diqex icedi zeclez♦♦

zexqiwd zlitp cr oilet zewelgn1917±1772 ,ziqexd

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`ixel dili`

icedid mrd zeclez xwgl xfy onlf fkxnmilyexi

mipiiprd okez

`ixel dili`ipy jxk ,diqex icedi zeclez :dncwd9

zicedid dxagde ziqexd zexqiwd : o ey`x xry

oey`x wxtxilw oe'b(1881-1772) diqexa micedid itlk dwiwgd zegztzd15

ipy wxtdeFl jixhicÎupiid¤itlk zeipicna zeycg zeihp :dilt`l oewizn

1914-1881 ziqexd zexqiwa micedid24

iyily wxtoxhyÎiwqaexht opgeimiizeaxze miizxag mihaid :`avde micedid45

iriax wxt'uiay`il` ixhincmiicedid mineqxtd lr zizlynnd dxefpvd

ziqexd zexqiwa63

zicedid dxagd ly miiniptd di ig : ipy xry

iying wxtaiby icbe sq` cecmiizxage miixehqid mihaid :zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd75

iyiy wxtonlb l`ixe`dzincze dzenc :`hil zecdia zipcnld dhil`d113

iriay wxtoiwlf ikcxnziqexd dixtni`a zicedid dlkydd124

ipiny wxtonpiilw oeai`ayend megzl uegn zicedid dxagd141

iriyz wxtlnb miqwnziqexd zexqiwa mi`xwd157

ixiyr wxtoiel a`f1917-1864 iqexd oehlyd zgz dxkea icedi168

mi ixcbne mi itxbenc mihaid : iyily xry

xyr cg` wxtfixt 'i oxiydiqexa zicedid dgtynd181

xyr mipy wxtxttnhy le`yziqexd dixtni`d zecdi ly miitxbenc mihaid

dxyr ryzd d`nd idlya197

dwihilete dibel e`ci` : iriax xry

xyr dyely wxtoiihycleb iqei1917-1881 ,diqexa zipeivd drepzd ly dzegztzd215

xyr drax` wxthcinypqb sehqixkdiqexa zicedid zilxaild drepzd240

xyr dying wxtlwpxt ozpeidiqexa cpEAde icedi mfil`iveq253

xyr dyiy wxtiwvipcea ble`diqexa zeihiletd zerepza micedid263

xyr dray wxt,oiel xinicledixtni`a ziqwecezxe`d dwihiletd ly dzginv

`ixel dili`ziqexd271

dycg zicedi zeaxz :iying xry

xyr dpeny wxtlhxa l`xyiziqexd dixtni`a zixard zextqd :cxne zyxen305

xyr dryz wxtoxhyxaep mdxa`zeipxcend yicii zeaxze zextq ly ozginv333

mixyr wxtofg xiniclezicediÎziqexd zextqd364

cg`e mixyr wxtiwqaefw lldly zine`ld dzeaxza oexh`ze dwifen ,zepn`

diqex zecdi376

193-192 'nr oia zepenz qxhpew

zenewne miyi` gztn407

mitzzynd zniyx423

75

iying wxt

miizxage miixehqid mihaid :zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

aiby icbe sq` cec

l` ziqexd dixtni`d dhytzd zix`vd diqex inegz l` zeciqgd dhytzdyn xzei,efn dxzie ,oilet zewelgl dncw zixehqide zizc drtezk zeciqgd .zeciqgd inegz

.diqexa micedi hrnk eid `l (1772) dpey`xd oilet zwelg crdx`zl oeiqip lke ,miipicnd zeleaba miiepiy lya dipt z` dktd `l zeciqgdmvrl xy`a zel`y xxern agxne onf ly mixcben zeleaba e` zipicn zxbqn jezaelbzd ea zeciqgd ipiit`n oiae mieqn itxbe`b xef` oia xeywl zepeiqip .ezepkzidzeicegii zertez ibelepexke iagxn oeica lilkdl dywy jkn cal .miiziiradiigz zrepz dzeid `ed zeciqgd zecleza iceqi ew ixd ,ax onf zekynpd zeakxenehrnk mitzeynd miipicnÎlre miizlidwÎlr miizxag mipiit`ne oweic zlra zizczitxbe`b daxw ly dclez dziid mieqn wicvl dwifd llk jxcay s` .dilvt lkl¦,mdizeaxl ribdl ick zeleab evge mewn wegixa exby miciqg eid ,dyib zegepe,cere z`f .mdiciqg eid `ly ,zexg` zepicna miciqg ornl elrty miwicv mb eidexef`n repl eaxd miwicv ;zitexi`Îgxfnd dvetzd iwlg lka evetp zeciqge dlaw ixtq.zepehlyd ugl lya od zelyey oia mi`eyip lya od ,zepicn oia mbe ,xg`l cg`dzvg l`xyi ux`a mixbd mdiciqg ornl mitqk seqi`a miwicv ly mzeaxern ok enk

.miilpeibx x`zn ieew it lr mipbxe`n eid mnvr 'millek'dy s` miipicn zeleabdiqexa dgztzdy itk zeciqgd z` cxtpa oegal mewn yi el` zeiebiizqd s` lrznerl dze` micgiind el` lre diielib oeebnl mitzeynd mipiit`nd lr riavdlemipezpd oebx` ly zegepdn wx `l zraep jkl dwcvdd .diqexl uegny zeieciqgehrine minieqn mixef`a lertl ehp ok` zeax zeieciqgy jkn mb `l` ,miixehqidd,zepehlyd zeipicn ,ilklk avn) miipevig mi`pza miiepiy ,ok enk .mdn bexgldeey ote`a miiciqgd mibltd lk lr erityd (iciqgÎ`ld icedid xeaiva zexenzdiqexa zeciqga ehlazde egztzd miicegii mipiit`n mpn` .lilkn oeit` xyt`ndeneiwl oerhl ick jka oi` ik yibcdl yi j` ,dpicnd oial dpia rbnd winrdy lkk

aiby icbe sq` cec

76

'diqexa zeciqgd' gpena yeniyd z` miticrn ep` jkitle ,inipt 'iqex' okez ly.'ziqexd zeciqgd' gpendn1zeciqgd ik eyexit oi` iqexd agxna oeic ,efn dxzi

oweicd ik migipn ep` .zihiletde zizeaxzd daiaqd on wxe j` drtyed diqexamipiit`n oia miakxen oilneb ixyw ly ixtk aver diqexa zeciqgd ly cgeindly diielib llkl zetzeynd zeihppni` zeiegztzd ,ziqexd daiaql mixeywddiigz zerepz mipiit`ny miizxage miipgex mikildze ,diqexl uegn mb zeciqgd

.llka zeizciqetc xe`izae diqex ly mipeyd mixef`a elrty zeieciqgd ly dxiwqa gztpoilnebd iqgia oecp okn xg`l .oehlyd itelig awr daxda epzyd `ly ozelirtozegztzd lr dpicnd zrtydy jxcae diqexa zeieciqgd oial zix`vd dixtni`d oiayeidy mighy mze`l eppeic labei agxnd xiva .iehia icil d`a zeieciqg oze` lycrenl m`zdae ,(zi`qxbpewd oileta weqrp `l `linne) iqexd ayend megzn wlgmb dxvwa yxcip j` zix`vd dtewzl oeicd xwir ycwei onfd xiva .diqexl mgetiq

.ihqipenewd oehlyd zeaviizd oiae df xhyn zlitp oiay xarnd zepyl

odixe f`l zei eciqgd .`

enk miizenk mibyena yeniyd miizhiy miitxbence miihqihhq mipezp xcridaef `id ('daeyg' e`) dlecb zeciqg m`d .oaen xqg `ed 'dphw' e` 'dlecb zeciqg'zeciqgl dpeekd `ny e` ,zeax zelidwa zgkepy ef ile`e ,ax diciqg xtqnydpey dxcbd rivp oldl ?da mixeywd miax miwicv yie ,miax mitprl dlvtzdy

.el` migpenlmiciqg oia miwa`nyk mbe ,cg` ueaiw micedia llk jxca d`x ix`vd oehlyd,zepeyd zeveawd oia oigadl erci cinz `l md eibivp al zneyzl e`aed micbpzne,dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly oexg`d raxa ,lynl jk .zExEan m`e oiipr xqegn m`miizlynn miknqna mlek miciqgd epek ,miciqga micbpznd ly mwa`n ztewzamiitxbencd mineyixa iehia icil d`a `l aexl dxyr ryzd d`na mb .'mipilx`w'dziid `l miciqg ly zinvrd mzedf mb ,cere z`f .zeiciqg zeveaw oia dpgaddelltzd e` zeciqgd z` ecd`y micedi eid mipey miaeyiia .zirnynÎcg cinzeid caa ca .mieqn wicv ly 'miinyx' miciqg mnvr z` e`xy ila miiciqg mipiipna

.zepey zexvgl dliawn dwif lr exnyy dl`k mb

1' ,sq` 'c :e`x oileta zeciqgd oiipra dnec dyibl:"oileta zeciqgd" e` "oilet zeciqg".ex-fvw 'nr ,(d"pyz) ci ,crlb ,'ziciqgd ditxbe`ibd ziiral

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

77

ipa mheriny ,miicediÎmipt zexewn lr xwgnd oryp miwtqn ueg ipezp xcridamaexe (zepezira zerici ,miazkn ,zeevnle dxezl zexeag e` zelidw iqwpt) onfd'xekfi ixtq' ,zepexkif zextq ,ziciqgd zecefit`de zehecwp`d zextq) mixge`nod ,el` zexewn lr zeizcaer zepwqn qqal dyw mrt `l .(dti zextq ,zelidwlzeyegze minyx lr eqqazde mewne onf ly wgxnn eazkp mdn miax) mzeiwlg lyaicbpzn cvn zizxewiaÎziqenlet) mday zeiznbnd lya od (zwiecn dwica lr `lejxca dyw zexewnd zeiziira meyn .(dicde` cvn zx`tne zihbelet` e` zeciqgdmpi`yl miciqg oia znieqn dlidwa diiqelke`d zebltzd z` onidn ote`a qqal llk,llekd mxtqn .zepey zelyey iciqg oia ziciqgÎmiptd zebltzdd z` e` ,miciqgzwiecn driawl `et` ozip epi` zix`vd diqexa miciqgd ly ,hxetnd `l i`ceeae

.zenyxzdl wx `l`2

znieqn zeciqg ly dzegkep mvr lr zexewn mze`n cenll xyt` mrt `l mle`mzqixt zpigan 'zephw'e 'zelecb' zeieciqg oia oigadl z`f jnq lre ,mieqn aeyiia,diy`xy zlyeyl epzpeek 'dphw' zeciqg gpena .zeciqgd ifkxn ly zitxbe`bdjenq efkxzd md mb mdiciqge dzexveeid yxrl zekenqd zexiira erwzyd ,miwicvdldwe diwicvy zlyey oiivi 'dlecb' zeciqg gpend .mvnevn itxbe`b megzae dl

.diqexl uegn s`e ,miklt dnka mixeft diciqg

`hile diqlFR ,dpald diqex .1¤

ayend megz ly miipetvd miklta zeciqgd ly dzehytzde dzeyxzyd ikildzmcegiil el` mixef`a elrty miwicvd ly zercEnd :miixwir mihaid ipya mipiit`zn

.`hill dpald diqexn ,axrnl gxfnn zeciqgd ly dzehytzd iiywe ;ilpeibxdly mzegkep 1777 zpyl cr dhla (wqpine aliden ,wqahie iklt) dpald diqexa

2epvx`a' ik 'uilnd' oezira `edc o`n oiiv 1899 zpya .lilra minfben epicil eribdy mixtqndmicedi 4,900,000Îk jezn z`fe ,(2 'nr ,h"pxz oqipa e"k) 'miciqg ivge oeilin ipyk mi`vnpmiciqgd ly mxtqn z` aepaec oerny cn` 1910Îa .1897 zpya ayend megza extqpymfben ocne` ;73 'nr ,[`"rxz-r"xz] b ,cizrd ,'zeciqgd zeclezl `ean') !oeilin dyingaditxbencd xwgn lr .(`"vxz-u"xz aia` lz ,zeciqgd zeclez extql `eandn hnyed df

:e`x eizeirae ziciqgdM. Wodziński, ‘How Many Hasidim Were There in Congress

Poland? On the Demographics of the Hasidic Movement in Poland during the First

Half of the Nineteenth Century’, Gal-Ed, 19 (2004), pp. 13–49; G. Dynner, ‘How

Many Hasidim Were There Really in Congress Poland? A Response to Marcin

Wodziński’, ibid., 20 (2006), pp. 91–104; M. Wodziński, ‘How should We Count

Hasidim in Congress Poland? A Reply to Glenn Dynner’, ibid., pp. 105–120

aiby icbe sq` cec

78

,(1788-1730) wqahieen lcpn mgpn :'uixfnn cibnd icinlzn miiciqg mibidpn ipy1741) wqil`wn mdxa`e ,eax iiga cer wqpina miciqg bidpdy1777 zpya .(1810-

da eid miciqgdy ,ef diilr iripn .l`xyi ux`l miler zveaw y`xa miipyd ecnrmiripn ,micbpznd zeticxn ulgidl deewz da exywpe ixnbl mixeegn mpi` ,herinmiizxeqn miipgex miripn oaenke ,l`xyi ux`a zeciqgd zvtdl oevx ,miigiyn

.'d zcearl dlernd mewnd z` ycewd ux`a mi`exd3

ly dbdpdd aih xexiaa jxevd z` dtixgd ux`l miciqgd ibidpn ly mziilrynyle jiyndl milerd miwicvd ipy eywia dligzkln .mnewna exzepy mdiciqgdkxcd zexbi` zervn`a mdiciqg mr ig xyw lr xenyl eqip md .mnvra df ciwtza

.glv `l df oeiqip j` ,l`xyi ux`n exbiyy xqene4ig xywl ewwfpy ,miax miciqgzeklnn wlg oiicr f` dziidy oildFea xwira ,mixg` miwicvl dzrn erqp ,wicv mrxeza mdilr lawl miciqgdn dnk ly dnfeil ecbpzd l`xyi ux`ay miwicvd .oilet

,(oilx`wn dnly d`xpk) wgexn wicv bidpn5dribt ef dnfeia e`xy okzii s`emixg` miiciqg mibidpna ureeidle zkll mdiciqgl erivd z`f zgz .mzebidpnaewqt `lyn .dpfFila f` xby (f"yx) onlf xe`ipy my`xae ,dpald diqexa elrty§©ezriaz lr xzeel eilr ik dpwqn icil lcpn mgpn 'x ribd oileta miwicv l` zeriqpd.miciqgd zbdpd z` envr lr lawiy (1786 zpya d`xpk) f"yxn ywiae ,dbdpdlcr mipy yelyk cer exar j` ,drvdl f"yx mikqd miqeqide zeiebiizqd xg`l,wqahie iklt z` wx dllk zr dze`ay) diqexa miciqgd aex ly mbidpnk lawzdy

.(wqpine aliden6dcina zedefn el` miklta zeciqgd zeclez jli`e o`knmr dax.my lertl e` ayiizdl eqip `l hrnk mixg` miwicv oky ,c"ag zeciqg zeclez

xra aec epa oia ezyexi lr jeqkq rlbzd (1812) f"yx ly ezxiht xg`lmiizqd df jeqkq .(1828-1766) uieexed ield oxd` ecinlz oiae (1827-1773)

3' ,sq` 'c :e`x ef diilrl epzipy mipeyd mixaqdd mekiql:"cec oa giyn `ay dreny `viy",qwh` 'r ;322-319 'nr ,(e"pyz) `q ,oeiv ,'f"lwz zpya miciqgd ziilr lr ycg xe`

.138-127 'nr ,(`"ryz) er ,my ,'l`xyi ux`l miciqgd zeilrl miripnd'4ux`l dlry ,(1823Îa xhtp) dxhqe`Îipx'vn slee a`f ,'uixfnn cibnd ly xg` cinlz mb

lkid :e`x .dnec jxca eiciqg mr xyw lr xenyl dqip ,1798 zpya dilecetn l`xyi.`r-hq 'nr ,(e"qyz) eh ,h"yrad

5,(jxer) sq` 'c ,'dxenze ipan svx :1772 zpy ixg` ziciqgd drepzd' ,hxal`Îhxettx 're miixehqid mihaid :dcre wicv,xey `"` ;238 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,zeciqgd xwga miizxag

en-bn ,l`xyie oxd` zia ,'(oiqiix) dpald diqexa [...] oilx`wn dnly iax [...] ly ezrtyd'.mikynda ,(b"pyz)

6,a"ryz milyexi ,c"ag zrepz ly dziy`xe ic`ln onlf xe`ipy iax :`ipzd lra ,qwh` 'r.41-23 'nr

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

79

'xl ehp mixg`e ,'uiee`aeila oad zbdpd z` mnvr lr elaiw miciqgd zvwn .belitaezxiht xg`l uxt sqep jeqkq .aliden jltay dlyxhqa eiciqg z` bidpdy ,oxd`§©¨¤¤eckp didy ,(1866-1789 ,'wcv gnvd') oeqxe`ipy lcpn mgpn iyilyd x"enc`d ly

.xra aec ly epzge f"yx lyyxi ,(1882-1834) l`eny ,'wcv gnvd' ly xirvd epahqetewa zecxtp zexvg ecqii epnn mixbeand eig` eli`e ,'uiee`aeila eia` z`

.oi'fiipae ic`ila ,(wqiexaeaae d'vi'vxa dizegelye)7eqg c"ag iciqg aex ,df mr ¤¨epa ,(1920-1860) oeqxe`ipy xra aec mely mx"enc`e ,'uiee`aeila xvgd itpk zgzzhlead ziciqgd zencl did ,c"ag zlyeya iyingd x"enc`l dpnzdy ,l`eny ly

.zix`vd dtewzd seq cr diqexa xzeia8

jlt ly miiaxrnd eiwlge dpcexb jlt epiidc ,diqleR ly ixehqidd dghya¤.miyxey zekdl dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly oexg`d raxa zeciqgd dzywzd ,wqpin

wgvi iel :'uixfnn cibnd ly eicinlzn dnk ly mlxeb jk lr ciriminil)auiwa yxeb j` ,wqpita daiyi y`xe oic zia a`l mirayd zepya dpen ,(a'vicxa

.oildeeay a'vicxaa eayen z` rawe ,micbpznd ugla d`xpk ,17859lwiig miigdnwedy) exvge `ed j` ,uxnp iciqg olnrezk mpn` rcep (1787Îa xhtp) xEcn`n©§i`pwd cibnd ly xwira ,zetixg zetwznl `yen eid (1772Îa eax zen xg`l d`xpk`l eipa j` ,eia` qk z` yxi mpn` ,lwiig miig ly epa ,l`eny .aFw`nn cecmicbpznd ugl lya oia ,cala zexec ipy xg`l dwqtp xecn` zlyeye edekiynd

.miciqg bidpdl miig 'x ly miyxeid ly mzleki xqeg lya oia10

7hn ,uiaxz ,'c"ag zyxen lr zwelgnd' ,xe`il` 'x :e`x f"yx ly eiyxei oia levitd lr;186-166 'nr ,(m"yz)N. Loewenthal, Communicating the Infinite: The Emergence

of the Habad School, Chicago and London 1990, pp. 100–138,(6 dxrd lirl) qwh` ;'` :e`x ez`eev seif xaca zeprh rwx lr 'wcv gnvd' iyxei oia levitd lr .456-414 'nr'nr ,e"qyz milyexi ,b"nxz-g"twz ,ziqexd dixtni`a c"ag zeciqg :dpicne dcr ,`ixel

.110-948diqexa zicedid dxagd ly dzenc lr wa`na c"ag zeciqg :dizenglne 'uiee`aeil' ,`ixel '`

.h"qyz milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,'zix`vd9,acp 'n ;37-35 ,29 'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,epini cr dziy`xn zi`hild zeciqgd ,uiaepiax 'f

,onxail 'g ;82-79 'nr ,b"qyz aia` lz ,`hile oilet icedi zecleza mixwgn :gezt qwpt:e`x a'vicxaa ezelirt lr .68-66 'nr ,m"yz wxei eip ,` ,l"gx ld`Y. Petrovsky-Shtern,

‘The Drama of Berdichev: Levi Yitshak and his Town’, Polin, 17 (2004), pp. 83–95

10zeciqgd :ciÎazka "ux`d mr zxnf" qxhpewd' ,oihypiaex '` ;110-91 'nr ,my ,uiaepiax'n ;227-222 'nr ,(`"kyz) b ,ixard xtqd xwgl dpyd xtq :zyx` ,'cbpzn ly dixlwtq`amigwl :g"id d`nd ly diipyd zivgna zeciqgd ly dipt znbn lr wa`nd' ,'f`wiit`"` ;bkw-bt 'nr ,(a"qyz) gi ,crlb ,'xecn`n `wiig miig 'x iazkn miixehqidÎmiipeirx,(c"pyz) `p ,l`xyie oxd` zia ,'oilx`wa miciqgd zxeage [...] lecbd oxd` iax oxn' ,xey

.gqw-`pw 'nr

aiby icbe sq` cec

80

dyxzyd `l `id mb j` ,oilehqÎoilx`w dziid diqleta xzeia zhlead zeciqgdcer miciqg bidpd (1772-1736) oilx`wn ('lecbd') oxd` zlyeyd ia` mpn` .zelwaz` qqal dywzd oilx`wn dnly eyxeie ecinlz j` ,'uixfnn cibnd eax iniad`xpk) xird z` aefrl wqpita micbpznd ivgl edevli` df dxwna mb .ezebidpn

.oildFeay xincela rwzydle (1786Îa11exfg mipy xg`l wxe ,1792Îa bxdp `edly epa ,(1826-1765) oilehqn aelxt xy` eid el` .diqleta miciqg bidpdl eicinlzoilehql xfg seqale ,oiletay aegil'fl xar ,xincell eax mr dlby ,'lecbd' oxd`zr dze` lk x`ypy ,(1810-1742) 'uiaegln ikcxne ,oilx`w zeciqg z` mwiye:zetqep zelyey dnk dpnn etrzqd minily zi`nvr zlyey miwde diqleta

.oilx`w zian wlg onvr z` e`xe diqleta elrt olek .mipelqe oixaew ,aep`ciew12

xwira ,miigxfnd miwlga wx zeciqgd dxkip (dpaewe dplie) mii`hild mikltamiciqg eribd dxyr dpenyd d`nd idlya xak .dpaewe xinewlie ,dplie mixramy mzegkep dziid dxyr ryzd d`nd ly oey`xd yilyl cr j` ,el` mikltlmiciqgl zpierd dxiee`de micbpznd ly zeihppinecd `id jkl zeaiqd zg`e ,dlilc

.jk awr dxvepy13dxyr ryzd d`na ziciqgd zelirtde my eayi `l mix"enc`on ,c"agl mixeyw eid `hila miciqgd aex .miphw 'mipiipn' meiwa iehia icil d`azeciqgl jiizyd xg` wlg .ef zeciqg ly dfkxn ,wqahie jltl daxwd lya mzqd¦

.'uiaeglef dcaer .miciqgd zegkep dybxed `l hrnk `hil iklt ly miiaxrnd miwlgazeaxzd ly daxd dzrtydl xzei `l` ,micbpznd ly mgekl d`xpk dxeyw dpi`ik xnel `et` xyt` .diqext gxfnle cplxew jltl mikenqd mixef`a zipnxbdzeciqgd zehytzd z` dnlay `id ,zecbpzdd `le ,zitexi`Îaxrnd dlkydd

.`hila14

11'nr ,(a"pyz) gl ,l`xyie oxd` zia ,'oilx`wn dnly iax [...] ly ezbixd lr' ,xey `"`.crw

12lirl) uiaepiaxlecbd y"`xd oxn ly ezedy ztewz lr' ,xey `"` ;143-111 'nr ,(9 dxrdzeciqgd ly dzxicg iiyw .mikynda ,(f"nyz) bi-i ,l`xyie oxd` zia ,'aegilrfa oil`hqnuipn`w dxiira ziciqg dgtyna lcby ,wihew l`wfgi ly eizepexkifa mitwzyn el` mixef`l,[`] ,wihew l`wfgi ly eizepexkif :...izi`xy dn ,(xicdn) sq` 'c :dpcexb jltay wqahil

.274-266 ,172-169 'nr ,h"pyz aia` lz13'n ;19-12 'nr ,(f"kyz hay) 29 ,10 ,c"ag oe`ha ,'`hila c"ag' ,[iela diaeh] xweg '`

' ,oiwlfd`na `hila micbpznl miciqg oia ?"llk dl ow zeciqgd oiicr d`vn `ly zenewn"ikcxn xeqtext ly exkfl mixwgn uaew :miciqg ilbrna ,(mikxer) mixg`e qwh` 'r ,'19Îd

.48-36 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,iwqplie14.50-48 'nr ,my ,oiwlf

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

81

dpi`xwe` .2

diipyd dwelga wx diqexl egteq (dilecete oildee ,aiiw) miiaxrnÎmexcd mikltdmiciqg miieex eid ,zixehqidd zeciqgd ly dzcled yxr ,el` mixef` .(1793)dlwzp `l hrnke dziy`xn dglvdl my zeciqgd dzkf jk meyn ile`e ,miwicve

.zpbxe`ne zizhiy zecbpzdadbdpd ly mipey minbc zegztzdl zizyz dxvi zeciqgd ly zirahd dzelawzdly zelirt mb dhla zelecbd zeizgtynd zexvgd ly ozeyabzd cvl .ziciqgxak exked j` ,dlibx ziciqg xvg eldip `le zlyey ecinrd `ly miccea miyi`oia .zeciqgd ly dzegztzdn aeyg wlg `id mzxezy ,dxzi dyecw ilrak mdiiga

ivl yi el`xtqd xagn ,(1809-?1740) wgvi iel :'uixfnn cibnd ly eicinlz z` oixagn ,(1798Îa xhtp) xinehi'fn slee a`fe ,a'vicxaa uxrp axk lrty ,'iel zyecw'ly eckp ,(?1800-?1740) aewilceqn mixt` miig dyn .'xi`nd xe`' zeyxcd xtqea e`aedy ,'mixt` dpgn lbc' extqn .df beqn ziciqg zenc `ed s` did ,h"yrad`l llk j` ,zebidpn ly zexnei zlra zenc mpn` ztwzyn ,eaq ly zeax zexezwizrd minily ,(1811-?1756) oi'vlehn jexa ,eig` .ecia xacd dlr ok` m` xexa`ed .oihelgl dpey beqn ziciqg dbdpd bvii ,eaq zxeaw mewn ,'feai'fnl enewn z`jxc'a ebdpy mipey`xd on ezeidae dtiwzd ezeiyi`a `l` zipeird ezyxena rcep `ljxck zeinyba dceard zii`xe ea iexy wicvdy ixnegd x`td zhlad - 'zeklndmiaxd eikeqkqa mqxtzd `ed ok enk .cala miwicvl dxenyd ,'d zcearl dlerndd`xy in ly zgzetn zinvr drcezn ile` rap eite`a df ew .f"yx mr my`xae

.exec iwicv zxkdl dkf `le h"yrad ly eyxei z` envra15

,el` mixef`a xzeia zelecbd wtq ila eid odizegelyl oi'fexe liaepx'v zeieciqgikcxn :dxyr ryzd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna odibidpn zekfl ztwfp ozglvde

.oncixt l`xyie iwqxaheia` z` yxi ,liaepx'vn megp cibnd ly epa ,(1837-?1770) iwqxah ikcxnraz eiciqgn .ax x`ta bdp `ed mb 'feai'fnn jexa enk .1797 zpya miciqg bidpnkmiqn dllky ,oevxn ieqin zkxrn raw jk myle ,exvg zlklka d`ln zetzeyinelyz lr sqep ,eiciqg zelidw lr ezyedy ('zekxrd') mipncfne ('zecnrn') mireawmd mb ebidpd eipa zpeny .wicvd mr ybtpyk mlyl ciqg lk yxcpy 'zepeict'ribdy ,zlyeyd ly mkqend levitd .ezen xg`l maexe eiiga cer mherin ,miciqgoia dyexi iwa`n llk jxca rpn ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna e`iyl

15dwzrdd ikxcl :zxbi`e zexbi` lila' ,oxd 'x ;246-243 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl) hxal`Îhxettx.312-301 'nr ,(`"pyz) ep ,oeiv ,'miciqg zexbi` ly

aiby icbe sq` cec

82

,miyxeidn cg` lkl miciqg ic eidy `id dcaer - eziilegn `lnzd xead .mi`v`vd.iqgi melya ef cvl ef elrt zeiliaepx'vd zexvgde16

Îoi'fex zlyey z` cqiiy `ed ,'uixfnn cibnd ly oip ,(1850-1796) oncixt l`xyibidpnk eig` ly enewn z` yxi ,cala dxyr ray oa ezeida ,1813 zpya .dxebicq,(aiiw jlt) oi'fexa zx`etn xvg y`xa cnr xvw onf xg`le ,drepv miciqg zcr lyaex ly mzkinzn dpdp `ed .oilet iliv` jxck exyer ly zpvgen dhlad ick jezxecd iwicv aex exhtpyn ,1825 zpy xg`l xzei cer wfgzd ecnrne ,epnf iwicvmipiyln ly gvx zyxta axern oi'fexn iaxd envr z` `vn ezaeha `ly .mcewdmiwd my ,dixhqe`l diqexn hlnp xxgeyy xg`le xq`pe xwgp `ed .(1836) micedidcigi dnbec ef .dpiaeweaay dxebicqa zx`etn xvg ,mirax`d zepy ziy`xa ,ycgnaexy zeide ,zxg` ux`l zg` ux`n dzenlya dwzredy dlecb ziciqg xvgl dpinaick dapba leabd z` zevgl jli`e o`kn evl`p md diqex inegza ex`yp miciqgd¥

.max l` lbxl zelrl17,eipa zyy oia ezen xg`l zeciqgd zbdpd dlvtzd o`k mbdiqexl xfgy oi'fex zian cigid wicvd .diaxqae daeclen ,divilba zexvg ecqiiyliaepx'v zeciqg zal `yipy ,WEdFAn oncixt sqei mely did eayen z` da rawe

.aFwiRW epzeg zxiira xvg miwde18 §¦dcigid dlecbd zeciqgl liaepx'v zlyey dziid dixhqe`l oi'fex xvg zwzrd mr.zelidwa mixewial mziihpe diwicv ly dlirtd mzegkep lya xwira ,dpi`xwe`azexvgl mzepn`p lr xenyl ekiynd mde ,oi'fex iciqgn miax ex`yp diqexa ,df mrdf oi`e zene`z zeieciqg oi'fexe liaepx'v zelyey eid dax dcina .leabl xarnyoi'fexn) dl`d zeieciqgd izyn miwicv .mitpr oi`eyip ixyw mb odipia eidy dxwn,ihnbxt did dpxcenl oqgi ,'zeklnd jxc'a 'd zcear mr edef (liaepx'vn xy`n xzei,mi`v`vd lk oia ipyd xeca dbdpdd dlvtzd odizya :dnec did izxagd ocewtz mbe

.zgzetn zipebx` zkxrnae zexiyre zelecb zexvga epiit`zd odizyemixef`a fkxzdl xen`k ehp ,mdiciqge odiwicv lr ,'zephwd' ,zexg`d zelyeyd

.ixehqidd ozexveeid yxrl daexw dwifae minvnevn

16minil) letehqepxedn l`xyi awri oia wa`nd mqxtzd cgeinae ,mikeqkq mb eid oaenkzeciqgd ,iwvcexed `"y :e`x .eig` x`y oial ,liaepx'vn ikcxn ly epa ,(qwx'va ayiizd,aiby 'b :e`x ef zlyey ly dipiipra hxetn oeic .fv-`v 'nr ,b"txz oilxa ,b ,miciqgdezcear ,'dpey`xd mlerd zngln axr cre dziy`xn dizexeze dizeclez :liaepx'v zeciqg'

.r"yz aia` lz zhiqxaipe` ,xehwec17'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,zeciqgd zecleza enewne oi'fexn l`xyi 'x :zeklnd jxc ,sq` 'c

.oldl 74 dxrdl jenq cer e`x .236-20418.322 'nr ,e"qyz milyexi ,zeciqgd zecleza dkeane xayn iwxt :jaqa fg`p ,sq` 'c

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

83

(1825-?1748) lyd ryedi mdxa` dcqiiny ,dhR` zlyey dhla dilecet jlta¨¨mipey zenewna x"enc`e ax ciwtza odik `ed .'l`xyi ade`' eizeyxc xtqa rcep

) dht` mdaeOpatówowf' zlidn dpdp mye 'feai'fnl xar 1814 zpya .oiletay (iiepina axern did `ed .zepehlyd ipira mb `l` miciqgd ipira wx `l ,'miwicvdezrtyd .zeiciqgÎmipt zewelgn aeyiiae dwcv zexeag iwqra ,'ycew ilk'e mihgeyuegn s`e ,ayend megz iagxa rnyp elewe ayi oday zelidwd inegzn dbxg

.diqexl19aiaq xwira dfkxzd mzelirte ,drtyd ly dnec dcinl ekf `l ei`v`v.uiaelixwe aewpif ,'feai'fn :mdixebn zexiir

ax yniyy ,(1838-?1775) o`xee`qn onxheb iav dyn cqii ztqep daeyg zlyeymcvl mqxetn wicv ly cnrn xav dbxcda .1811 zpya miciqg bidpdl lgde exiraux` iciqg xear mitqk seqi`a gxh mzenke ,liaepx'vn ikcxne oi'fexn l`xyi lymb mzvwne dileceta efkxzd eiciqg aex .'oildee llek'l mixeyw eidy l`xyidkf jk lya ile`e ,mlerd zeieeda mb ievnd mkg cinlz xeza rcep `ed .diaxqaamiyelyd zepyae ,dtiwz dziid ziciqgÎmiptd ezbdpd .milikyn ly mzkxrdl mbei`v`v mb ,dht`n iaxd ly eiyxei xeca enk .alqxa iciqg cbp sixg wa`n ldipeyniy (cece dyn) eickp ipye (dnly oerny) epa .drtyd zcin dze`l ekf `lz` `weec d`hia mickpd ly dbdpdl mziilr .wipl'vi've o`xee`q zexiira mix"enc`elceb md mdia` ly zncwend ezxiht xg`l oky ,liaepx'v iwicv ly xikad mcnrnuni`y ,liaepx'v zlyey iwicva mihlead on ,dweeixhqingxn opgei ly eziaa

.zlyeyd zepa mr mze` `iyde mkepigl b`c ,mze`20

miaeygd liaepx'v iwicvn dnk ly ,dlecbd oi'fex zeciqg ly dfkxn did aiiw jltdwaileweqÎuipil zlyey ly mbe ,(dxieewqn wgvi ,dplhn cec ,liaepx'vn oxd`)©¨§§¨dilcb ly eckp ,(1878-?1815) uiaepiax oxd` dilcb did ef zlyey cqiin .dphwdzeyxcd xtq xagne d`pletn sqei awri 'x ly ecinlz ,(1803Îa xhtp) uipiln.dwaileweqa 1852 zpy onle uipil dxiira wicvk lrt oxd` dilcb .'og ze`eyz'-1840) l`ei wgvi ,eipan cg`e ,dpyld lya dipnexl hlnp `ed 1867 zpya'x rwzyd (1874) exexgy xg`l .ayend megzl uegn l` dlbede xq`p ,(1885diqex iklta xxebzdy cigid wicvl dide oeqxg jltay daFfEwhpwa l`ei wgvi¨§©

.dycgd21

19'nr ,h"kyz milyexi ,mdizecleza mixwgn :dtexi`Îgxfna zecdie micedi ,oixtliid 'izebivp ceqia `ht`n w"dxd ly ezelirt' ;328-327 'nr ,(17 dxrd lirl) sq` ;354-348

.gr-dq 'nr ,(r"yz) ci ,miwicv izty uaew ,'diqex zepehly len zicedi20.281-280 'nr ,(18 dxrd lirl) sq`21.279 'nr ,my

aiby icbe sq` cec

84

oildee jltzlyeyn spr ,wqixh zia iwicv ly zixwird mzelirt zxif did§§ae'velfn lkin l`igi cibnd ly ei`v`vn etrzqdy 'zephw' zelyey mcvle ,liaepx'v,(aelieeifc`x) lieec`xa zexvg eniwd lkin l`igi 'x ly eipa .eicinlze (1781-1726)cqii (1809Îa xhtp) ield cec 'x cibnd epzg .uipnxwe ,(wqpileeÎcexbeaep) lidieef§eipan cg` .mixyrd d`nd ly miyelyd zepy cr dniiwzd `ide ,oithqa zlyey¤my miwde dpfxAa rwzydl iplet liv` icia onfed ,wip'vt lkin l`igi ,cec 'x ly¤¤§¨md s` ecqii lkin l`igi 'x ly miaeygd eicinlzn miipy .envr lyn zlyeyaiil yxide ,figqpa (1800-1748) `xity ikcxn :dglvdl ekfy ,zeinewn zelyey¤§dziid oildeea dlrty ztqep daeyg ziciqg zeiyi` .wilF`a (1812Îa xhtp) e`cpl,(i"aii ax) dcedi oa sqei awri ly eckp ,(1849Îa xhtp) bFxhqF`n cxtq sqei awri§§

.'uixfnn cibnd ly eicinlz iaeygniklta zexiira xwira mifkexn eid dipn`py ,alqxa zeciqg zqtez dnvrl mewna'vicxaa mb j` ,(oixdWh ,dviaedxeh ,oi'vleh ,wilRh ,one` ,alqxa) dilecete aiiw¥§¥j` ,ztcxpe - miixnegd diqkpae dipn`p xtqna - dphw zeciqg dziid ef .oildeeaye` dvxrd xxery aidln mxebke zpgaen zizxage zizc daihgk dcnzda dlrt `id

.mipcn22

axwa otec z`vei zenc wtq ila did ,h"yrad ly epip ,(1810-1772) ongp 'x`xw jkae ,xeca cigid 'zn`d wicv'k envr z` d`x `ed .epnf ipa zeciqgd ibidpndf cvl df eigy ,('xwy ly minqxetn' l`k qgiizd mzvwnl) epnf iwicv lr xbizzinvrd ezrceza .eixag ipt lr zeticr raz mdn iny ila ,ziqgi dipenxdadnk ly mnrf z` ongp 'x xxer ,zeigiyn zexnei mb dieex dziidy ,zgzetnd,aiil dix` liaed ecbp wa`nd z` j` ,'feai'fnn jexa ecec mdae ,zeciqgd ibidpnn

l exywp zeax zecb`y zkxren ziciqg zenc - dlFRWn '`aqd' dpekyhrn wx j` d §'`aqd' ik mixrynd yi ,mireci mpi` zwelgnd ly miyxetnd diripn .dilr recidbdpd ly minbc ipy oia zwelgnk z`f mix`znd yie ,ze`zaya ongp 'x z` miy`dÎzipgex zewicv znerl ,'`aqd' ly ekxck ,zinnrÎziyrn zewicv :ziciqgipy ly mzrtyd zeleabl mixeywd ,miiyi` miripn .ongp 'x gqep zihqihil`

.jeqkqd z` d`xpk etixgd ,miyi`dly ezedf lr max zen xg`l mikqdl eiciqg egilvd `l zihpb zeikynd oi`aaexinpn uxdpxhy ozp .zlyey e` wicv `ll ef zeciqg dldpzd jli`e o`kn .yxeid

22,zxren ditxbeilaia :alqxa ,sq` 'c :e`x alqxa lr daxd xwgnd zextq ly zizhiy dxiwql.q"yz milyexi

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

85

xg`l xzeia daeygd zencd did ,aexwd ecinlze ongp 'x ly exteq ,(1845-1780)miizextqd eizepexyike ongp 'x ly ezyxen xeniyl zi`lird ezexiqn .eax zenz` ,eax iiga cer ,xe`l `ived `ed .'mewn `lnn' oirnl edeyr miipebx`de,ezxivi x`y z` qitcd ezen xg`le 'o"xden ihewl' ongp 'x ly ixwird eizexez xtqdzenc z` dyrnl avir elrtn .swid zagx zitxbeibdÎzitxbeia zextq llekezrtydy wicvk ongp 'x ly zizind ezenc z`e alqxa zeciqg ly zixehqidddlecb - mixg` miciqg alqxa iciqgl ewiacdy lflfn iepik - 'miznd miciqgd' lr'x inia mb jynp alqxaa iciqgÎmiptd wa`nd .xg` ig x"enc` lk ly efniyxey o`k mb .o`xee`qn iav dyn wicvd ici lr 1838-1835 mipya bdpede ,ozpÎzi`zay dxitka zecyg el`a el` eaaxrzp aeyy d`xpe ,mixexa mpi` jeqkqdmilewiyn drpedy zepgeke wicv `la zldpznd zeciqga oen` xqeg ,zihqiwpxt

.miiyi`23

oglet .dnew xeriy lra bidpn alqxa iciqgl cer did `l ozp 'x ly ezen xg`lexawl elr eiciqg xy`k ,mi`xepd minia e`iyl ribde dcnzda jynpy ,znd iaxdiyily zeticx lb ly zevxtzdl liaed ,'yecwd ueaiwd' mdita dpeky dnl ,one`azia iwicvn ez`xyd z` laiw df wa`n .dxyr ryzd d`nd ly miyiyd zepyazewvda ,x`yd oia ,iehia icil `a `ed .dxieewqe dplh iciqg my`xae ,liaepx'valqxa ipn`pl zelkpzdae mdiazk iefiaa ,one`l eribdy miciqga zifit dribtae

.dpi`xwe`a zepey zelidwa24

`ed yxei el dpnzdy ila dcrk mdiig z` ekiynd eiciqgy wicv ly ztqep zencdhel ezenc .uxFwn qgpt ly ekxc jiynne ecinlz ,(1827Îa xhtp) cWxAn l`tx¥§©¥ipnnqne xwy xacn zipeviw dxeva wgxzdy ink rcep iciqgd oexkifae ,ltxra

.dbdpd25recie ,ezxiht xg`l ax onf mb eiciqg ly zelidw elrt dilecet jlta.mixg` miciqg oial mpia mikeqkq lr26ly df enk ,cyxa iciqg ly geFxd mienic

icegii oiit`n did df ok` m` wtq j` ,hrena miwtzqnd miipr ly did ,alqxa iciqg.mdl

23hq ,oeiv ,'?alqxa iciqge aexinpn ozp 'x z` o`xee`qn iav dyn axd scx dnl' ,wxn 'v.500-487 'nr ,(c"qyz)

24.234-179 'nr ,(18 dxrd lirl) sq`25,187-186 'nr ,e"lyz milyexi ,` ,bxacleb 'x xicdne jxer ,zerqne zepexkf ,xaelheb a"`

;175-174 'nr ,(g"rxz) ` ,zeneyx ,'diypdÎmedzn' ,[xlqke jlnil`] inrp yi` ;288-281.39-23 'nr ,f"hyz milyexi ,dxiir lva :c`yxa ,onxaed 'p

26.230-228 'nr ,(18 dxrd lirl) sq`

aiby icbe sq` cec

86

ziniptd diqex ,dycgd diqex ,diaxqa :miycgd mikltd .3

egteqy ,miycgd mixef`d .ayend megza dfkxzd diqexa miwicvd ly mzelirtly zeixwird zeiegztzdd ileya `et` eid ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xa diqexl

.erityd `le ertyed mda miayeide ,zeciqgddpenyd d`na cer ziciqg zegkep dziid ,1812 zpya diqexl dgteqy ,diaxqaaxhtp) uiaepx'vn xxih miig .zix`vd dtewza mb dxabzde dcinzd `ide dxyr('zay ly execiq' ,'miig min x`a') miiciqg yexc ixtq ly aeyg xagn ,(1818Îadlrty dpey`xd daeygd ziciqgd zencl did ,(jltd zxia) apiyiwa ax mb yniyy`et` dziid diaxqaa ezelirt xwire 1813 zpya d`xpk l`xyi ux`l dlr `ed .my

.ziqex dixehixhl dziidy iptl cere` dznc` lr ecqepy zexvg xnelk ,zeicili zeiciqg zelyey egnv `l diaxqaaixcpA zeieciqg :el` mixef` mr edef zelyey izy wx .zeriawa da eayi odiwicvy¤§¤

.dleabl dkenq wx `l` diaxqaa z`vnp dpi` dpexg`dy s` ,aFwWxe27 ¨§h"yrad ly ecinlz ,aewyxn izay mr ziciqgd zxeqna dzdef aewyx zeciqg,miciqg ebidpd (1820Îa xhtp) sqei epa e` `ed m` wtq j` ,mqxetn xeciq xagne`pinlf dnly ,sqei 'x ly epaa ze`xl xyt` df oaena .xvg y`xa ecnr `l i`ceeaeaxr cr daivi dxeva dniiwzdy ,zeciqgd ly dcqiin z` ,(1852Îa xhtp) onxwev

.diipyd mlerd znglnwicvd ly eig` ,(1854-?1772) miidhxee aiil dix` icia dcqep ixcpa zeciqg

e`qn iav dynzpya aiil dix` 'x ly e`ea xg`l jenq lertl dlgd ef zeciqg .o`xeezen xg`l .zexec drax` xg`l miiwzdln dlcge ,ax da ynyl ick ixcpal 1814(1946-1881) sqei epa sicrd (1925-?1865) miidhxee dnly oerny oexg`d iaxd ly

.wicvd qk lr zayl axiqe ax ciwtza odkl28

my dxkip zeicilid zelyeyd herine zeciqgd ztn lr diaxqa ly dzeiley lyaddyy ,oi'fexn l`xyie o`xee`qn iav dyn xwira ,miwgexn miwicv ly mzrtyd

.da rwzydl oeekzd s`e oi'fexn gxay xg`l apiyiwa dnÎonf29miipetvd zefegnadnk xxebzd s`y ,(1850Îa xhtp) o`lyinxtn xi`n wicvl znieqn drtyd dziid

27milyexi ,dia`x`qia zecdi :`i ,zeielb ly dictelwivp` ,'dia`x`qiaa zeciqg' ,ixeyb y"n.868-857 'nr ,`"lyz

28'nr ,`"yz aia` lz ,uaew :diaxqa ,(jxer) xxey 'g ,'diaxqaa zg` zlyey lr' ,onaieh l"i.96-90

29.198-196 'nr ,(17 dxrd lirl) sq`

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

87

ly spr eidy ,uiaelixw iciqgle c"ag iciqgl mb bevii did diaxqaa .o`wtila mipy.dht` zlyey

,dxyr ryzd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna cgeina ,xzeia dlecbd drtydd mle`.odizegelyl liaepx've dxebicqÎoi'fex zeieciqg ly dziid30mipiipnd ite` zpiga

leabl xzei miaexwd ,miipetvd zefegnay jk lr driavn diaxqaa ecqepy miiciqgdzia ly xwira ,dpiaeweae divilbn zeieciqg ly ozegkep dybxed ,dipnex-dixhqe`zia ly xwira ,dpi`xwe`n zeieciqg ehla miinexcd zefegna ,z`f znerl .oi'fex

.liaepx'v31izy ly mipiipn oda elrty zelidw eid oky ,zirnynÎcg dpi` ef dpgad.mizad ipyn miwicvl zipnfÎea mixeyw mnvr z` e`x miax miciqge ,zelyeyddiaxqa dgteqy xg`le ,zix`vd dtewzd lka dcinzd dl`d zelyeyd ly ozegkeperawe diqexn dil` xbdl zelyey oze` ipa miwicv dnk egilvd s` (1918) dipnexl

.mayen z` daexvep `l my mb oky ,xzeia hren dycgd diqex iklta zeciqgd lr rcind

,zeicili zelyey32.lecb did `l my exby miciqgd ly mxtqn mb jk lya ile`e,zinipt dxibd inxf ly ixt daexa dziid el` ux` ilaga zicedid diiqelke`d.ayend megz oetvn xwira ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ly miyiyd zepy onl dxabe dkldyziciqgd dcrd ,df mr .zeax zelyey ebvii `linne ,dxibd dze`n wlg eid miciqg

,c"ag dziid xzeia zhlead33,bE'vpnxw ,oeqxg enk mixra od dax dziid dzrtydy§¥¤§inia cer oeqxg jlta enwedy zeicedid zei`lwgd zeayena od dahlete aegipx'vzelirt dziid ,dlkydd ly miwdaend dilnqn ,dqce`a mb .oey`xd i`lewipcgeina) mzrtyd z` qqal eywiay miwicv oia mikeqkq da erlbzp s`e ,ziciqg

.xird ilikyn oial (dplhn cec34

30dxrd lirl) zeielb ly dictelwivp` ,'h"id d`nd seq cr dia`x`qia icedi zeclez' ,onclt '`.88-83 ,26-24 'nr ,(27

31aia` lz ,` ,dia`xqia znc` lr ,(jxer) ipizxa `"w ,'dia`xqiaa zeciqgd' ,onxaed 'p.16-9 'nr ,h"iyz

32xy` ,uipil zlyeyn uiaepiax l`ei wgvi :mdae ,my erwzydy miwicvl zeccea ze`nbec yi,wqixh zlyeyn iwqxah `iqef ikcxne ,(lirl 21 dxrdl jenq e`x) oeqxg jltl yxebzktdn xg`l .oeqxg jltay qlvEd dxiira dcr bidpdl lgd 1891 zpyay ,(1936-?1873)§¥

.'diqexn x"enc`'k rcep my ,dipnexay iq`il xare diqex z` afr 190533qxbpewd ixac ,'ipey`x itxbe`ibÎeiveq han :19Îd d`na zeciqgd zehytzd' ,mieapixb '`

.240 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,` ,a daihg ,zecdid ircnl ixiyrd inlerd34P. I. Radensky, Hasidism in the Age of Reform: A Biography of Rabbi Duvid Ben

Mordkhe Twersky of Tal’noye, Ph.D. Dissertation, Jewish Theological Seminary,

New York 2001, pp. 96–99, 105–113

aiby icbe sq` cec

88

zepyn wx .znvnevn `id mb dziid ziniptd diqex ly miklta ziciqg zegkepzeayiizd dlgde ayend megz ly miixehqidd eizeleab exrxrzd jli`e miyiyd,milecb mixgeq xwira eid miycgd miayiiznd .zelecbd mixra mb micedi ly zlgefwx `linne ,mixxgeyn miliige zeyxcp zek`ln ilra ,mi`tex ,ze`hiqxaipe` ixbeaiciqg ly xwira ,ziciqg zegkep dziid ok it lr s` .ef zekfn epdp mihrn miciqg

.deewqene bxeaxht hwpq ,aewxga ,c"ag35

dxivie cEq in ip i it`n .a

dbdpdl di ilre dyxed inbc .1

xvg y`xa ecnr `l dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly oexg`d raxa elrty miwicvd on miaxmzrtyd df mr .mikiynn mdixg` ecinrd `l s` mzvwne ,zcqenn e` zgzetnzeipgex ,zblten miny z`xi ly miicb` miienic mda exywpy oeeikn od ,dax dziidmdl eqgeiy miaeygd yexcd ixtq lya od ,zizxag zeyibxe zinnr dbdpd ,dninzÎzipcnl dhil`l mikiiy mnvr z` e`x el` miyi` .mda dgqpzd zeciqgd zxeze

.dycg zipgex zeizxivie ziyi` dnfixk gekn mb elrte dwize zilawzizgtyn dbdpd epiidc ,zizlyeyd dbdpdd dziid dxyr ryzd d`nd jldna.iciqgd mlerd iwlg lkl szeynd xkid oniql ,micinlzl `le xya ix`yl zxarenddpenyd d`nd ly mipenyd zepya xak eid ef dbdpd ly xzeia mincwend diielibryzd d`nd ly ipyd xeyrd onl .diqexa exvepy xecn`e ae'velf zeieciqga ,dxyr§

tcn ebxgy zehrnd zeieciqgd ik cr dwenr dk dzeyxzyd dziid dxyrelaq df qedbdpd zxard ly ceqi inbc ipya oigadl xyt` .(cyxa) enlrp e` (alqxa) zeticxnÎzxfean dyxed (a) ;mi`v`vd on mkqen cigil zix`pilÎzifekix dyxed (`) :zihpb¥¨md j` dnly dxeva cinz eniiwzd `l el` minbc mpn` .mix`Wd llk oia zlvtzn§¥

.mipey mixef` oia mb ile`e zepey zelyey oia oigadl miriiqndf `v`v .cigi `v`v l` dbdpdd zxardl dcrd znkqda oiit`zn oey`xd mbcdly dxwna e` mipa xcrida j` ,mcewd bidpnd ly xekad epa llk jxca did

35mirayd zepya aiiwa miciqg lr,wihew l`wfgi ly eizepexkif :cpe rp ,(xicdn) sq` 'c :e`x;183-181 'nr ,d"qyz aia` lz ,aY. Petrovsky-Shtern, ‘Hasidism, Havurot and the

Jewish Street’, Jewish Social Studies, 10, 2 (2004), p. 42ziy`xa deewqena miciqg lr .ryzd ze`nd dptna aiiwa miciqg lr .224-220 'nr ,my ,cpe rp ,wihew :e`x mipenyd zepyly ocira dtexi` gxfna micqg zelinble cenill "zexag"d' ,oewa 'b :e`x mixyrde dxyr.106 'nr ,(h"nyz) dk-ck ,oli`Îxa ,'e"rxz-d"pxz ,aiiw ly milidz icibn zxag :zexenz

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

89

c"ag zeieciqg .ckp e` ozg mb bidpnk lawzdl ieyr did ciwtzl zhlea dn`zdÎi`.df qetcl zehlea ze`nbec od oilehqÎoilx`we

oiit`zn ,dbdpd zcnrl miler mcewd bidpnd ly ei`v`v aex eitle ,ipyd mbcdmr .miciqgd lr zlyeyd ly dzhily xefit z` aeiga d`exd ,'zihqilxelt' dyiba'zixewnd' zlyeyd my z` `yp ,mday xekad aex it lr ,miyxeidn cg` wx ,dfmayen zenewn z` ewizrd mixg`d mix`Wd cera ,eia` ixebn mewna zayl jiynde§¥liaepx've dxebicqÎoi'fex iza .zekenq zexiira zeycg dpyn zelyey dyrnl ecqiie`l` ,dnkqd ly ixt wx `l did mkeza levitd oky ,df qetcl zehlea ze`nbec mdxxebzdl miyxei dnk ekiynd miccea mixwna .ececirae cqiind a`d iiga cer okedi`nvr wicvk cwtz mdn cg` lke ,mixebn mgzn eze`a s` mizrle ,dlidw dze`a

.elyn miciqg ldw el yiyrpn ,dxyr ryzd d`nd seqa diqexa e`iyl ribdy ,zihpbd dyxedd oexwrly ezian zizgtyn zetrzqd opi`y zeycg zelyey ly zexveeid dax dcinalevitd .dxyr dpenyd d`nd idly ly zeciqgd zea`l zexeyw opi`e mcewd wicvds`e zexgz ,mikeqkq ly mixwnd eaxe zegepn in lr cinz ldpzd `l izlyeyddppi`y ziaihpxhl` dbdpd xevile df izxag xcq uextl mixetq zepeiqip .dyixt.wizeed iwicvd cqnnd ly ipqxec iekica llk jxca elwzp izlyey qegiia dfeg`36

cinlz ly dbdpdl diilr mbc mb miiwzd dyxedd qetc ly zeihppinecd cvldivilbae zi`qxbpewd oileta exvepy zeycgd zeieciqgd z` oiit`y df mbc .wdaenly ezxiht xg`l dbdpdl dlr cinlzd mizrl .diqexa mb miiwzd 1815 zpy xg`lf"yx ly ezbdpd dlvtzd ,xekfk ,jk .dgtynd oa yxei mr zwelgn jezne wicvd

.ield oxd` ecinlzl xra ac epa oia37xiilt dyn ly eiciqg aex eticrd mb jkeckp ipt lr (1883-1804) mipelqn mdxa` ecinlz zbdpd z` (1858-1783) oixAFwn,mipelq zeciqg ly dzexveeidl d`iad ef dtcrde ,(1889Îa xhtp) ilztp gp

.dl dncwy oixaew zeciqg lr dlit`dy38dbdpdl dlr xikad cinlzd mizrl mle`miyibp eide zizc dnfixkn epdpy ,el` 'dpyn iwicv' .ezkxaae eax ly eiiga cermnvr z` e`x j` zeiciqg zelidw ebidpd ,ziy`xd xvgd on miwegxd miciqglxhtp) 'uexee`n ac mdxa` eid df beqn zeienc .'mqxetnd wicvd' ,maxl mitetk

36`"y :zeciqga miypd lr' ,hxal`Îhxettx 'r) xinceln dlezad zyxt od jkl ze`nbec;527-496 'nr ,[5 dxrd lirl] dcre wicv ,'xinceln dlezad zxeqne iwvcexedN. Deutsch,

The Maiden of Ludmir: A Jewish Holy Woman and Her World, Berkley, CA 2003,(.(271-270 'nr ,[17 dxrd lirl] sq`) aii`lewinn xegad e`

37.lirl 7 dxrdl jenqa e`x38.267-266 'nr ,(12 dxrd lirl) wihew ;139 'nr ,(9 dxrd lirl) uiaepiax

aiby icbe sq` cec

90

zeciqga (1850Îa xhtp) wipclieen ac l`xyi cibnde (1840Îa l`xyi ux`a¤§,liaepx'v39xhtp) 'uix`Rn llde (1857Îa xhtp) lnedn oiihyt` ield wgvie

.c"ag zeciqga df oirn ciwtz e`liny ,(1864Îa40mnvr z` eqtz mb jky okziidligzklny ,oixaewn dyne ,oilx`wn (ipyd) oxd`l qgia 'uiaegln (ipyd) ikcxn

.miiga axd cera 'uiaegln gp eaxl setkd wicvk bdpe qegii xqg did41

.miccvd lkl dlired 'mqxetn'l setk xy` 'dpyn wicv' ly zikxxiidd zkxrndeli`e ,dpynd wicv da ayiy dxiira on`pe jnqen bivpl dkf mqxetnd wicvditxbe`bd xefitd wx `l .mzaxwa xbd wicv mr inpice xiyi rbnn epdp miciqgdzinewn zebidpn ly dzginv xyt` zeciqgd ly dzehytzd inia miciqgd ly agxd¦zeieciqg oia mixwal miycg egztzdy dhily ikeqkq mb `l` ,ef qegii zxcrpe

.'mqxetn'd ly ezebidpn lr xbiz `xwi `ly 'dpyn' ztcrdl eliaede ,zepey,oda dbdpy dbdpdd zxard zxeqn z` xnyl llk jxca ehp zeiciqgd zelyeydqetcd lr dxny oilehqÎoilx`w zeciqg .oiwzd dyxedd jldn yazyd minrtl mle`ea dtcredy ,1873 zpya onf wqt llek ,dxyr ryzd d`nd zvexna ix`pild¥

epi' ly ezbdpd.brle zxewia xxby jldn - rax` oak '`w42da lg ynn ly levit.oilehqn aelxt l`xyi x"enc`d ,`wepi eze` ly ,1922 zpya ,ezxiht xg`l wxz`f s` lr j` ,zix`pil dyxed zxeqn da dyabzd mpn`y c"ag zeciqga oicd `edegnvy zeycgd zelyeyd ,df mr .dxyr ryzd d`nd jldna miinrt dlvtzd `idryzd d`nd seqae zexec ipyn xzei llk jxca ecxy `l el` zeielvtzd zeawradyxedd zxeqne 'uiee`aeila xvgd itpk zgz c"ag iciqg aex ecg`zd dxyr

.dycgzd zix`pild43

ryzd d`nd lk jyna zhlead dzegkepe zizlyeyd dyxedd ly mcwend dceqin¦zeipevig zeaiqpa mb ielz did dlxeb oky ,zlyeyd zexnzyd z` egihad `l dxyr

39ly dpey`xd zivgna iciqg bidpnk 'uexee`n aec mdxa` 'x ly epweic :ztvl oileen' ,sq` 'c'nr ,(a"pyz) e ,icedid daeyiie l`xyiÎux` zecleza mixwgn :mly ,'dxyrÎryzd d`nd

.230-22440.60-56 'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) `ixel41.129 ,119 'nr ,(9 dxrd lirl) uiaepiax42uiaepiax ;44-25 'nr ,(d"lxz) e ,xgyd ,'oil`hqa `wepid zelbzd' ,[l"ldi] `iixag on cg

lr .`"iyz wxei eip ,(ditxbepen) oilehqn `wepid ,`xfr oa 'r ;90-84 'nr ,(9 dxrd lirl):e`x zexg` zelyeya mb zewepid zrtezN. Polen, ‘Rebbetzins, Wonder-Children, and

the Emergence of the Dynastic Principle in Hasidism’, S. T. Katz (ed.), The Shtetl:

New Evaluations, New York 2007, pp. 53–84' ,aiby 'b ;micliÎmiwicv lr :"`wepi".178-139 'nr ,(`"ryz) er ,oeiv ,'zeciqga

43.lirl 8 dxrdl jenq e`x

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

91

dwiqtd ixcpa zeciqge ,zexec ipy xg`l miiwzdln dwqt xecn` zeciqg .zepzyndbdpdd z` envr lr lawl creind yxeid axiqyn ,mixyrd d`nd ziy`xa lertlenvr z` d`xy ,zgzetn zizlyey drcez lra wicv ,'feai'fnn jexa .ziciqgdzlyey' dkynp `l eickpne ,mixkf mi`v`va jxazd `l ,h"yrad eaq yxeikjyndl dkf `l ,wepizd epaa zeax zeewz dlzy ,alqxan ongp mb .'h"yradjkl xaqdd d`xpk `id zihpbd dyxedd ztcrd .eia` iiga zn df oa oky ,zlyeydd`vez `id ef drtez .'zewepi' ly dbdpdl diilr ly mixwn xzei miievn diqexayoizndl `l` ,didiy lkk ie`x ,cinlz dbdpdl zelrdl `ly miciqgd zxiga ly

.`v`vd ly ezexbazdl

zeizekln zexvg .2

dxyr ryzd d`nd jldna dziide diqexa zeciqgl zicegii dziid `l zeizlyeyd m`dbdpd ly ipzee`x miig oepbq - 'zeizekln'd ixd ,olek zeiciqgd zeveawd zlgplezenky icegii oiit`n `id - dtiwz dbdpde miixneg miqkp zxiav lleky ,ziwicv

.diqexa wx `vnp44llk jxcae ,df mbc mr edef diqexa elrty miwicvd lk `l mpn`.jyenn onfl dnly zlyey lr enyiil ozip `l mb

mgzn xnelk ,xvg ly dceqii did zizekln dbdpdl wdaend iehiadogaen ifitly mzelirt dldpzd eae ,aeyiid ileya llk jxca mwenn ,ex`tae elceba hleaddziid `ide sreqn ihqibel oepbpn mb deelp z`fk xvgl .eiaxewne ezia ipa ,wicvd

.'miayei' e` mixwan ly zeax ze`n helwl dkexr45xwira eid dl`k zexvgzeieciqga mb j` ,dpi`xwe`a liaepx've oi'fex enk ,odizegelyae zelecbd zeieciqgazivgna cgeinae ,dixhqe`l oi'fex zia xarn mr .diqleta oilx`w enk ,xzei zephw.dipnexe divilb ,dpiaeweaa mb df oepbq yxzyd ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ly diipydenivrdy minxebd oia dziid 'zeiqex' zeieciqg mr dzdef zizekln dbdpdy dcaerdoial (ziaxrnd divilb) fp`v zeciqg oia 1869 zpya uxty sixgd jeqkqd z`oky ,zeiciqg zehiy izy oia miwenr micebip mb dtwiy ef zwelgn .dxebicq zeciqgz` mled epi`y uegan '`eai'k dxebicq ly dkxc dqtzp mdikneze fp`v iciqg ipira

.divilba zeciqgd ly ipxnyd diite`46

yleyna cewcewk zcwtznd zipebx`e zipeirx zxbqn 'zeizekln'a ze`xl laewn

44.336-303 'nr ,(17 dxrd lirl) sq`45.418-363 'nr ,my46.a"ryz aia` lz ,ziciqg zwelgn ly dinehp` :rbtpe uivd ,sq` 'c

aiby icbe sq` cec

92

zeienc dnk lv` ecklzd ok` el` mipiit`n .zlyeyde xvgd od zexg`d eizerlvy,oilx`wn (ipyd) oxd`e (liaepx'v zlyey) dplhn cec ,oi'fexn l`xyi enk ,zehleac"ag ,dnbecl jk .dl`d mipiit`nd zvwn wx eniiwzd mixg` miwicv lv` mle`dyxed lr dcitwd mle` ,dizexec lka 'zekln'dn dwegx dziidy zeciqgk dqtzpcqiie 'zeklnd jxc'a lbc i`ceeay ,liaepx'vn ikcxn ;ipxvg oepbpn lre zizlyeyzecr lk oi` mipt lk lre ,zngezn xvga xxebzd `l d`xpd lkk ,dlecb zlyeybdp `l j` xvg ly mgzna xxebzd ok `weec dweeixhqingxn opgei epa ;jkl,xvga xxebzd mby okziie 'zeklnd jxc'a bdp 'feai'fnn jexa ,mznerl ;zeizeklna

.zlyey cqiil gilvd `l j`yleyn hegk mzbvd .zigxkd dpi` mipiit`nd zyely oia dwifdy `et` d`xpcnrnk dpi`xwe`a zeciqgd ly oierd ilikynd ienicdn ile` dpefip wzpii `lymyekx z` hgeq ,miciqgd zeninz z` zeipiva lvpnd ,a`eqne siwz ,xebq ikxbile`

.zineineid eiig ziieeda mdn lcazne

dixtixte fkxn ;dcre wicv .3

ly exewia did eiciqgl wicvd oiay miqgid zkxrna`iy zcewp eax lv` ciqgd,myl driqpde yecw mewn ly milnqe miienic exywp wicvd xvgl .zizxage zizcdnecd zavrne zizernyn dieegl dziid ,dveawae ax wgxnn dkxrp m` xwira

.lbxl diilrl47ly dibelepinxha 'zEcigi') xvga iaxd oial ciqgd oia xiyid ybtnd.dax zipgex dnver lra oaenk did (c"ag

xcrida ,dxyr ryzd d`nde dxyr dpenyd d`nd ly miifitd mi`pza mle`eid ,(dlilc dziid ayend megza zeakxd zyx) lfxa zeliqn e` milelq miyiakj` ,mini dnk wx ekynp md aehd dxwna .milhean `l miiywa mikexk el` zerqnzeiciqg zelidwa e` mikxc zeipqk`a zaya diidy ellke xzei mikex` eid aex it lriign izernyn wezipa dkexk dziid ,mibg ztewza cgeina ,driqpd .jxcayocae` lya od dignd ze`vede jxcd ze`ved lya od :ilklk lhp mb da dide dgtynd`ly ,miciqgd aexl .xeg`n dxzepy dgtynd ly dxeqgnl be`cl jxevde dqpxtdynn ly dbixg el` zeriqp eid ,zelibxd mdiig zexbqnne mnewnn zewzpzda elbxed

.zetekz zeriqp mnvrl eyxd mihrn wx jk lyae mnei zxbynmiciqgd ly mdixebn zenewna dziid zizxbyd ziciqgd zelirtd aex ,lreta

47,(17 dxrd lirl) sq` ;160-157 'nr ,j"yz milyexi ,zeciqga zekilde zekld ,miidhxee '`.424-419 'nr

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

93

zelidwd oial fkxndÎxvgd oia sheyd xywd .dpyd zeni lk ipt lr dqxtp `ideexkfpy) dpyn iwicv :zekeezn zexbqn zervn`a ldpzd zeil`ixtixtd zeiciqgdoial miwicvd oia zeifeg zeiexywzd ;zexeag ;mipiipn ;xvgd ly migily ;(lirl

.zelidwe` df wicvl mzwif z` miciqg e`hia dzervn`ay xzeia dvetpde zlaewnd jxcd.mdixebn mewna zpeebn zizxage zizc zelirtae zelitza zetzzyd dziid xg`xvgd my lr d`xwp `ide 'fielw' e` 'laihy' ,'oiipn' dzpEM ef zinewn zxbqnlr mdiig zegxe`a ebdp el` miciqg .dnr midefn eid milltzndy znieqnd ziciqgdibviin mnvr z` e`xe iaxd ly zeigpdl eziiv ,zeciqgd ly izcd dpepbq it

.dizeaiaqae dlidwa exvg lye ely miqxhpi`d.dil` ekiizyd mdy zeciqgd ifkxn l` zinpic dwif lr exny miiciqgd mipiipndxywd wefigl elvep el` mixewiae zepeyd zelidwa mrtl mrtn gx`zdl ebdp miwicv,dwcv ilrtn - xvgd ly miizxage miizc micri yeninle eiciqgl iaxd oia ipgexd

.l`xyi ux`a mixbd miciqg ornl e` xvgd zqpxtl mitqk seqi`48enk ,miwicv eid,alqxan ongp e` f"yx oebk ,mixg` ;zeriqpa eaxdy ,dplhn cec e` oi'fexn l`xyi.dnvr xvga miciqgd mr ybtnd ipnf z` mvnvl eqip s`e oda ehrin `weec49

mixqn miciqgl exiard ellde ,mnrhn 'migleyn' xbyl miwicv eticrd miax mixwnaeabe zexeftd zelidwa xvgd iciqg ly mavn lr rcin etq` ,wicvdn dt lrae azkaepeky) wicvd zeyxcl ax lwyn da didy ,c"ag zeciqga .zepey zexhnl mitqkzepwiica exfgiy ick ,('mixfeg') micgein migily epen s` ,(miig midl` ixac ,'g"`c'zeieqpkzda iaxd xn`y dxezd ixac lr zewgexn zelidwa c"ag ipiipn iptl

.exvga zenvnevn50ybtnd z`e driqpd gxeh z` wicvl jqg migilyd oepbpneli`e ,xvgd meiwl miyexcd mitqkd ziiab zeliria rbt `le miciqg mr yiznd

.migleynd mnr e`iady xvgd zegixn enyazd miciqgd

48'nr ,(35 dxrd lirl) wihew :wqahilÎuipn`wa mipelqn iaxd ly exewia xe`iz dnbecl e`xi"n ly exetiqa ,dwaepxh dxiira liaepx'v zian miwicv ipy ly mxewia xe`iz e` ,49-43xetiql zeitxbeiaehe`e zeixehqid zeizyz :zexwtde zeciqg' ,wxn 'v :'dwqtdd' ,iwqa'vicxa

.237-219 'nr ,(c"qyz) f ,oetv ,'iwqa'vicxa i"nl "dwqtdd"49.98-42 'nr ,(6 dxrd lirl) qwh` :e`x .'`pfel zepwz'a mitwzyn f"yx ly el` eizepeiqip

minrt yy e` yelyl eiciqg ixewia z` liabdl ,ekxc it lr ,`ed s` dqip alqxan ongp,ezaiyie ezcil mewn ;e oniq ,zexezdl mikiiyd zegiy ,e"lyz milyexi ,o"xden iig) dpya

.(bk oniq50'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) `ixel :e`x dixtixtd zelidw oial c"ag xvg oia zxeywzd ivexr lr

,'oepbr i"yl "gcpd"a miic"ag miaihen' ,[oiiycpen ryedi] oepal c"i :e`x 'mixfeg'd lr .47-43.e"qyz oilwexa ,mixfegd ini ixac qxhpew ;139-137 'nr ,(`"nyz) 16 ,zepyxte zxewa

aiby icbe sq` cec

94

- zeinewn zexeag ly odiig ieeda swzyd dizegelyl xvgd oia xywl sqep iehiazrtyd .zeevnle dxezl zexeag e` mipne`e dk`ln ilra ly zeirevwn zeceb`miqgide ,dlidwd ly dinepehe`d dylgpy lkk dxab zexeagde miiciqgd mipiipndelaiwy ,elld zexbqnd izy z` enivrd dlidwa dibviin oial xvgd oia egztzdyeid okl mcewy miizxage miipgex micri ielinl db`ce gewit iciwtz onvr lr

.dlidwd zecqen zeixg`a51mizrl ,iciqg oeiav zexeagd elaiw mday zenewn eidzexeagae dpyn cenill zexeaga hla xacd .ybxed `l hrnky izbxcd jildzadnypd oewiz ly miihqin zepeirx mb mizrl ecnr ozxcbd qiqaa xy` ,mipxawzexeag lr dxiyi drtydn epdpy miwicv eid .miiciqgÎmiilaw gex ikldn ertyedyxy`k .wicv eze` ly eiciqgn eidy dxeagd ipa jeeiza llk jxca ,odipepwz lre el`wicvd wiprdy inyx xeyi`a ef zedf d`hazd ,zeiciqgk ielba edcfd zexeagd

y dxeaga ceak ly miiepinae zepwzlwinrd wicvd .ezgtyn ipale wicvl exqnpmrt `le ,wicvd ly eceaka dcakzd dxeagd eli`e ,dlidwa ezfig` z` jkamitqka driizqd s` ile`e ,dilrtn oeninl mitqk qiibl ick ezeknqa driizqd

.xvga mxewny52

azk' epek el` mifeg .wicv oial dlidwd oia miinyx mifeg oirn enzgp mizrloyxc ly miizxeqnd eiciwtzl wx dziid `l dpeekd ik s` 'zepax azk' e` 'zecibnly 'ezrnynl dxq' dlidwd dit lry ziccd zeaiigzd e`hia el` minkqd .ax e`mipfg ,mipax oebk) 'ycew ilk' dkeza zepnl zicrlad zekfd z` eicil zxqene wicvdenk .dlidway ezirxn o`v lr zipgexd ezeqg z` yxet wicvd dxenzae (mihgey e`df mkqd lr dnizgd .('zecnrn') xvgl zlebleb qn oirn mlyl minzegd eaiigzd okxacde ,dycg mipin`n zlidw lr wicvd zehlzyd ly oexg` aly mrt `l dziid

.liaepx'v zeciqg ly mipeyd ditpra ,dpi`xwe`a xwira hla53,ef dbdpd jxcdieyry ,dywep zihqil`ixehixh dqitz exvi ,dl eelpy miizeklnd mipiit`nde

51dxrd lirl) oixtliid ;103-95 'nr ,(f"hyz) c ,xard ,'diqexa zeicedid zexagd' ,u`hiel 'i.332-313 'nr ,(19

52:e`x zexeage miwicv iqgi ly mipey minbclPetrovsky-Shtern (above note 35), pp.

20–54'nr ,(18 dxrd lirl) sq` :dpfeila `yicw dxaga f"yx zgtyn ipa ly mzexag lr .milyexi ,'l`xyi ade`'d zexb` :e`x zexeag iwqra dht` ix"enc` ly mzeaxern lr .63zeipyn zxag qwptn' :e`x oilx`w ix"enc` lr .cqw-qw ,glw-flw ,fp-ep ,n 'nr ,q"yz

(e"nyz) c-b ,l`xyie oxd` zia ,'wqpit cily daep`i xiraliaepx'v ix"enc` lr .`v 'nr ,.154-151 'nr ,(16 dxrd lirl) aiby :e`x

53ly mdizelert' ;198-197 'nr ,(18 dxrd lirl) l"pd ;416-409 'nr ,(17 dxrd lirl) sq`oekiy ,dxez ly dxzk ,'zcd xnyn lr mzcinre xecd zbdpda lia`pxryh zia iwicv

.146-140 'nr ,(16 dxrd lirl) aiby ;cvw-hqw 'nr ,d"qyz wxei eip ,dxieewq

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

95

df 'miylet'd miwicv oiae zelaeb zeieciqg oia miwqet izlad mikeqkqd z` xiaqdl.df ly enegzl

dxEacE daezk ziciqg dxivi .4§

oeixtd oia iynn xrt xwcfn diqexa zixewnd ziciqgd dxivia opeaznd ipirl.zexg`d zecrd ly df oial c"age alqxa zeieciqga e`veny izextqd

ly dpey`xd zivgnd jldna d`iyl zixewnd dxivid dribd alqxa zeciqgaeax zyxen z` xniyy ,aexinpn ozp ly swidd ax elrtna ,dxyr ryzd d`ndzelirtde dtepzd dnlap ezxiht xg`l j` .envr lyn dnk it dilr siqedemixeviw zextqle ozp 'x ligpdy zebeq iewigl dnvnhvd zialqxad zizextqddcnzda eqtcp c"ag zeciqga ,z`f znerl .ozp 'xe ongp 'x iazk ly dtpr miyexiteminrtle ,mix"enc`dn cg` lk ly ezebdn zeiciqg zexeze miyexc ly miax mikxkziciqg dcr oi` ik xnel xyt` .dkld ixtq mb ('wcv gnvd'e f"yx lv` `vnpy enk)

ka zeciqga `l` cala iqexd agxna `l ,zxg`.dnec swida dxivi daipdy ,llhrnk diqexa elrty zexg`d zelyeya miwicvd ly zixewnd zizextqd mzxivioileta e` divilba dxyr ryzd d`na elrty miwicvl d`eeyda i`ceea ,dxkip `l`l mizrle ,ipepw cnrn cg` xtq laiw zeieciqgd aexa ,llk jxca .zi`qxbpewd,liaepx'vn megp ly eizeyxc ea etq`py 'mipir xe`n' xtqd .llk `vnpa dfk didade`' mixtqd mb jk ;liaepx'v zeieciqga dfk cnrnn dpdp ,iwqxah zgtyn ia`.mipelqa 'dceard ceqi'e ,oilx`w zlyeya 'oxd` zia' ,dht` zlyeya 'l`xyi.dnec cnrnl dkfy ixewn xtq mey did `l dxebicqÎoi'fex zeieciqgl ,z`f znerlzizhiy dxin`n diqexa miwicv ly zpeekn zebiizqd lr ef drtez dcird llk jxcaªdze` exiaqd mdiciqg e` mnvr miwicvde ,micrenae zezaya zeciqg ixac ly

.(miciqgd ly dkenpd mzbxcnl e` miwicvd zepzeeprl iehia) zepey mikxcaj` ,zipgex zezigp ly ixtk leflfa dbivdl ehp ef drteza eppeazdy milikyndbdpdl zicrlad jxck zeciqga qtzp `l izxeqnd ipyxcd giyd xac ly ezin`l

.zipgex zelirt swynd ccnl aygp `l qtcpd xtqd s`e ,zihnfixk54mb ,cere z`fegipd `l ,oileta wvFwe dgqiyR enk ,ipcnl oweica egazydy zeieciqg icqiin§§

.jkl miipexwr minrh epzp s`e ,ynn ly yexc ixtq mdixg`55,mixvw dxez ixac

54.65-64 'nr ,a"pyz aia` lz ,zeciqgd ziy`xa xetiqe xteq ,xtq ,qixb 'f55ziaa yexc ixtq zaizk mr zeccenzd :"mc`" eny z` `xw`e ...xtq xagl izivx' ,odk '`

ly dpey`xd zivgna oileta zeciqgd' ,onlb '` ;86 ,18-4 'nr ,(e"qyz) 28 ,ienic ,'`gqiyt

aiby icbe sq` cec

96

miiciqg migwla zlaeznd oileg zgiy s`e mixzle`n minqixet` ,mixetiqe milyndrahay ,ef zil`xF` zyxene ,h"yrad ini f`n ziciqgd dieegd z` md mb epiit`

.micinlz iazka (llka m`) minil wx dtq`p ,zizhiy izlae zxfetn `id

dpicnde zeciqgd .b

mifekix oda eidy zeicedi zelidw diqexl egteq (1772) dpey`xd dwelgd xg`lelib miiqexd zepehlyd ,llkk .wqahieE wqpin iklta cgeina ,miaeyg miiciqgiwa`na mzeaxernl xeywd lka cgeina xkip xacd .miciqgd itlk ziqgi zeplaeqixeaiv mxebk miciqgd zegkepl ielbd iehiad eid zr dze`ay ,micbpzne miciqgeygxzdy mirexi` svxk llk jxca zx`ezn miciqgl zecbpzdd zyxt .rityn

.(1801-1796 ,1784-1780 ,1780-1772) mitekze miixwir milb dyelya56lkly s`,izhiye obxe`n ,siwn wa`nn wlg eid md ,zepey ze`veze mipey miripn eid lbmpn` lgd miciqga wa`nd .`"xbd ly lirt ieaibn dpdp miixwird eikldnayca zetivxa jynp `ed j` ,diqexl ogetiq mxh cer dplie e` aFlwW enk zelidwa§§ezeipeig lr erityd `l d`xpd lkky ,xhynd iiepiye zeipicnd zexenzd mr caadii`xn miraepd miipexwr miizlidwÎlr miwa`n oia oigadl yi ,df mr .eznvere,miinewn mikeqkq e` gek iwa`n oial ,zpkeqn zepin zrepzk zeciqgd ly ztxeb.mzbdpd jxc lya zxewial dxhn eidpy miccea miyi` aex it lr eid mdi`yenyzepehlyd ly mzeaxern dybxed `l hrnk mipey`xd qenletd ilb ipya ,cere z`f

.ce`n dhla `id iyilya eli`e ,miiqexd,zecbpzdd zxia ,dplie ly diqexl dgetiq did zepehlyd zeaxerna aeyg mxebdqiqz ly miielibl yibx did ifekixd iqexd oehlydy gipdl xyt` .1795 zpyaeyyg xwiray ,eibivp ipfe` .xxetznd ipletd oehlyd xy`n xzei daxd ziniptxzei zeiexk eid ,zexkend zezcd on zeheqd zei`yg zeceb`n e` zihilet zepxzgnzepehlyd l` miaixid miccvd ept iyilyd qenletd lba ,ok`e .zeinipt zepyldlzeipt ly ixt wx dziid `l ef zeaxern j` .mzaehl mqiible jeqkqa maxrl zpn lroehlya miiepiyd rwx lr dpiadl yi `l` ,('zepyld' zizxeqnd dtya epeky) zenefiegkepy ,micbpznd ly lekqzd zyegz lr sqep .micedid ly ycgd iwegd mcnrnezix`vd zepwz 1795 zpya enqxtzp ,zeciqgd zehytzd z` melal mgeka oi` ik

zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,'dcre zebidpn ly zeibeletih :dxyr dryzd d`nd.224-218 'nr ,a"ryz milyexia

56.xwgna dnkqenk lawzd `ede 289-242 ,169-107 'nr ,(2 dxrd lirl) aepaec rivd df sewiz

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

97

.seb iyperae zenxga ynzydl zicedid dbdpdd lr xq`p odae dpixhwi57df xeqi`micbpznd zlekia mb `linne ,miinipt miwa`n ledip ly zeizxeqnd mikxca rbts` lr ywazn `ven `et` dziid zepehlyl diiptd .mxgd wypa miciqga wa`idloelyikne mgek zenvrzdn miccern eidy ,miciqgd mb .dl deelpy ililyd orhnd

.micbpzna rebtl ick ef jxc elvip ,mdiaiximiphw ,miinewn mikeqkqa miiqexd zepehlyd eaxrzd okl mcew xak dyrnlon xarna wqpit ipax ly mzgcde miepin zyxt `id zipiite` dnbec .milecbk.(1793 zpya diipyd dwelga diqexl dgteq wqpit) iqexd oehlyd l` ipletd oehlydul`p `ed) wgvi iel iciqgd axd gced ,micbpznd ly cak ugl xg`l ,1785 zpyaeiepin zxenz mliyy ,miig oa xecbia` cbpznd axd dpen enewnae ,(a'vicxal xearlwqpit ly dgetiq mr caa ca .xird ly ipletd hilyle 'ldw'l mevr sqk mekq.'ldw'a dhilyd z` mdicil xiardl ,dlidwa aexd eidy ,miciqgd egilvd diqexl`iad ,oilet megza ex`ypy ,(wqixae dpcexb ,dplie) zecbpzdd ifkxnn wezipdaxd ly ezgcd .xira dax dcd`n dpdp `l `linny ,cbpznd axd ly egek zcixilieaiba ik s` zihxwenc jxca dzyrp d`xpke ,getiqd xg`l jenq dygxzd xecbia`xecbia` axd ly ziccdd mzngln .miciqgd eywia ezeaxrzd z`y iqexd oehlydgetiw) miihxtd eipiipr da ealzyde ,dxyr dpenyd d`nd seq cr dkynp miciqgdecinlz envr z` d`xy ink ziciqgÎihp`d enler ztwyde (wqpita zeilklkd eizeiekf

.(ezxiwgle ipyd exq`nl `iade ic`iln onlf xe`ipy lr opelzdy df `ed) `"xbd58

`hile dpald diqex zelidw ly ycgn ocegi` ,miinewn mirexi` ly mzetxhvdzereny ly ozehytzde ,(1795) ziyilyd dwelgd mr iqexd oehlyd itpk zgzwa`nd ly zycegn zevxtzdl e`iad ,zeciqgl ezecbpzdn ea xfg `"xbdy zeqxebd

.miciqga59e`iyl ribd `ede ,`hila zetqep zelidwae dplieea did wa`nd fkxnmwed dplieeay jkl e`iad miccvd ipyn zenil` iielib .(1797) `"xbd zxiht xg`ldieca e` zizin` zepiixar lr zepehlyl migeeice ,miciqgd zticxl cgein cre

.wa`na inihibl irvn`k eqtzp60

,miciqge miwicv ly mixq`ne zexiwgl ,x`yd oia ,dliaed zepehlyl diiptd

57S. M. Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, I, Philadelphia 1916, pp.

319–320

58.104-79 'nr ,(9 dxrd lirl) acp59'nr ,(a"pyz) 4 ,c"ag mxk ,(jxer) oiiycpen 'i :e`x elld zerenyd ly zipwtq dkxrdl

.211-20560qwh` l`epnr ly zepeyd mdizecnr e`x miciqgd cbp wa`na eciwtze `"xbd iripn zl`yl

.331-273 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl) dcre wicv :oiiycpen ryedie

aiby icbe sq` cec

98

zny`a 1798 xanhtqa xq`py ,dpfeiln f"yx c"ag iciqg bidpn did mday hleadenr .dplieen uiaeciec yxid mya dieca zencn lawzdy geeic zeawra ,zepxzg.'uiaegln ikcxne xecn`n l`eny (zeiciqg zexeqn itl) mdae ,mitqep miwicv exvrp.bxeaxht hwpql xared ,xq`na x`ypy ,f"yx eli`e xvw onf xg`l exxgey mixevrd

egl zehxetnd eizeaeyzeiekifl e`iad ,dzhiye zeciqgd z` bivd oday ,eixwdrced enqxt s` zepehlyd .(1798 xanaep) h"pwz elqka h"ia `lkdn exexgyle

.zepxzg cygn 'mipilx`w'd llk z` dwpnd61

jtdd j` ,ef drced xe`l eylgii micbpznde miciqgd iwa`n ik zetvl xyt` diddzr eyg miciqgdy meyn d`xpd lkk ,envrzp s`e ekynp miinewn miwa`n .dxwmiciqg egeeic 1799 ziy`xa ,dnbecl jk .zepehlyd mr mdixywa oeghia xzimiyp`a dztlgdl e`iade mxira 'ldw'd zbdpda mixcqÎi` lr zepehlyl dplieeaonf wxtl dziid - zixwird zecbpzdd zxife `"xbd ly exir - dplie .mnrhn

.ziciqg62

afke`n .zepaxd zxynn ezgcd lya miig oa xecbia` ly ewa`n jynp wqpita`ed 1800 aia`a .zeciqga llek wa`nl ihxtd ewa`n z` jetdl hilgd ,epelyikneizeny`d .my`xa f"yxe miciqgd cbp zeax zepelz eae xikfz zepehlyl xiardcgeina ,dpicnd iweg lr zexara ozvwne l`xyi zca lekiak dribta oxwira ewqr¥jk awr .aie`l aygpy ip`n'zerd oehlya f` dziidy l`xyi ux`l mitqk zxarddyely mezae ,mrtd mb .eiciqgn dnk enre ,(1800 xanaep) zipya f"yx xq`p.bxeaxht hwpqa x`yidl yxcp j` ,e`lkn xxgeye f"yx dkef ,dxiwg ly zereay,la`t x`vd ly egvxid - miine`ztd oehlyd itelig lya d`xpd lkk ,1801 qxna.ezial aeyl dyxed f"yxe ef dlabd dxqed - oey`xd xcpqkl` ly oehlyl eziilreegteqy micedid itlk die`xd zeipicnd zriawa oehlyd ibeg ewqr onf wxt eze`azpy ly dwiwgd dziid df cinzn jildza dptn zcewp .miycgd dipizpl eide diqexlly inepehe`d dgek zphwd .'ldwd' oehly zylgdl ,x`yd oia ,dt`yy 1804ly ozekfa dyrnl xikd oehlyd .miciqgd mr `weec daihid zizxeqnd dlidwdxegale micxtp dlitz ipiipn cqiil ,izc rwx lr bltzdl dlidwd jeza zeveaw

.zipgexd mzebidpn z` mnvrl63

eqtzp ,ekeza miciqgde ,ellka icedid xeaivd ly ehan zcewpn ,z`f znerl

61.76-29 ,23-21 'nr ,(a"pyz) 4 ,c"ag mxk ;263-259 'nr ,(2 dxrd lirl) aepaec62'nr ,h"nyz aia` lz ,1881-1495 ,mipey`x zexec :`hilc milyexi ,dplie ,xpfielw 'i

.124-11963.53 sirq ,256 ,241-240 'nr ,d"pyz milyexi ,diqexl oilet oia ,xbpih` 'y

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

99

zexikgd wyn xerxr cgeinae ,(miiciqgd zexewna 'oihwpERd zxfb') zepwzd itirq¥§§.da wa`idl yiy dxfbk ,leabl mikenqd mixtka micedi zaiyi repnl oeiqipde¥etzzyd md llk jxca oky ,icegii dlert qetc zedfl dyw zeciqgd ibidpn zaebzaizy .dkekix e` dpwzd lehial zepeiqipa zicedid dxagd ly mixg` mibivp mr cgioeiqipe zizxeqn zeplczy (`) :miiciqg mibidpn ly mzelirt z` epiit` mikxc

.zeib`ne zeizc zewihwxta yeniy (a) ;zihilet zepbx`zdlmitqk qeib ly rqnl zr dze`a `vi xy` ,dpald diqexa miciqgd bidpn ,f"yx

,'zihilet' zepzlrtl dnbec `ed ,mixtkdn eyxeby micedi ornl64`id jkeexira a'vicxan wgvi iel qpiky mihlea miiciqg mibidpn dnk ly zecreezd mb

.dletyn ('`aqd') aiil dix`e 'feai'fnn jexa mb da etzzyde65z`f znerlze`igne micewix ly zihqin jxca dxfbd z` lhal dqipy alqxan ongp lr xteq¥

.sk66

etk`l eywzd zepehlyd oky ,ynen `l hrnke dgcp mpn` mixtkd on yexibdreaw mei`k dttepzd yexibd axg j` ,miyxebnl miwtqn dhilw irvn` cinrdleywiay cecird did mixtka daiyid xeqi` rahn ly ipyd ecv .micedid iy`x lrniyrn iehia icil e`ay ,micedid axwa divfiaihwecext zepeiqipl wiprdl oehlydinin c"ag ibidpn .dycgd diqex iklta cgeina zei`lwg zeayen znwdaxxebzdl miciqg egly s`e ef zeayiizda eknz jli`e (irvn`d x"enc`d) xra aec

.my67

zenglnl xeyw miciqgd itlk zepehlyd ly iplaeqd qgil mxzy sqep rexi`,llka diqex iciqgn dl ekfy dkinzd lr zepehlyd ly dcezd zxkdle oe`iletp68

f"yx sxhvd ,diqex jezl encwzd ztxv ze`avyk ,1812 zpya .hxta c"ag iciqgeztxvl dielbd ez`py .x`va jenzl eiciqgl `xwe dgxfn beqpd iqexd `avl,zicedid zxeqnd zenly lr divtivpn`d ikxra melbd mei`dn eyyg ,zipe`iletpd

64x"enc` w"k ,irvn`d x"enc` w"k ,owfd x"enc` w"k z`n ycew zexb` ,(jxer) oiel c"yoe`ha ,oiiycpen 'i :e`x f"yx ly df erqn lr .anw-`nw 'nr ,f"nyz oilwexa ,'wcv gnv'd

.13-9 'nr ,r"yz [c"ng] ,aeyhicxa rqn ,l"pd ;18-12 'nr ,(`"lyz) 32 ,c"ag65exa epi` dqepik creny ,ef dcire lr;347-343 'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) oixtliid :e`x x

'nr ,(64 dxrd lirl) c"ag oe`ha ,oiiycpen .255-254 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl) hxal`Îhxettx.ef dtq`a a'vicxan wgvi iel ly ezetzzyd zl`ya wtq lihd ,44 dxrd ,16

66.bi oniq ,ezaiyie ezcil mewn ;e oniq ,zexezdl mikiiyd zegiy (49 dxrd lirl) o"xden iig67inia diqexa mixtkd yexib' ,iela 'r ;6-5 'nr ,a ,a"qxz a'vicxa ,iax zia ,o`nliid n"g

bi ,h"yrad lkid ,'yexibd zxifbl zeciqgd ilecb ly mlrete mqgi :zeciqgd ziy`x.cpw-nw 'nr ,(e"qyz)

68.(19 dxrd lirl) 'diqex zepehly len zicedi zebivp ceqia `ht`n w"dxd ly ezelirt'

aiby icbe sq` cec

100

zxdven dcnr zexecl eraw ezgtyn ipa lre eilr opebl iqexd oehlyd ly ezepekpe.iqexd oehlyd itlk c"ag iciqg ly zepn`p ly69

.(1855-1825) oey`xd i`lewip ly einia dwqtp zepehlyd ly ziqgid zeilxailddbxcda eid miwicv dnk ly zixeaivd mzepzlrte zeciqgd ly dxidnd dzehytzdiciqg ly mbidpn xvrpe xwgp 1825 zpya xak ,ok`e .zepyldle awrnl reaw `yeplzpwzl cebipa milret miwicvdy dpyld rwx lr ,f"yx ly epa xra aec ,c"agmixirv ly mzeninz z` milvpn ,minevr sqk inekq mixaevy rva itcex md :1804.dny` lkn iaxd dkef ,ivge dpyk ekynpy ,zexiwg xg`l .zelidw lr mihlzyne70

icegii ilily mxeb oehlyd ipira miciqgd eaygp `l miyelyd zepy seq cr ,df mremiptd xy ,aFcElA ixhinc .zicedid diiqelke`d llkn cxtpa enr ccenzdl yiy§dqitzd zpigan ik ,1834 zpya ,azkyk zepehlyd zcnr z` d`xpk swiy ,iqexd,llka zicedid zcd ,ezrcl .mdicbpznl miciqgd oia ipexwr lcad oi` zizcdmixf z`py zccern dzeida ilklke izxag wfp znxeb ,miicenlzd diieliba cgeinamikixv 'oewiz'd ivn`n .ziqexd dxaga micedid ly dtevnd mzealzyd z` zrpeneitlk zpier dcnrn xdfidl ie`x okle ,zicedid dxagd llk itlk mipten zeidl `et`

.zinihibl dzcnr ik wiqz zxg`d dveawdy meyn ,zg` dveaw71okzii ,cere z`fmixaebd eivn`na oehlyl riiql egeka yiy iaeig mxebk eqtzp oiicr miciqgd ik.1844 zpya oihelgl lhea reciky cqen ,'ldw'd ly zizxeqnd dbdpdd zylgdl

ly zepype zexfegd mdizeywal zepridl xeyw zepehlyd zcnrl aeyg iehiazepen` dvitn mzhiyly ,zeciqge dlaw zextq zqtcd lr zelabd lihdl milikynmzelirt zxngdl `iad df jldn .dpicnle icedid xeaivl mixeng miwfp znxebe ladel` wx `le) diqexa ixard qetcd iza lk ly ,1836 zpya ,mzxibqle mixefpvd lyixar qetc zia cer) xinehi'fae dplieea - miipyl hxt ,(ziciqg zextq miqitcnd,oeiyix yekxl evl`p el` qetc iza .(zi`qxbpewd oiletay dyxeea lertl siqeddize`vez lry ,'qetcd zxfb' .ce`n dnvnev mzelirte ,zizpy dxikga mdl xqnpy¥

.zepgnd lka deey dcina drbte 1862 zpya wx dlhea ,milikynd mb ehxgzd72

miciqg oia mb ,mikynzn mikeqkql cwen qetcd iza eid dxibqd evl mcew cer

69dxrd lirl) ycew zexb` :1813 idlya xra aec epa ly azkna dhxet ztxv itlk f"yx zcnr'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) `ixel ;12 'nr ,b ,(67 dxrd lirl) o`nliid :mb e`x .fnx-flx 'nr ,(64

.413-386 'nr ,(6 dxrd lirl) qwh` ;7270.g"pyz wxei eip ,irvn`d x"enc` zle`be xq`n ,oiel c"y71.166 ,43 'nr ,c"yz aia` lz ,jexa l"i mbxz ,miixehqid miazk ,bxeafpib 'y72'x ;194-192 'nr ,1960 aia` lz ,e ,l`xyi zextq zeclez ,bxapiv 'i ;44-40 'nr ,my

.93-92 'nr ,1970 aia` lz ,d ,mipexg` zexec :l`xyi ini ixac ,xld`n

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

101

qetcd zia zyxt cgeina dreci .'qetcd zxfb'l mwlg z` enxz el` s`e ,micbpznl¥qgpt wicvd i`v`v ,`xity zgtyn ipa icia ldep xy` ,oildeeay dhEe`lqa ixard¨zepya qetcd zia z` eldipy ,qgpte `a`Îl`eny mig`d .(1790Îa xhtp) uxewnzqtcdn mzebiizqde iciqgd mqegii lya .xkip ote`a ezelirt z` eaigxd ,miyelydxwird eid `l zeciqge dlaw ixtqy s`) 'iciqg'k qetcd zia ddef dlkyd ixtqmy eqtcpy ilaad cenlzd ly zex`etnd zexecdnd enqxtzd cgeina .(ezxvezadxecdn ly dqtcd dplieea dlgd 1834 zpya .diqexl uegn mb dax dxwein epdpeiqitcn .'micbpzn'd mr dzdefe miaeyg mi`hil mipaxn 'zenkqd' dlaiwy ,dxgznmiwicve mipax zexyr etzzyd dvxty zwelgnae ,leab zbqd jka e`x dhee`lqmiciqg oia miizxag miwa`n mr mixvei zeiekf ly miilklk milewiy da eaaxrzpedpyld lya dhee`lqa qetcd zia xbqp ,zwelgnd zxrqa ,1835 zpya .micbpznl,exq`p md .ielz `vnpy qetcd zia icaern jxek ly ezena mig`d ly mwlg lr,1855Îa wx .dilbdle miyw seb iyperl epecip seqale ,mipy yely aiiwa e`lkp

.ayend megzl aeyl eyxed mde myper wzned ,x`vd zen xg`l73

.miciqgl zepehlyd ly qgia iepiya oigadl xyt` ok` miyelyd zepy onldilecetay uiyE`Îeaep dxiira micedi mipiyln ipy ly gvx did jkl mxzy rxe`nlr .gvxl exeyi` z` ozp ik oi'fexn l`xyi wicvd my`ed dxiwgd jldna .(1836)okldnay ,ivge mipy yelyk jyna xwgpe xvrp `ed iciqgd xeaiva mxd ecnrn s`zeilklkde zeixeaivd zertydd lre miwicvd ly daxd mzrtyd lr zepehlyd ecnrizxhyn gewit lya j` ,dny` lkn l`xyi 'x dkef xac ly eteqa .jka zekexkd.diqex z` aefrl hilgd ayend megzl uegn l` yexiba mei`e eilr lhedy wecd

qa ayiizd `ed zeax ze`lz xg`l 1841 zpyamye zixhqe`d dpiaeweaay dxebiczeciwtd j` hlnpd wicvd z` eicil xibqdl yxc iqexd oehlyd .exvg z` ycig

.dlilya daiyd zixhqe`d74

ztreqn dxiwg dgztp day dpey`xd mrtd d`xpk dziid uiye` irexi` zxiwgmiwicvd eid jli`e o`kn .dpyldl daebza `le zepehlyd znfeia iciqg wicv cbp.uxtp oeifigl eid miwicv lr zelabn zlhde miawrn ,zexiwg :zepcygl reaw `yendnbnd dwfgzd cg` cvn :zeaxern eid uiye` dyrn zxiwgn oehlyd zepwqn.icn ax gek xavy ,dvgnl i`yg ,inepehe` sebk qtzpy ,'ldw'd lehiaa zccvnd

73dyrn) "dhiee`lqn mig`"d' ,`xity 'g ;61-58 'nr ,f"pxz dyxe ,wgvi zeclez ,uiytil d"izixw ,'oileta ixard qetcd zeclezl' ,cpiwaix 'i ;554-541 'nr ,(c"rxz) l ,geliyd ,'(didy

;101-100 'nr ,(c"vxz) `i ,xtqS. Ginsburg, The Drama of Slavuta, translated from

the Yiddish by E. H. Prombaum, Lanham, MD 1991

74.191-163 'nr ,(17 dxrd lirl) sq`

aiby icbe sq` cec

102

ritydl egekay ,zizlidwÎlr dhixehe` lrak wicvd ly eienic wfgzd ,xg` cvnly ezexnl `linn oezp miax zenewnay ,'ldw'd xy`n xzei icedid xeaivd lrjli`e o`kn enxb exq`n zra iaxd mdl dkfy dkinzde dvxrdd iielib .wicvd

.miwicvd cbp dxxyd gek zlrtda miqeqidlmilikynd oia xywd wfgzdy lkk dbxcda dzpzyd zeciqgd itlk dyibdaex .zizxeqnd dxagd ipa ly mdiig zegxe` z` 'owzl' szeynd mpeiqipa zepehlyl,zecdia zilpeivx izlad zxeqnde dlawd zyxeik zeciqgd z` eqtz dlkydd ixaec.zicedid dxagle zcl dievxd cizrd zpenz lr znii`nd zilily drtez da e`x okle`l j` ,zil`ehixitqdÎzihqind dzxeza dcwnzd zeciqgd lr zilikynd zxewiadikilen milkepke zevx` inrk ebvedy miwicva xwirae ,miizxagd diieliba zegtlr iynn mei` ipgexd mnlerae milikyna e`x miciqgd eli`e ;dxxy ia`ze lleyel` miwa`n .`qib jci`n sixg wa`ne `qib cgn zeppebzd wicvny ,zxeqnd zenlymd .ixeaivde izlidwd xeyina jkn zegt `le ,izextqde ikepigd xeyina eldpzd.xg` e` df cv zaehl mqiibl un`na zepehlyd mr dlert seziye zepyld mb ellkmgek znvrdl enxz jkae ,zixa ilra milikyna llk jxca e`vn zepehlyd ibivp

,zicedid dxaga75exikdy ,zeinewnd zenxa llk jxca ,mixg` miciwt mb eid j`miciwt .miwicvd ly axd ilklkd mgekae dpicnl miciqgd ly ziqiqad mzepn`paiiga zkl zwigxn zeaxrzdn erpnpe zeaivid lr dxinyd z` mrt `l eticrd el`

.miciqgd76inpic `et` did zepehlyde milikynd ,miciqgd oia xvepy miqgid jxrnmb ipiite` `l` diqexl icegii epi` `ed ef dpigane ,mewnde onfd i`pz it lr dpzyde

.zi`qxbpewd oiletae divilba micedid ly mdiig ieedl77

miizxeqnd miicedid yealde jepigd ixcqa dtiwn dnxetx zetkl oehlyd ivn`n

75'dne`'n ,lhxa 'i ;15-12 'nr ,f"lyz milyexi ,diqex zecdia dlkydd zrepz ,iwvelq 'i.121-118 'nr ,a"qyz [aia` lz] ,1881-1772 dtexi`Îgxfn icedi :'me`l'l

76Îihp` dxivi dplieea qitcdl et`n mdxa`n dlkydl cxynd rpn 1855 zpya ,lynl jkxxerl dlelre zwcev dpi`' mi`zayl miciqg oia xteqd jxry d`eeyddy did wenipd .ziciqgez`ced itl ,deednd ,zicedid diiqelke`d ly cakp dk wlg cvn zexnxnzde dyw znerxz

lyiazkn ,[jxer] xepic v"a) 'diqexa zicedid diiqelke`d ly yilyÎipy ,envr et`n dxend.(288-287 'nr ,l"yz milyexi ,et`n mdxa`

77:df yleyn miqgi jxrnl ze`nbecI. Lurie and A. Zeltser, ‘Moses Berlin and the

Lubavich Hasidim: A Landmark in the Conflict between Haskalah and Hasidism’,

Shvut, 5, 21 (1997), pp. 50–57zepaxax :1816 zpya bxanla mxgd' ,oiwpn 'x ;(diqexa);(divilba) 198-173 'nr ,(g"qyz) br ,oeiv ,'zicedi ditxbeixehqide zilikynM.

Wodziński, Haskalah and Hasidism in the Kingdom of Poland: A History of

Conflict, Oxford 2005, pp. 86–94.(zi`qxbpewd oileta)

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

103

swiy dakxdy ,zcgein dcre .dxyr ryzd d`nd ly mirax`d zepya m`iyl eribdi`na bxeaxht hwpqa dqpek ,ayend megza zicedid dxagd ly mipeyd diblt z`z` .('dlynnd mrhn dlkyd') micedil miipxcen xtq iza znwda oecl dyxcpe 1843ly iyilyd x"enc`d ,('wcv gnvd') 'uiee`aeiln oeqxe`ipy lcpn mgpn bvii miciqgd

.oehlyd ipira cakpd ecnrn lr dcird ea dxigade ,c"ag78ibivp eyr dcreed ipeica.okkxl zegtd lkle dlynnd zervd z` lhal zpn lr zg` ci izxeqnd dpgndseziy ly zqietn zeipicn hwp ,mzcnra miyegp zepehlyd ik oiady ,'wcv gnvd'

.eherina rxk qtzy dn lr gwnzdl dqipe dlert79

oehlyd zepeiqipl mzeqgiizda mb dhla diqexa mix"enc`d ly zihnbxtd mzcnrzxfb' micedi ita dpeky ,evd .micedid ly zipevigd mzrted lr zenxetx zetkl¥xg`e diqexa dligz ,1850 seqa swezl qpkidl xen` dide 1845 zpya ozip ,'yeald,df evn miixwird mirbtpd oia zeidl mixen` eid miciqgd .zi`qxbpewd oileta jkdnk exaqy itk ,ytp zexiqna jxev e`x `le evl ziivl ehp diqexa mix"enc` mle`dlehial zeplczyd lrtna ygned zeciqgd ly ixef`Îlrd ite`d .oileta mix"enc`1845 zpya diqexa ixeitihpen dyn oacpd ly exewial xywpy ,ef dxfb lyoiletn miaeyg miwicv ea etzzydy ,df un`na .x`vd mr zppkeznd ezyibtlee`a ,(dwxen wgvie ,dxebicqa xak f` ,oi'fexn l`xyi eid mday mihlead) dixhqe`ne¨zeplczy cer `l .ycg beqn ziqwecezxe`Îziciqg dwihilet ly dipvip iehia icil

,miipicn zeleab dvegd ipxcen zelirt qetc `l` ,izxeqnd gqepazepicnn miwicvydiipta od zecbepn zecnr ilra miicedi mibeg cekila od dlert ea mitzyn zepey

.dtexi` axrna miine`lÎoia miicedi minxeb ly mreiql80

78(1847 cr) dcnzda dtq` 'ziyilyd dwlgnd'e izxhyn awrn eilr lhed okl mcew miizpy71 dxrd lirl) bxeafpib :e`x .zipxzg zelirtl oniq lk d`vn `l j` eizece` rcin'nr ,(

.74-59 'nr ,(g"pyz) 4 ,c"ag qcxt ,'b"xz - bxeaxht zcirel zepkd' ,oiel c"y ;65-5979,(jxer) l"pd ,'diqexa dlkydd zrepz cnrna dxenzde "mrhn dlkyd"d zyxt' ,qwh` 'r

;216-167 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,dtexi` gxfna zicedid dlkydd zrepz :miigde zcdM. Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish

Society in Russia, 1825–1855, Philadelphia 1983, pp. 148–154,(7 dxrd lirl) `ixel ;;20-9 'nr ,b ,(67 dxrd lirl) o`nliid :e`x dcireed lr ziciqgd hand zcewpl .78-65 'nr

.h"lyz oilwexa ,'dlkydd' zrepze 'wcv gnvd' x"enc`80'x ,'miycgd mipnfd mr ybtna oilet iwicv :diqwecezxe`e zeplczy' ,lhxa 'ie sq` 'c

milyexi ,oilet zeciqga mixwgn :dyrn iyp`e miwicv ,(mikxer) wexny 'g ,lhxa 'i ,xe`il`ilecb' ,iela 'r :mb e`x .90-65 'nr ,c"pyzai ,h"yrad lkid ,'miyealnd zxifbe zeciqgd

;ckw-ev 'nr ,(e"qyz)M. Wodziński, ‘Hasidism, Shtadlanut, and Jewish Politics in

Nineteenth-Century Poland: The Case of Isaac of Warka’, The Jewish Quarterly

Review, 95, 2 (2005), pp. 290–320

aiby icbe sq` cec

104

cr mipyid miinepehe`d zecqend z` dcnzda eyilgd mpn` miiqexd zepehlydly ozelirta `lnzd xvepy llgd mle` ,1844 zpya 'ldw'd ly inyxd elehialzeknq ly cnrnn dpdpy wicvd oy`xae ,zeiciqgd zFcrd .zeycg zeitelg zexbqnin cer did `ly mi`yepa letihl zeixg`d z` onvr lr od s` elaiw ,zixqene zizc

.mda weqriy81ly qgiay ixhpelFedÎiphpetqd ceqide xvgd ly ipebx`d gekdexvepy ocira zeciqgd ly dgek zenvrzdl `weec e`iad mdibidpn l` miciqgd

.dzylgdl miipevig mi`pzly oehlyl eziilre ,'micedid xxev'k qtzpy ,(1855) oey`xd i`lewip ly ezene`x ,dxab oehlyd ibega mzrtydy ,milikynd .zeax zeewza eel ipyd xcpqkl`ªz` bivdl ekiynde mpefg meciwl zepncfd ycgd x`vd ly zeilxaild zexdvda.zaaeqd dxaga micedid ly mzealzyd oefg zgz zxzegd zilily dveawk miciqgdlr ritydl md mb eqipe zihiletd mzeaxern z` miiciqg mibidpn exiabd caa ca,'wcv gnvd' zbdpda ,c"ag zeciqga xkip xacd .micedid itlk oehlyd zeipicnitk ,zei`lwg zeipelewa ayiizdl miciqg cecira od zcgein zepzlrt dzliby

,oehlyd dtivy82zepehlyd epiny mipax zecreea mixagd ly mzedf lr drtyda od.mrtl mrtn83

qgia drxd ly oniqa llk jxca zecner miyiyde miyingd zepy ,ok it lr s`ly mgeka zxwean izla diilrn yygd lya oia ,miciqgd l` zepehlyd ly1854 zpya x`vd xyi`y zepwz .milikynd ly zxaebd mzrtyd lya oia miwicvdmiwicvd lr gewitd z` xiabdl ayend megza mikltd ly miillkd milyenl exed

.xyi` `l oehlydy zenewna miciqg ly zeizc zeieqpkzd repnle84el` zepwzaoehlyd ibivp elrt dxe`le ,miciqgd itlk dpeeMy zinyx zeipicn dpey`xl dcrezª

.dxyr ryzd d`nd ly mipenyd zepy seq cr zegtlepgape eaye miwicv ly mzelirt xg` izxhynd awrnd xabed ef zeipicnn wlgk

.llk jxca eynen `l od j` ,ayend megzl uegn l` myexibl zevlnd85micrv

81.61-59 'nr ,(75 dxrd lirl) lhxa82jltay wqiexaeal jenq) oixc'vy mya zi`lwg dfeg` x"enc`d ykx miyiyd zepy ziy`xa¤

- c"ag ;247 'nr ,a"kxz '` xc`a c"i ,lnxkd :e`x .ez`xeda my eayiizd eiciqge ,(wqpinykex "wcv gnv"d x"enc`' ,oiiycpen 'i ;`"iyz wxei eip ,(zixeaiv zepwqr) yhiee`aeil

.mikynda ,66-62 'nr ,(`"qyz oeyga d"k) 928 ,c"ag xtk ,'oixc'vya rwxw83;93-89 ,78-65 'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) `ixelS. Y. Freeze, Jewish Marriage and Divorce

in Imperial Russia, Hanover, NH 2002, pp. 83–95, 245–256

84.51 'nr ,(77 dxrd lirl) xvlfe `ixel85wqahie ,wqplenq iklt ly illkd lyend f` ,aiih`pbi` uilnd 1854 zpya ,dnbecl jk

.(45-44 'nr ,my) lretd l` d`vi `ly dvlnd ,'wcv gnvd' z` xiaiql yxbl ,alidene

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

105

miwicvd elrt my ,ayend megz mexca xwira ehwpp miiciqg mibidpn cbp miliabnmiianet dxxy ipepiba mrt `l dzeel dtiwzd mzbdpd jxcy ,liaepx'v zianª-1808) dplhn iwqxah cec did mday hlead wicvd .mdicbpzn itlk zenil`aemxwira ecrepy ,el` zerqn .ezaiaqa zeicedi zelidw l` zeriqpa daxdy ,(1882¦lr migeeicd .cg`k eicbpzne eivixrn axwa dax dqiqz exxer ,dkinze mitqk qeiblyiy dpwqnd icil zepehlyd z` e`iad oda miaxern eid eiciqgy zenil` zeixwzcg` xg`l ,1865 ipeia .llka miwicvd zrepz z`e hxta eizerepz z` liabdl,zenil`e dqiqz ly cgeina miyw miieliba deely ,mitqk qeibl cec 'x ly eizerqnnªz`vl miwicvd lr xqe`d ev miiaxrnÎmexcd mikltd ly illkd lyend mqxtznizga xy`l erazp s` miwicvd .jltd zepehlyn oeiyix `ll mdixebn zenewnnzelirta zeyw rbt ,'miwicvd zxfb' mya rcepy ,df ev .jkl mznkqd z` mci¥enk ,xzei miyw mirvn`l silgz did `ed zepehlyd ly mhan zcewpn j` ,miwicvd

.ayend megzl uegn l` yexib e` miihtyn mikilda dgizt ,xq`n86zexetq minrtoxd` dilcb cbp yexib ev `ved 1867Îa lynl jk .miwicv cbp yexib ieev e`ved ok`micwd wicvd .zeaiigzdd lr mezgl axiqy ,(uipil zlyey) dwaileweqn 'uiaepiaxxq`p 1869Îa xen`ky ,l`ei wgvi epal wgiy `l lfnd .dipnexl hlnpe dknl d`etx

.dlbede87,reqpl eilr xq`p cvik `ed s` xtiq ,'uiaepiax lyd ryedi wicvd ,eckpoeqxg jltay daefewhpwn eayen mewn z` xiard xy`k ,mipenyd zepy idlya

.aiiw jltay 'uixhqpFnl88 ©§§m` ,mrt icn ewpred d`ivi ixeyi`e etwrl xyt` did evd ly zeiaihwt`d s` lr

.mii`etx miveli` ly wenipa m` cgey zekfa89dwzey `l miwicvd zelirt jk meyn

,(34 dxrd lirl) iwqpcx :e`x .od s` egcp dplhn cec wicvd z` yxbl milikyn ly zevlnd.124-123 'nr

86;199-189 'nr ,(18 dxrd lirl) sq`P. I. Radensky, ‘The Rise and Decline of a Hasidic

Court: The Case of Rabbi Duvid Twersky of Tal’noye’, G. Dynner (ed.), Holy

Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe, Detroit, MI 2011, pp.

135–138

87.21 dxrd lirl e`x88.fp-ep 'nr ,u"xz wxei eip ,laeid xtq ,(jxer) uieexed l"y ,'ryedi iig' ,uiaepiax d"i89exirn reqpl zeyxd on dpnxEd biyd aexwnn wicv eze` ly iyilyd epay ,xacd dxw f`e'¨

n seq`l ,dheyt xzei oeyla .mi`texa le`yloeixbÎoa sqei dkin ixetiq lk ,'dwqtdd') '...oenmiwicvd efgzd evd z` sewrl ick ,b"li ixacl .(dpw 'nr ,`"iyz aia` lz ,[iwqa'vicxa],j"yz aia` lz ,dfext :oecxeb ail dcedi iazk ,'oehiilt ly zigelv' :e`x ,micibn e` mipaxlmegp mgpn ly exarn z` xyt`l ick 1885 zpya dxieewq iciqg epzpy cgeyd lr .gtw 'nr[milyexi] ,miazk ,onaelb 'n :e`x ,dycg ziciqg xvg cqiil oeekzd day ,aewityl iwqxah

.117-116 'nr ,[dltkda ,zizgtyn d`ved] d"qyz

aiby icbe sq` cec

106

mikldne ,ziciqg zelirt oihelgl repnl ozip `l ik epiad zepehlyd .oihelgllr dxiny enk ,mixg` miqxhpi`l micbepn mb `l` zlgez ixqg wx mpi` miipeviw,'miwicvd zxfb' df mr .miwicvd zexvg ly zilklkd dnexzd e` zeaivide xcqd¥

,1896 zpya zinyx dlheay cr 1885 zpya dycgzde dxfgy90oqxn mxeb dziid.dxyr ryzd d`nd ly oexg`d raxa zeciqgd zegztzda

miycgd mipnfde zeciqgd .c

ipeirxd xywda ,oehlyd zenfei mr dlert szyl diqexa miwicv ly mziihp s` lrmiwa`pd y`xa - mixg` zenewna mdizinr enk - mnvr z` ecinrd md iniptd.dizepeirxae dlkydd zextqa etwzydy oeligde zExe`pd zenbna xwirae 'ycg'axzqlt iazk xaig ,ongp 'x ly ezen xg`l alqxa zeciqg ly dpbx`n ,aexinpn ozp,dzextq mr dwinrn zexkid lr miriavn ilqwecxt ote`ay ,dlkydd cbp mitixg91

.miizlynnd xtqd izae dlkydd cbp eizeyxca `vi dplhn iwqxah cec eli`e92

ly mhr ixt ,ziciqgÎihp`d brld zextq mb mzqd on dnxz dlkydd itlk dai`l.xhx` wgvie l"aix ,lxt sqei ,oitl lcpn enk mireci mixteq

onl mle` ,dxyr ryzd d`nd lk zvexna dxkip dlkydl ziciqgd zecbpzddly zelecbd zenxetxd .xzei zllek xayn zrceza aikxl dziid `id miyiyd zepymiizxag mikxr :zepyi zexbqn ly ocnrn zexrxrzdl mb e`iad ipyd xcpqkl`divwitiqexd ikildz .exxetzd zeizxeqn zeizlidwe zeikepig zexbqne epzydxzei edef da miizxeqnd miigdy) 'lhrhy'd zriwy ,daiaqd zeaxzl divxehlew`dexEirde yerizd ,miizxeqnd miilklkd miqetca miiepiyd ,(zepxnye oeeip mr cinznxtqn z` ffiwy) ayend megz icedi ly mxtqna mevrd lecibd ,zetitvd ,miv`endxaeye ipktdn ,ycg izxage ipgex milw` exvi el` lk - lecbd iperde (mixbdndzeizxivil iehia eidy ,yiciiae zixara ,zepezirde dycgd zextqd .zenkqenaiaq eyeaibae icedid ixeaivd giya ixwir ilk mb eid miihzq` miiee`nle zrtey

90oeyga d"k ,uilnd ,'melyd lecb' ;1046 'nr ,f"pxz oeyga 'g ,dxitvd ,'miwicvl oeiyx'.2 'nr ,f"pxz

91'c ,qwh` 'r ,'dlkydde mfi`z`d cbp aexinpn ozp 'x ly qenletd !cala dpen`a' ,xpiit 'y,h"pyz milyexi ,(eh ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) zeciqg ixwgn ,(mikxer) oc 'i ,sq`

.124-89 'nr92І. Галант, ‘До історії боротьби з цадикізмом’, Збірник, 2 (1929), p. 335eig` lr .

sq` :e`x .ezxiira izlynnd xtqd ziaa jnz ik xqnp `weec (1885-1812) dxieewqn wgvi.65 dxrd ,200 'nr ,(18 dxrd lirl)

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

107

etzzyd `l hrnk ,dkeza zeciqgde ,diqwecezxe`d ibivp mle` .miycg zepeirxmexca zerxtd etxhvd drcezae meineid iiga el` zkl iwigxn miiepiyl .dfd giyailnq iehia eide zicedid dxagd ly diblt lk z` erfrfy ,1882-1881 mipya diqex

.dycg dtewz ly dzligzlzexbzqdl zipaend mziihp z` ccig 'ycg'a miciqgd ibidpn ly mwa`ndiaie` eid dlkydde zecbpzdd m` .i`pwe ipxny lv mdilr lihde zeppebzdleod egek z` a`yy ,oeligd df did dzr ,zencewd zetewza zeciqgd ly milecbdziilrn od zipeivd drepzd dfkxnay zipxcend zicedid zeine`ld ziilrnzizxag dibele`ci` zelra zeicedi milret zerepz efkxnay icedid mfil`iveqd

.zilwicxzeciqgd ibidpne dylgpe dkld ,xrepd ipa axwa cgeina ,iciqgd mqwd znverel `evnle sgqd z` melal ick zepey zelert ehwpe ipgexd xaynl mixeeir eid `lzleki lr dax dcina epryp dgek lr xenyl zeciqgd ly divn`n .mled dprnly mdizepeiqip ok lre ,'mixcgd' dy`xae ,zizxeqnd jepigd zkxrn ly dcnzddzecbpzda elwzp miiepiy mda bidpdle el` zecqen lr gwtl oehly iciwte milikynzlgezd xqega dlynnd dxikd 1893 zpya .miicxgd mibegd llk ly dtiwzzizc dkxcd' jli`e o`kn xcbedy ,izxeqnd jepiga zeaxrzd lr dxzieE df wa`nay.zixeaivd jepigd zkxrn ly dnegza `le ziad ly enegza z`vnp xy` 'zihxt93

daiyid cqen .zelecb zeaiyi ly oceqii did iciqgd jepigd megza ynn ly yecig.`hila 'xqend ilra' e` 'micbpzn'd mr xwira f` cr edef 'cinzn'd e` 'ocnl'd zenceyxcn izaa invr cenil eccere zecqennd zeaiyid on ebiizqd s` miiciqg mibidpn

.mifielwe94mikxr l` daiyl wx `l xeyw miciqgd icia mb el` minbc ueni`dieyr daiyia cenild jxcy dxkdl mb `l` ,dxez cenil ly miiciqgÎmcwe miipxny

qg zeaiyi .oeligd xbz`l znled daeyz zeidlmipenyd zepy ziy`xa ecqep zeici.ziqgi xge`n ef drtez dribd diqexa zeciqgl j` ,zi`qxbpewd oiletae divilba95

,ax onf dcinzde zhlead mb dziidy ,diqexa dcqepy dpey`xd ziciqgd daiyid.1897 zpya 'uiee`aeila dcqepy ,'mininz iknez' c"ag zaiyi `id96,z`f lk s` lr

93.215-214 'nr ,g"lyz milyexi ,zeneyxe zexec ,xepic v"a94,xaliq w"n ;w-dv 'nr ,(a"pyz) gx-fx oeilib ,gi ,dixen ,'divilba zeaiyid' ,xcpee 'n

'ilbrna ,'dixbpeda micbpzne miciqg oia :"mipekp minrh dnkn epizpicna ievn oi` zeaiyi"zengln izy oia oileta zeiciqg zeaiyi' ,xttnhy 'y ;97-93 'nr ,(13 dxrd lirl) miciqg

.356-354 'nr ,my ,'mlerd95.361-356 'nr ,my ,xttnhy96:e`x '`hil ixrn zg`a enk' aiiw jltay one`a dplh iciqg 1888 zpya ecqiiy 'daiyi' lr

aiby icbe sq` cec

108

dlkyd dixbeal wiprdl dgeka did `ly ,zizxeqnd jepigd zkxrn ly dcnrn'ocnl'd ly ezxwei mi`lt dcxi jk lr sqepe ,xrxrzp ,zirevwn dxykd e` zillk

.zicedid dxagd ly iniptd ceakd bxcna 'ciqg'd e`¦zlbzqn llk jxca dziid dpxcend iielib itlk diqexa miwicv ly mzyib ,xen`kxzei miiplaeqe miaeyw eidy ,liaepx've c"ag iwicv cgeina ehla .xzei zihnbxte.iciqgd miigd gxe` lre zxeqnd zenly lr mei`k gxkda eqtzp `ly zertez itlkmcwl dlynnd dzqipy miiepiyd itlk ,iaeig `l m` mb ,oezn qgia dxkip ef zegiztzi`lwg zeayiizd itlke zicedid zepezird itlk ,izxeqnd yealde jepigd ixcqaly mipnnq dl eelp `l llk jxca j` ,dtiwz s`e ,zecbpzd dziid .l`xyi ux`alen elrty ,dixbpedae divilba zeieciqgl d`eeyda hlea df oiit`n .ze`pwe zepier

.dpvwde zexbzqd ly zenbna elbc jk lya ile`e xzei iplaeq oehlyzerpnid `ed ,diqexa zeieciqgd ly lbzqnd oiite` z` ofi` ile`y ,sqep oiit`nllk' beviia oia zicediÎmiptd dxifa oia ,zihilet e` zixeaiv zelirtn odibidpnzhlea ef zeyic` .(c"ag zeciqg dziid zhlea otec z`vei) zepehlyd len 'l`xyi,zi`qxbpewd oiletae zibxeaqadd dixtni`a miwicv ly mzepzlrtl d`eeydaerpn my ,iqexd ayend megza exxyy mipeyd mi`pzl d`xpk zexeyw jkl zeaiqdeite`d ,jk lr sqep .zixfbn e` zine`l zihilet zelirt ly zexyt` lk zepehlydryzd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna cgeina ,diqexa zeciqgd ly inewnde lvetndlry okzii .zckeln zihilet zeyik izlidwÎlrd diite` z` ce`n yilgd ,dxyrldw lr drtyda znvnhvnd zihqih`iR dyib diqexa miwicvd eticrd df rwx¤

.elek xeaivd iwqrn zwgxzne mdiciqg.akxen did oditlk mqgi j` zepeivle oeiv zaigl ecbpzd diqexa mix"enc`d aexmiax miizc mibegl dnqwe miwdaen miizxeqn miielib dlikd zipeivd zexxerzddmnr szyl oi`y 'dxar ixaer'l eaygp dilirte xzei zpkeqnk dqtzp jky oeeikne¥

.dlert97jkl ozp mb 'uiee`aeiln oeqxe`ipy xra mely c"ag ly iyingd x"enc`d

mxk ,(jxer) oiiycpen 'i :e`x 'mininz iknez' zaiyi lr .1615 'nr ,g"nxz a`a f"i ,uilnd,'c"ag zrepz lr dzrtyde "mininz iknez" zaiyi ly dceqii' ,xe`xa 'p ;(f"nyz) 3 ,c"ag

'` ;368-357 'nr ,f"qyz milyexi ,zeyxcn izae zeaiyi ,(jxer) qwh` 'rjepig' ,`ixeloyi ,(mikxer) hxal`Îhxettx 're sq` 'c ,'zi"cagd daiyid ly dkxc ziy`x :dibele`ci`e

.221-185 'nr ,h"qyz milyexi ,` ,qwh` l`epnrl iy :ycg iptn97'` ;e"nyz aia` lz ,oeiv zaiye zeciqgd ,iqtl` 'i :e`x zepeivl mix"enc`d ly mqgi lr

,(1904-1882) dziy`xa dtexi` gxfna zipeivd drepza zeine`le zc :miybtp miliawn ,fel:micedid zpicne dlebnd uwd ,iwviax '` ;296-295 ,161-158 'nr ,d"nyz aia` lz

.35-27 'nr ,b"pyz aia` lz ,l`xyia izc mfilwicxe zepeiv ,zeigiyn

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

109

,igiynd mfiaihw`l zecbpzd lr sqep dqqazd eztwyd .ianete izhiy ipeirx iehiaeite`e ipeivd oeirxd ly zihiletd zexiaqd xqeg lr mb ,zepeivd z` ezrcl oiit`y

.dhead ipeligd98md s` enqxtzd ('uiaegle oilx`w) dpald diqexa mixg` mix"enc`,liaepx'v) dipnexae ayend megz mexca mix"enc` mznerle ,zepeivl mzecbpzdaedcfd s` mzvwne ,miine`ld zepeirxl xzei miaexw eid ,(mdizegelye ixcpa ,oi'fex

.zipeivd zexczqdd itipqle oeiv zaig zeceb`l mitqk enxze ielba mnr99,df mraeyg iciqg bidpn ele cer did `l jli`e mixyrd d`nd ziy`xn ik reawl xyt`

.zepeivd cvl ielba aviizdy cg`100mix"enc` dlert ea etziyy ,zepeiva wa`ndmzxbqnay ,iqwecezxe`d dpgnd ly x`znd ieew z` ccig ,miaeyg mi`hil mipaxe¦'l`xyi zceb`' znwd cr mle` .mitzeyn minei` gkep cgi lertl xakyn miaie` elki,zicxgd zecdid llk ly miqxhpi`d z` bviind ipxcen ihilet oebx`k (1912).ynn ly zeiqwecezxe` zenfei zix`vd diqex inegza exkip `l ,ziciqgd mb dkezae,miipktdnde miihqil`iveqd gexd ikld z` mb egc diqexa zeciqgd ibidpnhrnk df oiipra mle` ,l`xyi idel`a dxitkle zxeqna cxnl iehiak mb eyxtzpyzekdl milretd zerepz ly ozglvdy d`xpe ,zizhiy e` zianet zecbpzd dxkip `l

.dax dziid `l iciqgd xrepd ipa axwa miyxey101erinyd `l dxibdd zl`ya mbzelecbd mixrd l` mixtkd on) ziniptd dxibdd ilb .yxetn lew zeciqgd ibidpn

) zipevigde (diqex jezayzxic` drtezl eid (dwixn`l cgeinae axrnd zevx`lj` ,icedid meid xcq fkxna dcnr dxibdd .dpnn mlrzdl dyw didy micnnux`l zipend diilr ly ielb cecir mdn drpn zepeivl mix"enc`d ly mzecbpzdm` xexa `ly zxken `l ux`k dqtzp ,ixwird dxibdd cri ,dwixn` eli`e ,l`xyi,dktdnd xg`l cgeinae ,mixyrd d`na wx .iciqg miig gxe` lr da xenyl ozip

.ycgd mlerl xbdl mnvr mix"enc`d elgd102

98,iavx 'y ;294-284 ,272-264 'nr ,o"yz milyexi ,mipey`x mizenir :zepeive zc ,oenly 'i.101-77 'nr ,(e"pyz) k ,zepeivd ,'xraec mely ax ly ezebda igiyn gzne zepeivÎihp`'

99gaya xecd ipe`b ixn`n uaw :oeiv zaiy ,iwvelq i"` :e`x zepeiva eknzy mix"enc` lrŸ.141-132 'nr ,(97 dxrd lirl) iqtl` ;g"pyz milyexi ,oenly 'i xicdd ,l`xyi ux` aeyizepezira yi oeiv zaig mr oi'fexe liaepx'v ix"enc` zvwn ly zedcfdl mipiiprn miiehiaf"k ;2-1 'nr ,e"pxz oqipa 'k ;4 'nr ,e"pxz xc`a g"i ,uilnd :dnbecl .onfd za zicedid

.5 'nr ,f"pxz zaha100.196 'nr ,e"qyz milyexi ,zeine`ld ixvna diqwecezxe` :exxerz m`e exirz m` ,oenly 'i101D. E. Fishman, ‘The Kingdom on Earth is Like the Kingdom in Heaven: Orthodox

Responses to the Rise of Jewish Radicalism in Russia’, D. Assaf and A. Rapoport-

Albert (eds.), Let the Old Make Way for the New: Presented to Immanuel Etkes, 2,

Jerusalem 2009, pp. 227–258

102A. Hertzberg, ‘“Treifene Medina”: Learned Opposition to Emigration to the United

aiby icbe sq` cec

110

dxagdy ceqid zel`yl ixewne ycg oexzt `et` drivd `l llkk zeciqgdod ,miiwd avnd xeniya dyrnl eknz dibidpn .oda dhagzd diqexa zicediddpen` jezn od iaeig ipgexe ineiw avnk zelbd ly zipexwr zinihte` dqitz jezndreyid z` seqal `iazy `id miwicvd zpen`le dpyid zxeqnl zecnvid wxy

.zlgeind103

zeax zeiciqg zexvg eeg mixyrd d`nd ziy`xe dxyr ryzd d`nd dptnazeciqgd ly dkiynd geka dcixid oke zillkd dwevnde iperd .zilklk zehhenzd,divilbae oileta enk `ly .zexvgd ly ogek leclcle zenexzd zehrnzdl e`iadwx diqexa ,zixeaiv dxweie ozi` ilklk cnrn ilra mix"enc` oiicr elrt mymlekk maex .zepgne mibeg dzvgy dxweine miilklk mi`pzn epdp mihrn mix"enc`.zepky zelidw lre da eayiy dlidwd lr zipgex drtyda ewtzqde zelc iig eig,dpey`xd mlerd zngln inia m`iyl eribdy ,dxibdde zeyyexzdd ikildzdaexn jxkd l` e` xird l` dxiird on zenly zeiciqg zexvg ly ozwzrdl e`iadipaxE`d mwxna zealzyd daiigy ,ze`ivnd gxek wx did `l df xarn .oiqelke`dxvgd oky ,ynn ly ilklk ueli` mb `l` ,micedi itl` ze`n ea exxebzdy ycgd

.lbx zhiyt sq l` mrt `l dribd zncewd zizxiird dzpekznazenil`a mb iehia icil e`ay ,1905-1881 mipya mixreqd miihiletd mirexi`direxi` ,z`f znerl .diqexa miwicvd lr ynn ly myex exized `l ,micedi itlkziwiaylead dktdnd ,dpey`xd mlerd zngln - mixyrd d`nd ly ipyd xeyrddwevnd z` etixgd ,zcd iig z` zihnxc erfrf - dpi`xwe`a migxf`d zenglne

hlwnl eid dpi`xwe`a miwicv zexvg .oeghiad zyegz lr enii`e zilklkdifitzihilet zedcfda ecygpy micedi cbp zenil`e cey iyrne dnglnd jldna micedilifkxnk eqtzp zephwd zexiiray zexvgd `weec .zexvgd lr egqt `l mieqn cv mrzehiytd .mitqk epnn zeabl zlekie icedid xeaivd lr drtyd zelrake xyeroiae mda eide ,miig zpkqa mix"enc`d z` mrt `l ecinrd zexvgd lr zenil`dmr zeine`zta ewxtzdy zexvg eid jk awr .mdiig z` egtiw mby mdi`v`v

.diqkp z` xeg`n dxizeda dnewnn wicvd zgtyn ly dzehlnid104laewn m`

States’, Proceedings of the Eighth World Congress of Jewish Studies, 6 (1984), pp.

1–30; I. Robinson, ‘Anshe Sfard: The Creation of the First Hasidic Congregations

in North America’, American Jewish Archives Journal, 57, 1–2 (2005), pp. 53–66

103,o"yz milyexi ,('d`eyd') d"yz-y"z zexfbae zenglnd izy oia oilet zeciqg ,'f`wiit 'nly dzextq ziixlwtq`a miwicv zpen`e zeknq :ziciqgd dbdpdd ,l"pd ;231-205 'nr

.280-273 ,159-155 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi ,zeciqgd104`iad miryzd zepya dplh xvg z` cwty ilklk xayn .418-416 'nr ,(17 dxrd lirl) sq`

zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd

111

dpi`xwe`a zeciqgdy ixd ,dtexi` gxfna zeciqgd ly dleqigk d`eyd z` ze`xl.mixyrd d`nd ly ipyd xeyra dlqeg

xac seq .d

crizy iqexdÎicedid xteqd ,(1940-1894) lA`A w`qi` x`iz 'iaxd' xvwd exetiqa©¤zilnqd ezyibt z` ,ziwiaylead dktdnd zeawra ellegzdy migxf`d zengln z`

:'oexg`d iaxd' l` eze` jileny owf ciqg mr

,mlerd on m`d zxhtpyke .dcal m`l `l` gvp iig epzip `l .zeen eteq lkd...'¥

z` Epa qpxtn m`d xkf .ellgl frd `l cer yi`y ,dxkf z` dixg` dxi`yn `id

z` einina qpxtn ,xeriy el oi`y qepiiwe`d df ,qepiiwe`dy myk ,mingxd zcin

'...mewid z` migltnd zexdpd

eze` st` jrecd axrd .zeaiyg ly dnirpa oxn` `ed .dilcb itn e`vi dl` miln

,zezlcde zepelgd evtep zeciqgd ly ybexd dziaa' :xn` owfd .dbez ly cexe oyra

cer zepwexnd dipir zeaex`a ...m`d znypk edenk ,zeenl` oa `ed z`f lkae¥

.'dixehqidd ly srfd zegex ea zealhvny mewna cenrl zeciqgd dtiqen

oexg`d iaxd ,dlhen iax l` ipkiled zqpkd ziaa lltzdy xg`le ,dilcb xn` jk

.liaepx'v zlyey ly105

zegex'y ,dly zizxagd zecinrd xyeke zix`vd diqexa zeciqgd ly ipgexd dnler,dtep ,diyxey ,dlecib rwxwn miwzepn eid `l ,mdl elki `l 'dixehqidd ly srfdmiizc minxf diaeaxra ea eyniy .dllka diqex zecdi ly dnlere diig ieedzg` wx dziid zeciqgd .dxic` dnver ilra zeihilete zeizxag zerepze miizeaxzedrtyede mdilr drityd ,daiaqd mre mnr wqet izla rbn jezn dgztzd `ide mdn

.mdn106

ipenhn :e`x .oi'vleha (1915-1869) iwqxah megp mgpn x"enc`d ly ezerwzydle dzyihplaiiwl xarnde ef dtewza dxieewq zeciqg lr .fhx-cix 'nr ,a"qyz milyexi ,megp mgpn'nr ,a"qyz wxei eip ,`xieewq oekiy ,dlrn ly dyecwa :e`x (zeyyexzd lya d`xpk)zexew :ziniptd 'xvg'd ,iwqxah 'i :e`x dzyihpl cr ef dtewza aewitya xvgd lr .gw-fvezxibde 'uixhqpenn lyd ryedi x"enc`d ze`lz lr .260-249 'nr ,c"iyz aia` lz ,dgtyn

.dr-hq 'nr ,(88 dxrd lirl) uiaepiax :e`x zixad zevx`l105zexyt` lr .74 'nr ,g"nyz aia` lz ,iwqxin 'p dnbxz ,mixetiq cere miyxtd lig ,la`a '`

,(18 dxrd lirl) sq` :e`x ,'liaepx'v zlyeya oexg`d' did `l i`ceeay ,df iax ly eiedif.54 dxrd ,331 'nr

106.220 'nr ,(93 dxrd lirl) xepic

aiby icbe sq` cec

112

dziid `id .'mirefrf mla' oirn diknez xeaiv xear zeciqgd dziid dax dcinaelki miizxeqn micediy zixqene zizc zeninze ybx ,meg wiprdy aivi hlwn,da reahd ipxnyd ite`d s` lr .zektdne zexenz ly ocira mdilr oryidluegne zian miihnxcd miiepiyd mr ccenzdl llk jxca elikyd dibidpne zeciqgd.dgec l`nye zaxwn oini ly dyinbe zkkexn jxca `l` zhlgen diigc ly jxca `li`ceea md miycgnl mixnyn oiay cinznd gznde dpxcend mr ixaynd ybtnddf xayn .mzpadl gztne dycgd zra dtexi` gxfna micedid iig ly ceqid ieewnzexxetzdk qtzpy dn mizrle ,zicedid dxagd ly diwlg lka eizeze` z` ozpdxaga ellegzdy zexenzd ly zetwzyd `l` epi` zxeqnd zyihp e` zeciqgdzezlcde zepelgd s` lry `id dcaer ,df mre .dileztpe dihal lr dllka zicedidecwty mifrd milehlhde srfd zegex s` lre ,zeciqgd ly ybexd dziaa mivtepndzerepze minxfy drya (dixg`e) zix`vd dtewzd lka cinzd dneiw ,dzpitq z`

.erwye egnv ,ewxtzde epap zexg`