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2/16/2011
1
DHI Record Analysis
Workshop
San Yuan Luhe
Feb. 2011 M. Rosen
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Workshop Policy
• Pre-quiz
• Lecture and home work files: (send Email)
• Answers send to:
• Final project
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
http://www.4shared.com/dir/JOto3J88/DHI_workshop_San_Yuan.html
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Workshop programLESSON 1: The Big Picture
LESSON 2: Basic statistics
LESSON 3: Basic statistics manipulation with JMP
LESSON 4: Data reporting with AFIFARM
LESSON 5: Milk Production
LESSON 6: Reproduction
LESSON 7: Udder Health
LESSON 8: Culling & Replacements
LESSON 9: Transition cow analysis
LESSON 10: SAS and standard report production
LESSON 11: A Narrative Assessment and Action Plan for 金星金星金星金星farm
Practice will be done with中以中以中以中以Herd data - (exercises will be given in the end
of every lesson)
FINAL PROJECT - Final Narrative Assessment and Action Plan for your farm
Post-Quiz
Course Evaluation DHI Record Analysis Workshop
The Big Picture
M. Rosen
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
San Yuan Luhe Feb. 2011
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
What we are going
to learn today ?
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
2/16/2011
2
• The Big Picture Introduction - introduction to this lesson.
• Six Steps of Information Management - benefits of information
management and outlines the six steps of information
management
• Key Management Areas and Key Performance Indicators - Identify
key information to be used in herd analysis
• Benchmarks - definition of benchmarks, how they are used and
what type of numbers to use as benchmarks
• Bottlenecks - explanation of bottlenecks.
• Connecting the Key Management Areas and the Key Performance
Areas - indications for the role of the key performance indicators
and connects the key management areas with their specific key
performance area.
• Key Management Area #1 - Production - key performance indicator
for production, benchmark for milk per cow per day and example
demonstrating the value of milk per cow per day.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
• Key Management Area #2 - Herd Lactation Status - a normal lactation curve, the diagnostic indicator for this area and benchmarks for the indicator.
• Key Management Area #3 - Reproduction - the key diagnostic indicator for reproductive problems, the benchmark and a comparison of lactation curves for cows with different calving intervals
• Management Area #4 - Udder Health - the key diagnostic indicator for udder health, the benchmark and production impact on operating above the benchmark
• Management Area #5 - Culling and Replacements - benchmark and
recommendations related to the rate of culling for a herd.
• In Summary - Using the Five Management Areas in a Systematic Approach to Diagnose Problems - a summary of the key management areas, key performance indicators and benchmarks and demonstrates how to use them in a systematic approach.
• Further analysis and development of an action plan - questions to be considered when completing the herd analysis,
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Preface• It is easy to be overwhelmed with information,
numbers and data used in dairy management.
• With the increasing use of available technology, we can collect and access information on just about anything and in great detail.
• The purpose of this workshop is to assist you in identifying the important data and provide guidance in using the data to help you make management decisions to improve herd performance and ultimately, the profitability of dairy herd.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
In this lesson we deal with:
• The six steps of information management as
applied to herd performance
• The "five key management areas" of herd
performance
• The "key performance indicators" for each
management area
• Benchmarks for each key indicator
• Bottlenecks to better herd performance
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Why we need it ?
• A systematic approach to information management transforms records from an overwhelming pile of data to useful, decision-making or monitoring tools.
• Following the six steps of information management is important in evaluating herd performance as these steps help ensure that all data is handled in the same manner and that the key performance indicators are defined and calculated the same for all farms.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Information management steps
• By following these six steps, herds using DHI
records are able to compare their
performance with industry standards or
benchmarks.
• This provides herd managers some point of
reference as to how their herd is performing
compared to how similar herds are
performing.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
2/16/2011
3
What are the benefits of information
management?
• Results are more predictable.
• You can make better decisions to increase
your computability and profitability.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop DHI Record Analysis Workshop
• Data Collection - This step includes the
observation, measuring and recording of data
and sets the basis for the entire process.
• Data must be accurate for information
management to be successful!
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Step 1: Step 2:
• Data Organization - Data organization
provides a structure to the data so that all
data sets are handled in an identical manner.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Step 3:• Data Processing: Data processing involves
numerous calculations that turn raw numbers
into the key indicators we examine to evaluate
herd performance.
• DHI and other computerized recordkeeping
programs play a major role in these steps and
those that follow.
• If data is not properly organized and processed,
the information provided is useless.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Step 4:• Data Reporting: At this stage the DHI testing
center provides a report.
• Standardized definitions have been developed over time to explain the meaning of each number.
• However, each DHI testing center (world wide) provides their report in a different format.
• You will want to familiarize yourself with the report format of the data processing center that you use so you can locate information more easily.
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2/16/2011
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Step 5:• Data Integration: Data integration means
combining different types of data to gain
additional information.
• For instance, you can integrate financial and
production data to determine the financial
impact of herd performance.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Step 6:
• Data Utilization: Finally, you must use the
data as you make management decisions for
your herd.
• This is the focus of the DHI idea.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Management of a dairy herd focuses around these five
"Key Management Areas."
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
The performance of a herd in each of the management areas
can be quickly assessed using five "Key Performance
Indicators.”
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
• As we look at these key management areas
and key performance indicators, we will
explore the answers to the following
questions:
• Why are they important?
• Where are they located on the DHI Report*?
• How can these be used in analyzing herd
performance?
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Benchmark • The dictionary defines a benchmark as:
• A "point of reference."
• It can be related to a:
• Goal
• Beginning point
• Minimum or maximum acceptable level.
• Benchmarks are goals set for profitable herds and are
generally based on performance by the "Top
Performers" in the industry.
• These can be indicators of the degree of your success
or failure.DHI Record Analysis Workshop
2/16/2011
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• When using benchmarks we must be extremely cautious of using averages.
• To be successful and remain viable in the dairy industry, dairy producers must always set their goals to be above the average of the industry.
• As the industry grows, chances are that the operations achieving average or below average performance will be the ones that exit the business while those that are above average will survive and continue to thrive.
• So, be cautious of using industry averages as your benchmarks.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Benchmark San Yuan Benchmarks
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Target valuesMain Production Group Persistency of Lactation
1st Lact: 50-200 DIM 32.5 1st Lact 88.2%
2nd Lact: 30-150 DIM 37.0 2nd Lact 78.7%3rd+ Lact: 30-150 DIM 36.3 3rd+ Lact 76.0%
Peak of Lactation (Kg) Milk Yield in Lactation (305d)
1st Lact 37.0 1st Lact 9,5802nd Lact 45.1 2nd Lact 10,7113rd+ Lact 44.3 3rd+ Lact 10,504
Time of Peak (mo.) Percent of Cows with LESS THAN 12 Kg at 305 d
1st Lact 3.4 1st Lact 7.8%2nd Lact 2.4 2nd Lact 8.4%
3rd+ Lact 2.3 3rd+ Lact 14.1%
Relation between Milk Yields in SUMMER (6-9) and WINTER (11-2)
Cows with less than 2.5% Fat in last DHI
Cows with more than 500,000 SCC in last DHI
1st Lact 96.7%
10% 9%2nd Lact 96.3%
3rd+ Lact 89.8%
Daniel Hojman 2008
Using benchmarks
• When using benchmarks we must be extremely cautious of using averages.
• To be successful and remain viable in the dairy industry, dairy producers must always set their goals to be above the average of the industry.
• As the industry grows, chances are that the operations achieving average or below average performance will be the ones that exit the business while those that are above average will survive and continue to thrive.
• Be cautious of using industry averages as your benchmarks !!!!!
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Benchmark and average
• Another problem with averages is that they tell you little about the variability within the indicator you are examining.
• Two herds could have identical days-in-milk of 175 days.
• However, a herd that has many fresh cows and many cows that are long in lactation has more room to improve than a herd with all cows evenly distributed around the mean value of 175 days.
• In addition, in small herds, data from a few cows can affect the average which may provide an inaccurate picture of the real situation.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Reference points• If a point of reference is provided from outside
the operation you will want to ask questions to determine where the number originated.
• The manner in which the data were collected and managed before generating the benchmark may differ from the way your data are being handled.
• The data may be called one thing, but you may be using it as a comparison for something entirely different.
• This would be like the proverbial "comparing apples and oranges."
DHI Record Analysis Workshop DHI Record Analysis Workshop
2/16/2011
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Bottlenecks• Production systems are pipelines.
• The dairy business can be defined like any
other manufacturing business: a simple
production pipeline.
• Inputs go in one end and product comes out
the other end.
• When the production pipeline is functioning
properly, product flow is fast and efficient.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Bottlenecks• Sometimes bottlenecks occur in the
production pipeline.
• One or more segments of the pipeline may
not be working as smoothly.
• Work behind the bottleneck may be
proceeding at the desired pace, but once the
process hits the bottleneck, efficiency is lost
and profitability declines.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
• There are often multiple bottlenecks in the
pipeline at one time.
• These bottlenecks will have varying impacts
on productivity.
• It is important to carefully study the situation
and determine which bottleneck is having the
greatest impact on productivity so it can be
removed first.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Bottlenecks• Then time and resources may be shifted to
other bottlenecks that are having less impact
on productivity.
• A bottleneck usually affects several
managements.
• For example, poor body condition or feeding
management can adversely affect production
and reproductive performance.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Bottlenecks
Performance indicators
• Performance indicators for dairy herds serve the same function as the warning light on the dashboard of a car.
• They indicate when there is a problem, but provide little detail about why or where the problem exists.
• However, if you choose to ignore the warning lights and continue driving the car you may suffer disastrous consequences.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
• Once the "Check Engine" light appears, you take the car in for service so the trained professionals can identify and repair the problem.
• Then you can travel safely, once again.
• Monitor the key performance indicators of the five key management areas so you are aware when there is a problem and can look more closely to identify and correct the source.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Performance indicators
2/16/2011
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DHI Record Analysis Workshop
In the remainder of this lesson we will
examine:
• the economic importance of each of these management areas
• where the performance indicators for these areas should be located on the standard DHI report.
• We will also provide an overview of each management area.
• Later lessons of the workshop will focus on these areas and provide much more detailed information about diagnostic indicators and potential sources of problems related to the specific indicators.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Key performance indicator
• The key performance indicator for production is Milk per Cow per Day!
• Benchmarks (by milking management, milking 2 or 3X per day):
• Herds milking 2X (twice daily) should be producing at a minimum of 25 kg/cow/day.
• Herds milking 3X (three times daily) should be producing at a minimum of 35 kg/cow/day.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
What is the most important indicator
of herd productivity?
• What pays the bills for the dairy operation?
• Of course, it is production!
• The key to maximizing profitability in the dairy industry (or any industry) is to maximize production within the limits of the production system.
• The amount of milk a cow produces each day is what pays the bills.
•
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
DHI Record Analysis Workshop DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Milk Production
2/16/2011
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DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Stage of lactation
• This management area is the only one for which a later section is not dedicated since analysis is fairly simple and overlaps with some of the other management areas.
• Let's consider what happens if a herd is below or above the 175-180 day lactation.
• If herd DIM is greater than 185 - 200:
– Milk is being lost resulting in a significant reduction in productivity and income.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Stage of lactation
DIM greater than 185 - 200
• Look for problems associated with the
reproductive performance of the herd,
including:
– Factors affecting Heat Detection Rate (HDR)
– Factors affecting Conception Rate (CR)
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
• Correcting problems in these areas will reduce
the DIM for the herd.
• More information on reproductive
performance will be addressed in the lesson
on the reproduction management area.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
DIM greater than 185 - 200
DIM below 175
• First, consider other factors related to the herd?
• Seasonal herds or a small herd which contains some recently freshened cows will naturally have times when DIM are less than 175.
• If either of these are not the case, then look for problems associated with production around milk start-up, peak milk and/or persistency.
• These will be discussed in more detail in the section on the production management area.
•
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
• Use this formula to calculate annual lost
income when DIM > than 175 to 180:
• (Rolling average DIM - 175) X (# Cows Milking)
X (0.17) X (Milk Price/kg) X 365 days per year
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
DIM greater than 185 - 200
2/16/2011
9
Stage of lactation
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Pregnancy rate (PR).
• The key performance indicator for
reproduction is pregnancy rate (PR).
• The recommended benchmark for PR is > 20%.
• The key performance indicator of reproductive
performance is pregnancy rate (PR).
• Pregnancy rate refers to the percent of eligible
estrous cycles that result in a pregnancy over
a given period of time.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
• In the past, a benchmark of 35% was often quoted by reproductive experts.
• The American national average is around 15%.
• To maintain the 13-13.5 - month calving interval recommended by experts, dairy producers must achieve a pregnancy rate greater than 20%.
• This is probably a more realistic goal.
• The pregnancy rate is calculated by multiplying the heat detection rate for the herd and the conception rate for the herd.
• PR = HDR X CR
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Pregnancy rate (PR).
• To achieve a pregnancy rate of 20%, your herds will need to have a 60% HDR or submission rate and at least a 35% CR.
• Note: The PR calculated in this manner is somewhat different than the 21-day pregnancy rate calculated more accurately with computer programs (AFIFARM).
• This will work well to monitor the reproductive performance of your herd.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Pregnancy rate (PR).
Why is pregnancy rate important?
• Earlier you saw that decreases in milk
production occur in late lactation.
• It is important to rebreed the cow and
maintain shorter calving intervals to produce
as much milk as is possible in a set period of
time.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Calving interval
2/16/2011
10
Calving interval• This graph compares the lactation curves of
cows in their third lactation with different
calving intervals.
• One set of cows has a 12-month calving
interval while the other has a 15-month
calving interval.
• You can see that over time, more milk is
produced with the 12-month calving interval.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Reproductive summary
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Somatic cell count (SCC)
• The key performance indicator for udder
health is the weighted somatic cell count
(SCC).
• The benchmark for somatic cell count is
200,000 cells per ml of milk.
• This should be the goal for your herd.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
SCC greater than 200,000
• SCC greater than 200,000 indicates various levels of udder infection within a certain percentage of the herd.
• Udder infections reduce farm income by:– reducing milk yield
– altering milk composition
– increasing cull rates
– increasing veterinary expenses
• This warning signal indicates that you need to look more closely at possible sources of infection and how it is being spread.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Linear score LSCC
Linear Score SCC Range Midpoint
Milk Loss
kg per Day
kg per
Lactation Cycle
0 0 - 17,000 12,500 0
1 18,000 - 34,000 25,000 0
2 35,000 - 70,000 50,000 0
3 71,000 - 140,000 100,000 0.7 180.0
4 141,000 - 282,000 200,000 1.4 360.0
5 283,000 - 565,000 400,000 2.0 540.0
6 566,000 - 1,130,000 800,000 2.7 720.0
7 1,131,000 - 2,262,000 1,600,000 3.4 900.0
8 2,263,000 - 4,525,000 3,200,000 4.0 1080.0
9 Over 4,525,000 6,400,000 >4.7 >1260
• The table illustrates a second udder health monitoring parameter termed linear score; typically shown as somatic cell count score (sccs) on DHI reports.
• Linear score log transforms scc values to linear score and is proportional integers related to milk loss.
• You will notice the loss in milk production begins well below the benchmark - at levels as low as 71,000.
• It is impossible for a herd to have an SCC of 0.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Linear score
2/16/2011
11
Udder Health
• The udder health section will go into much
greater detail regarding how to determine the
cause of infection and recommended
management changes.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Udder Health Data
on the DHI Report
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Cull rate
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
The key performance indicator for culling
and replacements is the cull rate.
The benchmark for the cull rate is 25-
35% in temperate climates and 30-
40% in warmer climates.
• The level of culling in an operation helps us evaluate overall cow management.
• Any of the problems mentioned in the other four management areas often contribute to high cull rates.
• High cull rates decrease profitability of the dairy operation by increasing costs associated with raising or acquiring replacements.
• Herds with high cull rates naturally require larger replacement herds.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Cull rate
• Management of those replacements
is important as a poor heifer program can also
reduce profitability by delaying the age at first
calving, reducing first lactation milk
production and creating other problems.
• Although there is no ideal cull rate, the most
profitable herds in the world have cull rates
between 25 and 35 percent.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Cull rate• Cull rates in this range enable cows to remain
in the herd 3 to 4 years.
• It is important to keep good records on why
and when cows are leaving the herd so you
can identify problems and develop solutions.
• This will keep cows productive and in the
herd, reducing cull rates.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Cull rate
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12
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
The impact of cull rates on fixed costs
Cull Rates 40% 30%
Years cows remain in the
herd2.5 3.3
Replacement heifers required
per cow0.8 0.6
Total fixed costs $1400 $1400
Fixed costs per cow $560 $420
• Increased cull rates lead to higher fixed costs.
• You can see, the herd with the 30% cull rate
has $140 less fixed costs per cow.
• This would translate to $14,000 in a 100-cow
herd.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Cull rate
Yearly summary of cull and
replacement rate
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Lesson 1 Summary
• The five key management areas provide a "Big Picture" of how a herd is performing.
• We use the key performance indicators to compare the herd data to the benchmark data.
• If herd data for any of the key indicators is different from the benchmarks you will want to look for possible causes for reduced performance.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
• As we go through more details in each of the
sections related to the specific management
areas you will learn more how to use the
system and will become more proficient at
analyzing herd performance using DHI
records.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Lesson Summarykey management indicators and the associated key
performance indicators and benchmarks
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Key Management AreaKey Performance
IndicatorBenchmark
Production Milk per Cow per Day2X Milking = 25 kg.
3X Milking = 35 kg.
Herd Lactation Status Days in Milk (DIM) 175-180
Reproduction Pregnancy Rate (PR) >20%
Udder HealthSomatic Cell Count
(SCC)< 200,000 cells per ml
Culling & Replacements Cull Rate 25 - 35%
2/16/2011
13
Using a Systematic Approach
• Next slides diagrams and text define the
systematic approach recommended in this
workshop for evaluating herd performance.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Step #1: Look at
production data for the
herd. If milk per cow
per day is not where it
should be, proceed to
step#2.
Step #2: Check DIM for the herd. If
DIM is:
•close to 175-180 days, examine the
other production indicators of 150 day
standardized milk, milk trends, peak
and summit milk, peak phase milk and
milk starts. (We will go into greater
detail about these in the Production
section.)
•greater than 175-180 days, move on
to Step#3 to look at the reproduction
data.
35 kg milk/cow/day
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Step # 3: Review
the pregnancy
rate. Is it within the
benchmark. If PR is:
within the
benchmark, look at
Udder Health.
outside the
benchmark, look at
heat detection and
conception rates to
see which one is
causing pregnancy
rate to be too
great. This will be
discussed in greater
detail in the section
on reproduction.
35 kg milk/cow/day
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Step # 4: Let's look at the
udder health data. Udder
health can also have affect
production. If you still have
not found the bottleneck
limiting production, check
SCC. If this is above the
recommended level you
will want to also evaluate
early lactation, late
lactation, parity and
lactation groupings. These
will be covered in greater
detail in the Udder Health
section.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Step # 5: Finally, look at
the cull rate to see if your
culling and replacement rates
might be causing
the production
problem. We'll talk more
about contributors to culling
and replacement issues.
You must answer the following questions to
summarize herd performance and begin
developing an action plan for the herd.
1. How is the herd currently performing?
2. How has the herd performed in the past?
3. Is herd performance improving or worsening?
4. What is the most limiting bottleneck for the
herd?
5. How can you fix this bottleneck?
6. How can you determine whether the changes
made to fix the bottleneck are working?
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
2/16/2011
14
Conclusions • You will notice from these questions that today's herd
information provides only a portion of the picture.
• You must also have historical data to put this in proper perspective.
• Answering the first three questions related to the five management areas on a regular basis is necessary to identify small problems before they become large problems and result in lost production.
• This is also a proactive approach which will allow you to continually look for opportunities to improve herd performance.
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
Next timeWhat is StatisticsPopulations and samplesDescriptive and inferential statisticsTypes of numerical descriptive measuresMeasures of location ( or central tendency)Measures of data variationMeasures of relative standingCalculating some statistics from grouped dataDescriptive StatisticsMeasures of DispersionThe normal distributionData Types & Representation
DHI Record Analysis Workshop
DHI Record Analysis Workshop