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Developing High Performance Systems: Challenges and
Considerations Dr. Marco Cardinale, PhD
Head of Sports Physiology Aspire Academy
Outline
• General Observations
• Pre-requisites of high performance
• Creating the environments for Athletes
• Creating the environment for coaches and support staff
• Current challenges
• Supporting the Athlete’s journey
• Opportunities to explore
Defining High Performance
Winning is difficult
20 23 16
25 22 24
23 22 22
RIO2016 LONDON2012 BEIJING 2008
MEDAL DISTRIBUTION (NUMBER OF NOCS)
Gold Silver Bronze
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Number of NOCs winning Medals by Sport
M W Total
HP REQUIREMENTS
CLARITY OF PURPOSE/MISSION/VISION
• Setting the correct level of expectation
UNDERSTAND THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
• Approaches working well in some countries may not be replicated successfully elsewhere
MAPPING THE JOURNEY
• Making sure everyone in the organization knows what you are trying to achieve, how and what key milestones need to be achieved
Building the team
• Who do you need on board to achieve the mission
• What roles and responsibilities do you need
Accept that at some point you will have problems and be prepared for them
Aiming for excellence will not win you many friends
FUNDING FIGURES- It’s not all about money
Programme Pillars
High Performance Cogs
Athlete
Support
Athlete’s abilities
Ability to learn Motor skills
GENETICS
Genetic defines the chances to excel in a given discipline
MOTIVATION
Willingness to train Willingness to learn Willingness to embark on a long term journey
Coaching
Personality and Knowledge Teaching Abilities Developing competitive attitudes
Health Services
Diagnostic Access Good day to day care Physiotherapy/Medicine/Psychology
Scientific Support
Optimize training Optimize competition Accelerate Learning
Identifying and Nurturing Talents
“The ability to display exceptionally high performance in a domain that requires skills and training " and "an innate ability, aptitude or faculty" (Collins English Dictionary).
Selection
Development
Identification Detection
(Williams & Reilly, 2000)
Genetics (the new “cool”)
• It is extremely improbable (0.0005%) to find a perfect polygenic profile (23 polymorphisms) for endurance performance (Williams and Folland, 2008)
• It is also extremely improbable to find individuals with a polygenic profile that impairs their ability to perform (Williams and Folland, 2008)
• Santiago et al. (2010) suggest that elite spanish rowers might have a favourable polygenic profile as compared to “normal individuals”
• Bouchard et al. (1998;1999) showed that VO2max can be explained for 51% by genetic and non-genetic factors
• The improvements in VO2max following training are associated 47% to hereditary aspects (Bouchard et al., 1998;1999)
• ACTN3 is the only gene that shows a genotype and performance association across multiple cohorts of elite power athletes, and this association is strongly supported by mechanistic data from an Actn3 knockout mouse model (Eynon et al. 2013)
• Rankinen et al (2016- GAMES Study) did not identify a panel of genomic variants common to elite endurance athlete groups.
• Elite athletes are the result of action and interaction of genes and environmental stimuli (e.g. Coaching/motivation/support etc.)
Realistic Expectations
Boccia G, Moisè P, Franceschi A, Trova F, Panero D, et al. (2017) Career Performance Trajectories in Track and Field Jumping Events from Youth to Senior Success: The Importance of Learning and Development. PLOS ONE 12(1): e0170744. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170744 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0170744
How do TOP performers develop and when?
Boccia G, Moisè P, Franceschi A, Trova F, Panero D, et al. (2017) Career Performance Trajectories in Track and Field Jumping Events from Youth to Senior Success: The Importance of Learning and Development. PLOS ONE 12(1): e0170744. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170744 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0170744
Starting age of Olympic Athletes (Athens 2004 data)
Vaeyens et al. (2009)
Realistic Expectations
• The introduction of performance funnels has been a good step to map progressions
• It helps defining realistic outcomes • Improves the ability to justify
funding • Provides focus for athletes’ support
Creating the environment for athletes
• Selecting the right talents to invest on
• Accessibility to venues/competitions/sponsors
• Career expectations and opportunities
• Religious/Behavioral norms
• Socioeconomic Background – Family history
• Surround them with GOOD/RELIABLE/TRUSTED people
• Is Athletics all they have got?
Understanding the athletes of today and tomorrow
WORKING WITH “CONNECTED” ATHLETES
Social Media Risks and Benefits
Risks
CyberBullying/Online Harrassment
Sexting
Facebook Depression
Privacy Breach Issues
Benefits
Socialisation
Communication
Enhanced Learning Opportunities
Access to information
Creating Challenges
Athletes Actively Engaged
Creating the environment for coaches and support staff
Evolution of Coaching
Sport Tradition and
Culture
Training Programme
• Clash of culture? • Evolution of the professions? • Lack of understanding of roles and responsibilities? • Non impactful Science? • Art=Guru?
Stoszowski & Collins, JSS, 2015
Unpublished Data; Italian Athletics Scientific Commission
Education is the key to support the Journey
• Developing exchange of information between coaching and support staff help improve understanding
• Key educational opportunities need to be structured to upskill knowledge and understanding in key fundamental areas able to impact day to day activity
• Practitioners need to understand the coaching model and embrace and support it
• Coaches have to understand how science can help them
• Athletes have to improve their understanding of key aspects to improve performance and embrace specific interventions
INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
• Engaging to solve problems and find solutions
• Develop initiative to fill knowledge-gaps and avoid bad practice
• Develop initiatives to understand the environment better
• Capture training activities and develop the “library” of coaching sessions performed with relevant information to inform better prescription
• Assess progress of physical and technical aspects routinely to move towards more evidence based approaches
Experiment
FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS.
FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF YEARS.
HOW CAN WE ACHIEVE INTEGRATION?
“In God we trust. All others must bring data.” (Edwards Deming)
Data
Support in situ to enhance coaching support
Interaction
Answering Questions to improve the training process
Projects
Continuously reassess the training and competition support process
Debrief
Collect and Share Training and Competition Data
Special Projects
Day-to-day Interaction and Development of “The Coach Library”
Debrief
Using technology to improve your understanding and engage athletes
Examples of assessments and report
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Volume Progression
Average of Load Balance Average of Acute Load Average of Chronic Load
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Velocity Progression
Vel Bal Average of Acute Mean Vel Average of Chronic Mean Vel
4.8
5.3
5.2
5.0
5.3
5.1
5.7
5.9
6.2
5.9
5.9
6.5
5.9
6.6
5.9
5.9
00:00.00
00:43.20
01:26.40
02:09.60
02:52.80
03:36.00
04:19.20
05:02.40
05:45.60
Competition progression
Ave m/s Time (min) Poly. (Time (min))
Values
Date Reverse
Time (min)Ave m/s
Athlete Distance
14.7
16.215.8
13.714.5
13.3
10.7
15.214.6
8.7
13.6
15.5 15.615.4
14.4
15.7
12.9
9.9
6.4
5.8
6.5
5.9
6.4
5.4
6.4
6.9
6.4
6.7
6.5
5.9
6.5
6.1
7.2
6.8
6.6
6.7
6.6
6.0
6.3
6.4
7.3
5.9
6.6
5.8
6.8
6.3
6.5
6.1
6.4
6.1
5.3
6.1
5.4
6.3
5.5
6.3
6.5
5.8
6.0
5.5
5.8
6.4
6.7
6.4
6.9
6.2
7.3
5.8
7.1
7.6
6.8
9.3
7.0
6.3
8.0
6.2
7.6
7.6
7.2
7.4
6.8
6.5
6.7
7.3
7.5
6.8
7.6
6.7
7.7
6.8
7.1
7.4
7.1
7.8
5.9
6.3
5.9
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.5
6.2
6.3
5.8
6.0
6.8
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
3 x 5 x 2004 x 300, 3 x 400, 3 x 5002 x 6 x 2005 x 300, 3 x 400, 1 x 50040:30:30 2K TT400-300-200-300-400200/500/200600-400-400-200-20040:30:30 8 x 3002 x (4x400)40:30:302 x 4 x 5008 x 200600/400/200400/2002 x 5 x 300 800 TT 5 x 6002 x 4 x 4001000 / 800 / 400 / 2006 x 2003 x 800/400 (90s / 600s) 02:12 / 61s600/500/400/300/200/1004 x 400600/400/2002 x 5 x 3003 x 500, 5 x 2001200 & 2 x (600/400)3x400,2x400,1x4001000/600/400/2003 x 1K3 x 5 x 200m3 x 12003 x 6 x 2003 x 1200 + 4 x 1503 x 8 x 2003 x 6 x 2002 x 2 x 8003 x 4 x 4002 x 3 x 8003 x 5 x 4001000 | 600 TT
2014-09-
09
2014-09-
11
2014-09-
16
2014-09-
18
2014-09-
30
2014-10-
26
2014-11-
27
2014-11-
29
2014-12-
04
2014-12-
05
2015-01-
11
2015-01-
26
2015-02-
22
2015-03-
26
2015-03-
29
2015-04-
05
2015-04-
12
2015-04-
23
2015-04-
26
2015-04-
30
2015-05-
03
2015-05-
07
2015-05-
10
2015-05-
14
2015-05-
17
2015-05-
19
2015-05-
21
2015-05-
24
2015-05-
28
2015-06-
01
2015-06-
04
2015-06-
08
2015-09-
06
2015-09-
10
2015-09-
13
2015-09-
17
2015-09-
20
2015-09-
26
2015-10-
01
2015-10-
04
2015-10-
08
2015-10-
11
2015-10-
15
2015-10-
18
Session monitoring
Ave vel Max vel Max LA Total Dist
0.2
13.0
2.8
6.4
1.8
0.6
2.1
0.6
1.6
3.5
2.7
2.4
6.0
0.8
6.0
8.0
9.0
1.2
5.5
2.4
2.1
3.3
2.1
0.7
6.0
0.6
0.7
3.0
6.0
7.2
2.1
2.4
0.7
7.2
9.0
4.8
6.3
5.6
2.7
2.1
2.7
3.6
3.2
7.2
6.0
3.6
4.9
4.5
5.0
7.0
4.8
4.8
5.6
2.1
1.8
2.1
2.0
9.0
9.0
0.8
5.4
2.7
5.6
7.2
3.2
5.6
5.6
4.8
4.8
4.8
5.6
6.4
1.5
0.5
3.0
4.0
1.0
4.0
2.4
1.6
1.2
9.0
5.6
3.5
4.0
3.5
6.4
4.2
6.4
4.9
2.5
4.0
0.9
2.1
4.0
1.2
4.5
4.8
3.0
2.8
4.2
4.7
7.3
5.2
7.3
6.5
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.5
4.3
4.8
6.7
9.2
4.7
7.7
8.0
9.0
3.7
5.5
4.0
3.8
4.8
5.8
4.0
7.5
4.0
3.3
4.8
6.7
7.0
6.8
6.0
5.7
8.2
10.0
8.0
8.5
7.8
4.8
4.3
3.8
3.7
5.2
7.3
8.7
4.7
5.5
5.8
8.7
8.7
8.0
8.3
6.5
5.2
4.8
5.5
8.0
10.0
10.0
7.3
7.3
8.7
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
6.8
6.2
4.8
4.2
5.5
6.5
6.7
5.5
7.5
10.0
8.5
8.2
8.2
8.2
9.0
8.8
8.7
6.8
6.7
5.3
6.0
5.0
7.5
5.3
7.7
7.5
8.2
5.3
7.5
Wellness
Average of SI Average of WI
Interaction: The library
2.80
2.13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
KM
Time in Z5% Peak Velocity (m/s) Average Velocity (m/s)
Distance Load/min Relative load/min
About
Abdulla Mubarak Sheikh Abdulkadir
Abdulrahman Abdisamad I M Warasma
Adnan Karmoussi
Ahmed Elmustafa Rahmtalla Mohamed Habib
Ahmed Mustafa Hussein
Ali Ahmed Abdulrahman ElNour
ElHafez Medani Ali Mahadi
Hafiz Haydar Hassan Abdalla
Session Name
8000
1 x 1000, 2 x 500|300
1 x 1200 | 5 x 300
1 x 600 | 4 x 200
1 x 800 and 3 and 4 x 1000 and 1 x 600
10 x 1'|1'
10 x 1'|1' & 2 x 2 x 400
Type
Fartlek
Hills
Lab Test
Outside Run
Strides
Track
Treadmill run
2.70
2.11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
KM
Time in Z5% Peak Velocity (m/s) Average Velocity (m/s)
Distance Load/min Relative load/min
About
Ali Ahmed Abdulrahman ElNour
ElHafez Medani Ali Mahadi
Hafiz Haydar Hassan Abdalla
Mohamed Assaad Kemel
Mohamed Hassan Suliman Gomaa
Mohammad Elmoftada Haroon Abdalla Adam
Muhand Khamis A Saifeldin
Obied Bashir Obied Mohamed
Type
Bike
Fartlek
Hills
Lab Test
Outside Run
Strides
Tempo
Session Name
10 x 1'|1' & 2 x 2 x 400
10 x 2'
10 x 2' and 4 x 200
10 x 800 and 30'
12 x 1'|1' + 4 x 200
2 x 5', 4', 3', 2', 1'
3 x 2200 and 1 x 1100
SPECIAL PROJECTS: EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE: DESK PROJECT
Based on the current evidence, it seems clear that evidence for acute
benefits of such interventions are scarce and more work is needed to
ascertain the physiological implications on a pre or peri-pubertal
population.
DESK PROJECTS
PROJECT AREAS
Eat
EAT WHAT
WHEN
HOW MUCH
HOW
SLEEP MATTRESS TECHNOLOGY
ROOM TECHNOLOGY
AIR FILTERING
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
TRAIN PROCEDURES
CONTENT
EQUIPMENT
MEASUREMENTS
ASSESSMENT
QUANTIFICATION
FEEDBACK
COMPETE PROCEDURES/CONTENT
EQUIPMENT
MEASUREMENTS
OPPOSITION ANALYSIS
FIELD OF PLAY ANALYSIS
FEEDBACK (BEFORE AND DURING GAME)
WHO DO YOU INVOLVE?
Business
Academia
Institutes
Pros: Equipment/Knowledge
access Cons: Innovation
constraints/sometimes old fashioned approaches
Pros: Scientific Knowledge
Cons: Too slow, business model limited, want to tell the World about it
Pros: Quick/Organised Cons: Return for investment/PR
Athlete
Sports Specific Work-Plan for Staff supporting a group of athletes
Literature Review and Fact Finding
Literature review with reference to specific groups
Populate Mendeley repository
Observe and analyse tranining
Find/read Coaching Manuals/Books
Regular meetings with coaching team: focus on language/jargon/terms
Develop and Define the performance model
From Lit review and information define the model
Help the coach in clarifying performance aspects
Develop unified model
Educate the athletes and all the support team on “OUR PERFORMANCE MODEL”
Help the coach build “the library”
Develop and define how to implement science
Define how do we assess progression within the model
Start assessing athletes and check progress
Gather information in training: what works and what does not work
What is realistic/good to measure and what is not
Revise and debrief continuously
WORKFLOW
Performance needs/model
Analyse Athlete’s level
Or his/her situation
Define the intervention
Define the characteristics and timing of
the intervention
Develop the training
programme or intervention
Control/Review effectiveness
Individualise intervention
Creating the environment for success in Sport
• Freshness • Finding surprising solutions • Being comfortable with the unpredictable
• Passion • Energy givers – not takers
• Action • Making things happen
• Love • In it together, cannot do it alone anymore
• Bravery • The willingness to experiment and try new things. Saying like
it is and avoiding the bullshit, having the guts to say “I don’t know” and be prepared to go find out. Have the ability to entertain difficult conversations
• Willing to Learn • It's what you learn after you know it all that counts.
• Having clear Structures/Roles and Responsibilities and vision
• Making sure noses are pointing in the same direction • Avoiding too many cooks
IDENTIFYING THE RIGHT SUPPORT STAFF
Qualifications Experience
Adaptability Working with
Others
Influence
Team player
Can they work with others? It is not about them, it’s all about the programme
Influencer
Can they positively influence the programme?
Adaptability
Can they adapt to the changing environment?
Appropriate Qualifications
This is a necessary requirement in order to practice their profession. Are they qualified in what they are supposed to do?
Relevant Experience
How experienced are they in the field and have they worked in this environment?
SUPPORTING THE JOURNEY
• MAKING SURE THE ATHLETE IS HEALTHY ON THE START
LINE AND IN THE BEST POSSIBLE CONDITIONS TO DO
HIS/HER BEST
• LOOKING AFTER HIS/HER PREPARATION AND
COMPETITION ACCESS
• Failures should be seen as learning opportunities for athlete and staff
• CAPTURING KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR JOURNEY
• To make sure support can be better for the next generation
• PREPARE THEM FOR WHAT HAPPENS AFTER ATHLETICS
• Showing that we care
• ENGAGE WITH THEM TO USE THEIR WISDOM AFTER THEY
STOP COMPETING
• MAKE SURE YOU SURROUND THEM WITH
GOOD/PASSIONATE PEOPLE ABLE TO HELP SUPPORT THE
JOURNEY
OPPORTUNITIES
• USING MODERN PLATFORMS FOR KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND TALENT ID?
• CAPTURE AND SHARE TRAINING DIARIES • Training myths are rife about crazy sessions maybe we can reduce injuries?
• CROWD SOURCING ANALYSIS • Can we know more about the competition demands/share the data let the “crowd”
analyse/experiment to come up with better performance models? • CAN WE USE TV CONTRACTS TO GET A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF
COMPETITIVE DEMANDS?
Training quality
Knowledge of Competition
Performance
Athlete’s abilities Motivations
Competitions
Scientific
Support
Facilities
Health Support
Coaching personality
and knowledge
Genetic
makeup
Concluding Remarks • There is no perfect “recipe” what works in some countries does not work in
others. However there are some consistent aspects which should be considered
• Having a centre of excellence/high performance centre provides focus, allows the possibility of housing the best support service and provides a sense of identity. When all goes wrong it is the “safe-house”
• Education is key to facilitate integration of expertise to support athletes. New technology can help reducing costs and making it easier, but it is a fundamental investment for the Athletics community in your country to make sure correct information (commercially unbiased) is transmitted to your athletes/coaches/staff
• Coaching is changing as a profession. With more government/private funding institutions hiring coaches there are more skills needed in addition to coaching skills
• We need to be aware of the fact that this and the future generation of athletes and coaches requires levels of interactions which are different from past generations and therefore we have to embrace technology and social media to our advantage
• Athletes nowadays travel with entourage of expertise which has challenges accessing facilities during competitions, how can we make this possible (see performance analysts in other sports).
