Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Digital Divide
University of the PhilippinesCollege of Education
Educational Technology DepartmentEDUC190 – Computers in Education
Ferdinand B. Pitagan, PhDProfessor of Education
Sharing your experience
• What kinds? – mobile phone, iPod, Wiki? Blogs (facebook, mixi..)? Skype? etc.
• For what?• How often?• individual differences?
The Gap
AccessSkills
KnowledgeAttitude
ICT: information and communications technology
Digital haves - Info rich
Digital not haves - Info poor
NationsGenerations
GendersEthnic groups
“Education”Economic
levelsSocial statusLanguages
A series of Gaps
Digital haves - Info rich
Digital not haves - Info poor
Evolution of Digital Technologies
1) Provide opportunities2) Create problems
Digital Technologies
Changes in Society
Education(Policies, Practices)
Digital Divide
Digital Opportunities
Why Digital Divide is an important issue….
Digital Divide
a deepening of existing forms of exclusion
Unemployed, poor, housebound, disabled,
less educated, minoritiesWomen/girls
Finding Facts
Internet World Statistics (2009) http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
Digital Divide at A Glance (ITU figures)
• less than 3 out of every 100 Africans • 1 out of every 2 inhabitants of the G8
countries • top 20 countries (Internet bandwidth)
---80% of all Internet users • 30 countries with an Internet
penetration of less than 1% • 429 million Internet users in G8 • 444 million Internet users in non-G8 • Mobile = 34% of the world’s total
mobile users from G8 countries – 14% world population
G8- Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and the US
Digital Divide
Economic factors
Other factors
Social factors (gender, race..)
Cultural factors
Internet Users by Income level of country (2003)
Asahi Statistics p.189
• High-income : 65.5%• Upper middle income : 7.8%• Lower middle income : 21.5%• Low-income : 5.6%
UCLA World Internet Project (2004)- Internet Users -
Britain men 63.6; women 55.0Germany men 50.4; women 41.7Hungary men 20.3; women 15.1Italy men 41.7; women 21.5Japan men 54.7; women 46.2Korea men 67.8; women 53.8Macao men 37.8; women 28.8Singapore men 47.2; women 34.0Spain men 46.4; women 27.2Sweden men 67.7; women 64.4Taiwan men 25.1; women 23.5United States men 73.1; women 69.0
“…86 percent of women ages 18 to 29 were online, compared with 80 percent of men in the same age group.
“…among the older group, those age 65 and older, 34 percent of men are online, compared with 21 percent of women.”
USA, Washingtonpost Thursday, December 29, 2005
White Paper on information and Telecommunications in Japan
http://www.johotsusintokei.soumu.go.jp/whitepaper/eng/WP2002/press_information01.pdf
Japan
Digital divide
Age
Computer anxiety Nigate-ishiki
Computer experience
Handwriting
Language non-alphabet writing)
Culture!
Education!
Japan
Regional gap
Internet Use via Mobiles
Generation gap- Old people
People with disabilities
Housewives
What do these mean?
Not easy to stop/lessen gaps
Need for awareness
Need for strong policies
Need for international collaboration
Need for education
If we don’t do anything about it….
What can we do?
World Summit on the Information Society
http://www.itu.int/wsis/tunis/newsroom/stats/Building-digital-bridges_2005.pdf
1. International Collaboration“UNDP etc – e Vietnamese Village”“Japan – Asian Broadband Project”
2. NGOs/Public sectors“Brazil – Tele-centers”
3. National Policies“Egypt – E-readiness Plan”“Korean Agency for Digital Opportunity”
4. Business Involvement “Sudan – SUDATEL”
#### Individual efforts
- 8 key areas for policy suggested-
1. Access for all to HW & SW2. Changed roles of teachers/learners3. Promoting lifelong learning4. Quality assurance5. Enhanced citizenship6. Brokering services and agencies7. Support, encourage & direct research8. Change in role of policy-maker in education
World Summit on the Information Society
Free discussion - What do you think?
“Teachers should be trained and retrained to effectively and efficiently use ICT in teaching and management!”
– from digital divide/opportunities perspective
Singapore and Korea -Training, retraining every 3 yrs
-30% of teaching hours/curriculum- ICT use in teacher evaluation
- All classrooms connected to the high-speed Internet
Digital Opportunities
ICT, helping to overcome some forms of exclusion
Distance learning to remote areasVillage tele-centers with ICT
Maori education in NZ
Lifelong society
Digital technologies
Education
Youth, prepare for changing world
Adults, enable to participate in this world
Everyone, continue to update
Do you see any Digital Divide in Education??
Digital Divide in Education
-Digital divide in investment (input)-Digital divide in ICT use (process)-Digital divide in people (output)
1. Digital Divide in Investment
Input Factors
Hardware, Materials (software), Connectivity; Integration of ICT in curriculum; Supports; Policies
Computer equipment in schools Source: Japan, MEXT (2005)
# of students
per compute
r
% of the Internet access
(school)
% of the Internet access
(classroom)
Elementary
9.6 99.9
48.8 (average)
Lower Secondary
6.9 99.9
Upper Secondary
5.5 99.9
“why is it important to understand and
lesson digital divide in investment
in formal education?”
“Schools or educational
institutions can play a compensatory equalising role.”
2. Digital Divide in ICT Use
Process Factors
Different approaches to ICT use- Used for advanced applications
and thinking?- Used for basic skill training?- Used for computer games?
University Faculty’s Use of ICT in TeachingSource: Japan, NIME (2003)
9.3
12.0
13.8
13.0
28.1
13.7
14.3
22.6
25.4
0.80.9
16.3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Posting lecture video on web
Posting instructional materials on web
Students report submission by email
Presentation tools
Q & A by email
Administrative communication by email
used always
used often
As a presentation tool?
As a simple communication tool?
As an administrative tool?
As a problem-solving tool?
As a creation tool?
As a research tool?
Gaps between teachers and students,
among teachers and among students
in terms ofSkills & KnowledgeWays of using ICT
Attitude
3. Digital Divide in Different Groups
“What is more important is to empower people……..” (Week2-reading#1 “Learning to bridge the DD - p.56)”
Human (Outcome) Factors
Digital literacy? - ICT skills / knowledge - confidence - competencies
ICT Skills (University, Perception)Source: NIME (2003)
“I do not have adequate ICT skills and knowledge”
- More faculty than students- More older people than younger ones- More people in humanities and social sciences than those in natural sciences and engineering
Some policies (Education)
1. USA – “E-rate program” 2. EU- “eLearning Action Plan”3. Japan - “Millennium Project”,
“E-Japan Strategy” 4. Romania – “Multipurpose Community
Telecenters”
Digital divide in informal learning(more learning happens outside schools)
Home differencesDifferences at work
Differences in communities
Digital Divide
Understanding the issue from various perspectives
- As a teacher in the future- As a university student
“To make ICT used and useful”
Group Activity
DIGITAL DIVIDE in the PHILIPPINES
NEXT MEETING
Approaches in using media for instruction
