting of its soil for that purpose.
Although no organized vegetation has been planned in Araria but due to the rich soil of this
region it has welcomed too much forestation over the centuries. Every portion of the district
witnesses forestry which makes it one of the greenest regions in the area. It is also possible due
to heavy rainfall. Variety of trees is found in this area.
is well connected to the rest of the state and India by rail, road and air connections.
the capital city of Bihar is the nearest Airport from Araria. Patna is linked by regular
flights to important cities like: Delhi, Kolkata Varanasi, Lucknow and so on. One can also reach
road network covers Araria
connecting it to a number of important cities
km by NH27 and
), Muzaffarpur (246 via
km), which are in turn linked to rest of
the country. Other important destinations in
Bihar, namely; Bodhgaya (384kms), Rajgir
40kms) lie close by.
, which is only 2.5 kms away from Vaishali.Important trains service the
railway station of Hajipur regularly. One can approach Hajipur from major cities all over India
like: Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Varanasi.
Page 8
in the northeast corner of the
district. It is mixture of highly disturbed recent alluvium along the course of river. It
district fits for agrarian activities. Its soil texture best suits for the production of
crops such as paddy, maize, pulses and different categories of vegetable stuffs. Many local fruits
Although no organized vegetation has been planned in Araria but due to the rich soil of this
region it has welcomed too much forestation over the centuries. Every portion of the district
it one of the greenest regions in the area. It is also possible due
to heavy rainfall. Variety of trees is found in this area.
ate and India by rail, road and air connections.
. Patna is linked by regular
flights to important cities like: Delhi, Kolkata Varanasi, Lucknow and so on. One can also reach
Important trains service the
railway station of Hajipur regularly. One can approach Hajipur from major cities all over India
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
Page 9
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 10
The district is divided into 2 Sub-divisions and 9 Blocks which are as under:-
S.N. Name of Sub-
Division
Name of Blocks
1. Araria Araria
Raniganj
Jokihat
Narpatganj
2. Forbishganj Forbishganj
Palasi
Kursakatta
Bhargama
Sikti
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 11
Demography of Araria District:-
According to the 2011 census Araria district has a population of 2, 806, 200 roughly equal to the
nation of Jamaica or the US state of Utah. This gives it a ranking of 139th in India (out of a total
of 640). The district has a population density of 992 inhabitants per square kilometer (2,570/sq
. mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 30%. Araria has a sex ratio of
921 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 55.1%. The population of Araria district
has a large concentration of Muslims.
Source: Census of India 2011
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 12
CHAPTER - 2
OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT.
Topography:-
The district is agricultural based area as the lands are fertile leads to cultivation being the major
activity in the district. The River kosi since 1954 always brings flood in the area and damages
too.
As Araria is mainly an agrarian region, entire district is enriched with agrarian lands. Its soil is
best suited to produce various types of crops, vegetables and fruits. By now no minerals have
been found in this area. It definitely has ample sandy areas as well that makes it easy for the
people to use such areas for multiple purposes. River banks of this district is perfect in terms of
collecting sands for building materials and so are rivers known for fishing purposes.
General Geology:-
The district is underlain by thick unconsolidated sediment of Quaternary period. Geological
survey of India has given the following classification based on nature of alluvial deposits
System Series Formation Lithology
Quaternary Upper Holocene Diara Formation Alteration of fine
grey silt and clay
Unclassified
Holocene
Kosi Formation Grey silt and clay
alteration with
fine to medium
sand
Purnea Formation Pale yellow to
grey silt and silty
clay, fine sand,
grey medium to
coarse sand with
thin partings of
sand and fine silt
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 13
Main objectives of Sustainable Sand Mining:-
• To ensure that sand and gravel mining is done in environmentally sustainable and
socially responsible manner.
• To ensure availability of adequate quantity of aggregate in sustainable manner.
• To improve the effectiveness of monitoring of mining and transportation of mined out
material:
• Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment by protection
and restoration of the ecological system.
• Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with hydraulic structures
such as jetties, water intakes etc.
• Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.
• No obstruction to the river flow, water transport and restoring the riparian rights and in
stream habitats.
• Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.
• To prevent depletion of ground water reserves due to excessive draining out of ground
water.
• To prevent ground water pollution by prohibiting sand mining on fissures where it works
as filter prior to ground water recharge.
• To maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in
determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted
• Streamlining and simplifying the process for grant of environmental clearance (EC) for
sustainable mining.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 14
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 15
CHAPTER - 3
LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND
PERIOD OF VALIDITY.
Sl.
No.
Mining
Unit Block
Location
Area(In
Hect.)
Period
(In
Yrs)
Name of
Minor
Minerals
Name of
Granted of
Minerals
Concession
Annual
Capacity as per
E.C./Mining
Plants/Tor in
MT.
Present Status
There is no Ghats has created in this districts.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 16
CHAPTER - 4
DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS.
Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.) Remarks
1 2014-15 2555.85 This is combined revenue received from Purnia,
Araria and Kishanganj districts of Purnia division.
Separate data for Araria district not found during
survey of minerals in the district.
2 2015-16 3452.53
3 2016-17 4223.99
Total 10232.37
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 17
CHAPTER - 5
DETAIL OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR MINOR MINERAL IN LAST THREE
YEARS.
Sr. Year Production Value in
(MTPA)
Remarks
1 2014-15 NIL
2 2015-16 NIL
3 2016-17 NIL
Total
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
REPLENISHMENT REPORT OR PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN
THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT
Process:-
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and
erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of
gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported
transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume,
shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to rise, while larger
or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow.
Deposition is the processes where
occurs when a river loses energy. This can
be when a river enters a shallow area (this
could be when it floods and come
contact with the flood plain) or towards its
mouth where it meets another body of
water.
Rivers flood on a regular basis. The area
over which they flood is known as the
floodplain and this often coincides with
regions where meanders form. Meanders
support the formation of flood plains
through lateral erosion.
When rivers flood the velocity of water
slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to transport material is reduced and deposition
occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment acr
floods layers of sediment form along the flood plain.
Larger material and the majority of deposition occurs next to the river channel. This is the result
of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the
rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the
river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.
If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the s
Downstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling
velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load
by rolling, sliding, and saltation
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
CHAPTER - 6
REPLENISHMENT REPORT OR PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN
THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT.
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and
erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of
gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported by water. Sediment is
transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume,
shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to rise, while larger
more likely to fall through the flow.
is the processes where sediment being transported by a river is deposited. Deposition
occurs when a river loses energy. This can
be when a river enters a shallow area (this
could be when it floods and comes into
contact with the flood plain) or towards its
mouth where it meets another body of
Rivers flood on a regular basis. The area
over which they flood is known as the
floodplain and this often coincides with
regions where meanders form. Meanders
support the formation of flood plains
When rivers flood the velocity of water
slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to transport material is reduced and deposition
occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment across the whole floodplain. After a series of
floods layers of sediment form along the flood plain.
Larger material and the majority of deposition occurs next to the river channel. This is the result
of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the velocity of the river to slow and therefore
rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the
river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.
If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the settling velocity, sediment will be transported
ownstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling
velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load
saltation (jumping up into the flow, being transported a short distance
Page 18
REPLENISHMENT REPORT OR PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and
erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of
by water. Sediment is
transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume, density, and
shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to rise, while larger
transported by a river is deposited. Deposition
slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to transport material is reduced and deposition
oss the whole floodplain. After a series of
Larger material and the majority of deposition occurs next to the river channel. This is the result
velocity of the river to slow and therefore
rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the
ettling velocity, sediment will be transported
ownstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling
velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load
g transported a short distance
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 19
then settling again). If the upwards velocity is higher than the settling velocity, the sediment will
be transported high in the flow as wash load.
As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, it is common for material of
different sizes to move through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions.
The various factors governing the occurrence and deposition of sand is country rock i.e.
geological disposition, climate, and rainfall, water load physical parameters of river and velocity
of water current. Rivers have a lot of energy and because they have energy, they do stuff. The
obvious things rivers do with their energy is flow but, besides this, they also transport load, erode
load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion is the breaking down of material by
an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river’s channel and
the river’s load. A river’s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river
transports until it deposits its load.
Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so many loads depending on their energy. The
maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the age
river’s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the
river’s competence. Deposition to transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river
loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There’s several reasons why a river could lose
energy. If the river’s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn’t flowing
as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in
evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing
it deposit its load. If the gradient of the river’s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load
because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load
because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As
rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The
channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its
tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be
small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the
material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers
flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend
most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now
eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral
erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore
be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be
deposited.
This is called a point bar or slip off slope Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition
on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion
narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river
will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest
current, called the thalweg, will now tend to be in the center of the river, and so deposition is
likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks. Eventually deposition will block off the old
meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 20
rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases,
when the volume of water decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they
encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones,
piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.
A river system can be divided into three subsystems: -
� Collecting system (branches) -- consisting of a network of tributaries in the headwater
region, collects and funnels water and sediment to the main stream.
� Transporting system (trunk) -- the main trunk stream, which functions as a channel way
through which water and sedimentmove from the collecting area toward the ocean.
(Erosion and deposition also occur in a river's transporting system)
� Dispersing system (roots) -- consists of a network of distributaries at the mouth of a river
(delta), where sediment and water are dispersed into an ocean, a lake, or a dry basin
Removal of washed in Silt Load:-
Geologically, the district is the part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract. The origin of the
IndoGangetic tract as a whole is now attributed to the sag in the earth crust formed in the upper
Eocene times between Gondwana land and the raising of Himalaya belt. The economic minerals
found in the district are Sand, Soil and Kankar.
The sand deposits being an integral part of the dynamic river system to which it belongs.
Therefore, as a part of natural cycle, the monsoon flow of every river carries with it
replenishment of silt and washed out soil and clay from upstream areas in the catchment. This
silt shall be removed during the sieving of sand before it is loaded into truck/tipper/trailer to
carry to the consumers.
Sand mining is critical to infrastructure development around the globe. Sand is an essential
minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent and
variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with high silica content)
etc. The rivers are the most important source of Sand. It acts as source of transportation and
deposition of sand etc.
Local Geology of the Area:-
Quaternary Alluvial deposit consisting of alternate layers of sand, silt, clay and gravel forms
prolific unconfined and confined aquifer system. The unconfined aquifer system consists of sand
layers with parting of thin clay layers upto a depth of 60-70 m. The clay layers at shallow depth
are not regionally extensive as such the entire sequence behaves as unconfined aquifer system.
The transmissivity of the aquifer varies from 1000 to 5000 m2/day. The specific yield varies
between 8-12%. The movement of ground water is in south-east direction towards the rivers.
It overlies the Araria surface. This surface comprises ash-grey-silt/silt-clay/clayey-silt and has
been found development on the eroded and very gently sloping surface.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 21
Origin & Control of Mineralization (Annual Replenishment of Mineral in River Bed
Area/Sedimentation):-
Sedimentation, in the geological sciences, is a process of deposition of a solid material from a
state of suspension or solution in a fluid (usually air or water). Broadly defined it also includes
deposits from glacial ice and those materials collected under the impetus of gravity alone, as in
talus deposits, or accumulations of rock debris at the base of cliffs. The term is commonly used
as a synonym for sedimentary petrology and sedimentology.
Sedimentation is generally considered by geologists in terms of the textures, structures, and
fossil content of the deposits lay down in different geographic and geomorphic environments.
The factors which affects the “Computation of Sediment”:
a) Geomorphology & Drainage Pattern: The following geomorphic units plays important role:
� Structural Plain
� Structural Hill
� Structural Ridge
� Denudation Ridge & Valley
� Plain & Plateau of Gangetic plain
� Highly Dissected pediment
� Undissected pediment
b) Distribution of Basin Area River wise
c) Drainage System/Pattern of the area, Rainfall & Climate: Year wise Rainfall data for
previous 10 years of Basin/Rivers
e) As per Dandy & Bolton study “Sediment Yield” can be related to
� Catchment Area and
� Mean Annual Run-off
Sand is an essential minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction
constituent and variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with
high silica content) etc. It is common knowledge that minerals are non-renewable but this form
of mineral naturally gets replenished from time to time in a given river system and is very much
interrelated to the hydrological cycle in a river basin.
Sand mining has become a widely spread activity and does not require a huge set up or
technology, the number of ventures has increased extensively and it has become a footloose
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 22
industry in itself but the backward-forward linkages are becoming stronger as many are getting
employed as well as the construction activity / industry requires this mineral at consistent rates.
Reverie environmental systems are unique in themselves and provide environmental services,
natural resources to meet variety of needs of urban and rural communities. The Rivers
originating from the Himalayas bring with them lots of aggregate materials whereas as they
move downstream, only finer elements / minerals like sand are found in abundance.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 23
CHAPTER-7
GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT.
Sl.No. ITEMS STATISTICS
1 GENERAL INFORMATION
i) Geographical area (Sq.km) 2830
ii) Administrative Divisions 2
Number of Tehsil/Block 9
Number of Panchyat/Villages 218/742
iii) Population (As on 2011 Census)
Rural 2637656
Urban 168544
iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1582
2 GEOMORPHOLOGY
Major physiographic units Alluvial plain
Major Drainages Kosi, Suware, Koli, and Keli
3 LAND USE (Hectares)
a) Forest area: 838
b) Net area sown: 1,60,251
c) Total cropped area: 287060
4 MAJOR SOIL TYPES Recent alluvium and
calcareous soil
5 PRINCIPAL CROPS Paddy, Wheat, Maize,Millet, Cereals and Vegetables
6 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES
(Area in hectares)
Dugwells -
Tube wells/Borewells 1,03,199
Tank/ponds -
Canals 870
Gross irrigated area 1,04,069
7 NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS
OF CGWB (2011)
8 No. of Dug wells 03
9 No. of Piezometers -
10 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS
Quaternary alluvium
11 HYDROGEOLOGY
Major Water bearing formations Recent alluvium
Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011 2.5 – 4.3 mbgl
Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011 1.79 – 3.3 mbgl
Long term water level trend in 10 years (2002-2011)
inm/yr
No significant change
Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 24
CHAPTER-8
LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE,
HORTICULTURE, MINING .
Best with fertile soil and having good irrigation facilities, about 80% area of the district is under
agricultural use. The land level is plain and fertile land of total area available for cultivation,
most of the area is used as double cropped area. The land is cover by the forest area, cultivable
land agriculture barren land, current fallow, other fallow land use and non-cultivable land, land
used other than agriculture, pasture land and vacant land etc. The land is used for orchard tree,
plantation and cane productions. The land holdings are generally small in size. Some land
holding in the district is categorized in medium and large stake holder. Land use details are given
in below table: 8.1
01 LAND USE (ha)
a) Forest area: Nil
b) Net area sown: 150.2(000 ha)
c) Total Cropped area: 252.041(000ha)
02 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS
IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES
(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)
Area (ha)
Dug wells and Tube wells 285
Canal 1558
Net irrigated area 81,495 ha
Gross irrigated area surface water 73,864 ha
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 25
CHAPTER-9
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT.
The Bihar state can be broadly subdivided into three major unit’s i.e., main physical sub-
divisions is the Northern Mountains, the Gangetic Plains and the Central Highlands. Northern
Mountains comprises the Himalayan ranges including their foot hills. The Gangetic plains,
situated between the Himalayas and the Deccan plateau, constitute the most fertile plains of the
sub-basin ideally suited for intensive cultivation. The Central highlands lying to the south of the
Great Plains consists of mountains, hills and plateaus intersected by valleys and river plains.
They are largely covered by forests. Aravali uplands, Bundelkhand upland, Malwa plateau,
Vindhyan and Narmada valley lie in the this region. Predominant soil types found in the sub-
basin are sandy, loamy, clay and their combinations such as sandy loam, loam , silty clay loam
and loamy sand soils.
Relief & Structure:-
The district of Araria is in the extreme eastern part of the middle Ganga plain. The district
presents an almost dead level, with the exception of a few tracks of undulating part in the north.
Being a play ground of the Kosi, it is rather well defined region with internal homogeneity.
Frequent occurrence of flood and shifts of channels have made it largely a khader land.
Topographically, the whole district is a plain area uninterrupted by any marked topographical
break, except, by the imperceptible alluvial uplands and riverside levees, ox-bow lakes, Tals,
remnants of river channels, or occasionally available badlands and ravines. The migratory nature
of the river has further aided the levelling of this plain track by its huge deposits of sands and
clays. The plain exhibits a general slope from north-west to south-east having the gradient
slightly above one foot for every 2 kilometres horizontal distance. The general height of the plain
ranges between 75 metres in the extreme north-west to 50 metres in the south-eastern part of the
district from mean sea level'. (Fig-2.2)
Basically, the district has two broad types of surface (a) the upland of older alluvium, and (2) the
low land. The upland is a track of older alluvium left un-eroded by rivers; however, the lowland
includes the eroded surface like Jhils (Lakes) and Marshes. Though whole district is level plain
track, there are marked alluvial uplands in a number of localities. The most prominent among
them is spur of upland track stretching from north to south in the western part of the district.
There is also run of alluvial upland in the south eastern part of the district.
Another belt of high land extends right from the north near Nepal border up to Katihar in the
south running along the Katihar-Jogbani railway line of North East Frontier Railways. These are
the tracks of the older bed of Kosi River. Besides, these upland tracks, there are number of
pronounced depression or Jhils and Marshes in the plain. These deeps are most common in
south-west part of the district.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 26
Geomorphology:-
The district has a monotonous flat topography with gentle slope in the southeast direction. The
regional topographic gradient in the northern part of the district is about 0.5 m/Km and reduces
to 0.2 m/Km in the southern part. The maximum relief in the district is 71.3 m amsl near Ghurna
and the minimum is 45.3 m amsl near Jokihat.
Hydrogeology:-
The district is underlain by thick unconsolidated sediment of Quaternary period. Geological
survey of India has given the following classification based on nature of alluvial deposits.
System Series Formation Lithology
Quaternary Upper
Holocene
Diara
Formation
Alteration of fine grey silt and clay
Unclassified
Holocene
Kosi
Formation
Grey silt and clay alteration with fine
to medium sand
Purnea
Formation
Pale yellow to grey silt and silty clay,
fine sand, grey medium to coarse sand
with thin partings of sand and fine silt
Mode of Occurrence of Ground Water:-
Quaternary unconsolidated sediments consisting of sand, gravel and pebbles constitute
potential ground water
repository. Shallow aquifer is
about 40-70 meters within a
depth of 80 meters. A thin
veneer of clay is present
overlying the granular zone in
the northern part of the
district. Though lateral facies
changes have been observed,
the aquifer system behaves as
single continuous one. The
aquifers are highly potential
and yield 200m3/hr for
nominal drawdown of 2 m.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
Water Level Fluctuation:-
The pre-monsoon (May 2011) water level is within the 4.2 m bgl and post
(November 2011) water level with in 3.3 m bgl in major part of the district. The seasonal
fluctuation of pre and post monsoon data of 2011 show rise 0.93 m. The long
level data does not show any significant changes. The season wise, annual and long term
Fig. Pre-monsoon (May 2011) & Post
Ground Water Resources:-
The net annual replenishable ground water resource as on 31
ha m. The gross annual draft for all uses works out to be 25615 ha m. Allocation of ground water
for domestic and industrial use for 25 years works out
water development is 31.9%. The stage of ground water development is highest in Bhargawan
(59.6%) and lowest in the Raniganj (21.3%). As
blocks are less than 70%, and there
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
monsoon (May 2011) water level is within the 4.2 m bgl and post
(November 2011) water level with in 3.3 m bgl in major part of the district. The seasonal
fluctuation of pre and post monsoon data of 2011 show rise 0.93 m. The long
level data does not show any significant changes. The season wise, annual and long term
(decadal) fluctuations of water level are
given in below.
(May 2011) & Post-monsoon (November 2011) water level map of Araria district
The net annual replenishable ground water resource as on 31st March’09 works out to be 80397
ha m. The gross annual draft for all uses works out to be 25615 ha m. Allocation of ground water
for domestic and industrial use for 25 years works out to be 6105 ha m. The stage of ground
water development is 31.9%. The stage of ground water development is highest in Bhargawan
(59.6%) and lowest in the Raniganj (21.3%). As stages of ground water development in all the
less than 70%, and there is no long-term decline in water levels, all the blocks are
Page 27
monsoon (May 2011) water level is within the 4.2 m bgl and post-monsoon
(November 2011) water level with in 3.3 m bgl in major part of the district. The seasonal
fluctuation of pre and post monsoon data of 2011 show rise 0.93 m. The long-term water
level data does not show any significant changes. The season wise, annual and long term
(decadal) fluctuations of water level are
monsoon (November 2011) water level map of Araria district.
March’09 works out to be 80397
ha m. The gross annual draft for all uses works out to be 25615 ha m. Allocation of ground water
to be 6105 ha m. The stage of ground
water development is 31.9%. The stage of ground water development is highest in Bhargawan
stages of ground water development in all the
term decline in water levels, all the blocks are
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
under safe category. The stage of groundwate
wise ground water resource is given
Fig. Block wise Stage of Ground Water Development of Araria district
Table: Block wise dynamic ground water resource of Araria district (As on 31
ha m):-
Sl
.
Assessment Net Existing
N
o
Unit/District Annual Gross
Ground Ground
water Water
Draft
Availa
bility
for
Irrigation
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR
under safe category. The stage of groundwater development is depicted in Fig below
wise ground water resource is given in following table.
Stage of Ground Water Development of Araria district
dynamic ground water resource of Araria district (As on 31st
Existing Existing
Gross
Existing Allocation Net
GroundGross Ground
water
Gross Water
for
Domestic Ground Draft for Ground Availability
and
Water
Draft
Domestic
and
Water for future
Industrial
for Industrial Draft irrigation
Requireme
nt Irrigation Water
Supply
For all developme
ntsupply upto
Uses (9-10
year 2025
(10+11)
Page 28
r development is depicted in Fig below. The block-
Stage of Ground Water Development of Araria district
stMarch 2009, in
Net
Ground
Stage of
Water Ground
Availability Water
for future Development
irrigation
developme
nt
(12/9)*100
10-13) (%)
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 29
1 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Araria 11333 1848 908 2756 1005 8480 24.3
2 Bhargawan 7591 4195 328 4523 511 2885 59.6
3 Forbisganj 12377 2760 987 3746 1056 8560 30.3
5 Kruskanta 4908 1693 211 1903 327 2888 38.8
6 Narpatganj 11028 2451 492 2943 764 7813 26.7
7 Palasi 6903 2104 346 2450 538 4261 35.5
8 Raniganj 13401 2310 550 2861 855 10235 21.3
9 Sikti 5130 998 226 1224 351 3781 23.9
Total 80397 21120 4496 25615 6104 53174 31.9
Soils:-
Araria district is characterized by a wide variety of soils which can be broadly grouped into two
categories according to U.S Survey Staff in 1975.
1.Entisols: They are younger alluvial soils locally known as Balsundari. They are deficient
in nitrogen, phosphoric acid but generally rich in potash and lime. The Balsundari soils are
generally a light friable loam with higher portion of sand and silt. The soil is most fertile
and suitable for cultivation of high yielding crops like sugarcane and wheat.
2.Inceptisols: Calcareous alluvial soils occur mostly in the central part and locally known as
Mathivari. The percentage of both phosphoric acid and potash are higher in this region.
This soil is richer in lime content and kanker than Balsundari soil. This forms the typical
paddy land of Bihar.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 30
CHAPTER-10
CLIMATE AND RAINFALL.
The district experienced three different season viz., summer from March to early June, rainy
from later part of June to September and winter from November to February. Mean daily
ambient temperature in summer shoots up to 400C and in winter mean daily ambient temperature
falls down to 40C. The relative humidity is generally above 70% in most part of the year.
Rainfall in the district is mainly by southwest monsoon,
which sets in the month of June and continues up to September. Sometimes monsoon retreats in
early October. The average annual rainfall for 2004 is 1582 mm. The district receives 85% of the
rainfall during the southwest monsoon.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 31
CHAPTER-11
GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH.
Geology:-
The district is underlain by thick unconsolidated sediment of Quaternary period. Geological
survey of India has given the following classification based on nature of alluvial deposits
System Series Formation Lithology
Quaternary Upper Holocene Diara Formation Alteration of fine
grey silt and clay
Unclassified
Holocene
Kosi Formation Grey silt and clay
alteration with
fine to medium
sand
Purnea Formation Pale yellow to
grey silt and silty
clay, fine sand,
grey medium to
coarse sand with
thin partings of
sand and fine silt
Regional Geology:-
Geologically, it represents nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga basin composed of
alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks.
Geological succession and their occurrences distribution
Age Geology Occurrences
Quaternary Alluvial Deposits(sand, clay, silt,
Fragments)
North Bihar Plain & Central Bihar Plain
Tertiary Sand Stones& Clay Stones North Champaran Hills
Gondwana Coal Measures,Forming a series of
small outlier basins
Banka District
Vindhyans Sandstones,shales, Limestones etc. Parts of Bahbhua and Rohtas Disricts
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 32
Satpura Schist, Phyllite, Quartzite Part of Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada,
Nalanda, Sheikhpura and Munger
District
Proterozoic Schist, amphibolites, quartzite,
granites, dolerites and pegmatite’s
Nawada, Jamui and Banka
Archaean Gneisses,
Granites,Schists,Phyllites,quartzites,
amphibolites & intrusive all
metamorphosed sedimentary and
igneous rocks
Part of Aurangabad ,Gaya, Nawada
,Jamui, Banka and Bhagalpur
Drainage System with description of main rivers:-
The district falls in the Kosi and Mahananda sub-basin of Lower Ganga basin. Kosi and its
tributaries with Kosi dhars drain the district, Out of 9 blocks 6 blocks marked by the presence of
Kosi dhars. Kosi Dhars are abandoned channels of river Kosi, left behind in course of its
migration. They originate at different places and flow in the south direction and effluent in
nature. Small rivers coming down from Nepal confluence in the north of the district to make the
rivers Parman Nadi, Katua Dhar, Ratua Nadi etc., which flow in the southern direction.
Kosi and its tributaries exhibit dichotomic drainage pattern. Drainage pattern in the district is
sub-parallel in general.
Sl. No. Name of the River Area drained (sq. Km.) % Area drained in the
District
1 Bakra 1.74 0.06
2 Biniyan 1.65 0.06
3 Das 0.53 0.02
4 Garaiya 1.40 0.05
5 Ghaghi 0.53 0.02
6 Jogjan 1.95 0.07
7 Kajra 0.30 0.01
8 Kankai 0.9 0.00
9 Kosi Dhar 3.45 0.12
10 Lachchha Dhar 1.3 0.05
11 Parnar 6.9 0.02
12 Parman 4.55 0.16
13 Ratua 0.40 0.01
14 Saura 1.08 0.04
15 Sursar (Arar Dhar) 0.97 0.03
Total 27.65 0.72%
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 33
Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams:-
Sl. No. Name of the River of
Stream
Total Length in the
District (in Km)
Place of Origin Altitude at
Origin
1 Bakra 65 Siktia 62
2 Biniyan 43 Mirdaul 61
3 Das 44 Belbari 52
4 Garaiya 52 Manikpur 73
5 Ghaghi 24 Amgachhi 68
6 Jogjan 36 Asura Kalan
Khola
69
7 Kajra 5.5 Mirzapur 56
8 Kankai 6 Kesarra 49
9 Kosi Dhar 95 Bhanghi 67
10 Lachchha Dhar 37 Fatehpur 66
11 Parnar 121 Goarpuchhri 70
12 Parman 73 Barahmasia
Ranikatta
65
13 Ratua 7 kalahi 53
14 Saura 50 Bishunpur 56
15 Sursar (Arar Dhar) 21 Ghurna 76
Methodology Adopted for Calculating of Mineral Potential:-
The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation and geology of the catchment
areaof the river/ streams. As per the policy of the State and location, depth of minable mineral is
defined.The area for removal of mineral in a river or stream can be decided depending on geo-
morphologyand other factors, it can be 25% to 30% of the area of a particular river/stream, e.g.
in river mineral constituents like sand up to a depth of one meter areconsidered as resource
mineral. Other constituents like clay and silt are excluded as waste whilecalculating the mineral
potential of particular river/ stream.
The specific gravity of each mineral constituent is different. While calculating the mineral
potential,the average specific gravity is taken as 2.25. The percent of mineral constituent like
sand also varies for different river and streams. While calculating the mineral potential
thepercentage of each mineral constituent is taken as, Sand 25-30% and 5-10% for silt and clay.
The quantum of deposition varies from stream to stream depending upon factors like
catchmentlithology, discharge, river profile and geomorphology of the river course. There are
certaingeo-morphological features developed in the river beds such as channel bar, point bar etc.
whereannual deposition is more even two to three meters.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 34
The details are given below:-
River of
Stream
Portion of the
river or
stream
recommended
for mineral
concession (
in Sq. Km)
Length of
area
recommen
ded for
mineral
concession
(in
Kilometer)
Average
width of
area
recommen
ded for
mineral
concession
in meter)
Area
recommended for
mineral
concession (In
Square Meter)
Mineable Mineral
Potential (In
Metric Tonne)
60% of total
Mineral
Bakra 1.74 65 27 17.55 Lakh Sq. m 48.33 Lakh MT
Biniyan 1.65 43 38 16.34 Lakh Sq. m 45.00 Lakh MT
Das 0.53 44 12 5.28 Lakh Sq. m 14.54 Lakh MT
Garaiya 1.40 52 27 14.04 Lakh Sq. m 38.66 Lakh MT
Ghaghi 0.53 24 22 5.28 Lakh Sq. m 14.54 Lakh MT
Jogjan 1.95 36 54 19.44 Lakh Sq. m 53.54 Lakh MT
Kajra 0.30 5.5 55 3.03 Lakh Sq. m 8.34 Lakh MT
Kankai 0.9 6 150 9.00 Lakh Sq. m 24.78 Lakh MT
Kosi Dhar 3.45 95 38 36.10 Lakh Sq. m 99.41 Lakh MT
Lachchha
Dhar
1.3 37 35 12.95 Lakh Sq. m 35.66 Lakh MT
Parnar 6.9 121 57 68.97 Lakh Sq. m 189.94 Lakh MT
Parman 4.55 73 62 45.26 Lakh Sq. m 124.64 Lakh MT
Ratua 0.40 7 57 3.99 Lakh Sq. m 10.99 Lakh MT
Saura 1.08 50 22 11.00 Lakh Sq. m 30.29 Lakh MT
Sursar (Arar
Dhar)
0.97 21 46 9.66 Lakh Sq. m 26.60 Lakh MT
679.5 702
Avg. (app.
47 m)
277.89 Lakh Sq. m 765.26 Lakh MT
Mineral Potential is calculated in Following Way:-
Mineral Potential
Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential(MT)
765.26 Lakh MT 765.26 Lakh MT
Annual Deposition
229.58 Lakh MT 229.58 Lakh MT
Note: As per calculation above, the sand mineral potential in Araria district is 229.58 Lakh MT.
But due to typical geomorphological reason/low quality of sand/Non-availability of large sand
block no any sand ghat recognized for mining activities. Thus the sand mineral potential can be
considered negligible.
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 35
CHAPTER -12
BRICK KILNS IN BIHAR.
The state of Bihar is developing rapidly. In the five year period from 2004 to 2009 Bihar’s Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) has grown by 11.03% and between 2001 and 2011 there has been a
significant increase in urbanization with the number of towns increasing from 120 to 213
according to the latest census. This has been possible through investment in various sectors,
especially the construction sector. If this growth rate needs to be sustained, the demand for
quality building materials will increase manifold. In rural areas too, Bihar faces challenges with
the need for over 7.5 billion bricks over the next five years to meet the rural housing gap. A field
study was conducted in 5 districts on Bihar to understand the present scenario of the brick
industry and to assess the market potential and barriers for introducing energy efficient
technologies for walling materials. The major brick producing districts of Bihar is Patna,
Nalanda, Siwan, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, East and West Champaran, Darbhanga, Samastipur and
Madhubani. With over 5,700 authorized brick kilns the state produces around 17 billion bricks
per year. The brick sector in Bihar is growing at a rate of 9%, however it continues to be
dominated by traditional technology - the Fixed Chimney Bulls Trench Kiln (FCBTK). Unlike
the rest of India (except Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) the state of Bihar is
the only state which has transformed the brick firing technology from movable to fixed chimney.
List of Bricks Earth are attached -Annexure -I
Status of Brick Earth in Araria District
Sl. No. No of operational Units of Brick Earth in Araria
districts during Financial Year (2016-17)
No of Units of Brick Earth in
Araria Identified by IEED
1 88 116
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT I ARARIA I BIHAR Page 36
References
1. Singh,U, (1965):“Ditribution and Character of Cities of The Ganga Plain.”National
Geographical Journal of India,Vol.XI P.37
2. Optimum Utilization of Surface Water and Ground Water Potential Using Fuzzy Approach
National Systems Conference, NSC 2008, 17–19 December 2008
3. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov results/Census2011Bihar.pdf
4. Census of India 2011- Provisional Population Totals - Bihar - Data Sheet" (PDF).
Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division. Office of the
Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. pp. 1 & 2. Retrieved 16 August
2012.
5. www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/ Araria.pdf
6. cgwb.gov.in/gw profiles/st_Bihar.htm
7. www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf
8. www.census2011.co.in › Bihar
9. http://www.cwc.nic.in
10. http://www.ecobrick.in