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Developing a Sustainable Water Supply Strategy for the City of Plantation, Florida

Water and Energy Sustainability Symposium Pittsburg, PennsylvaniaSeptember 29, 2010

Courtney S. Licata, Hazen and SawyerMichael Wengrenovich, Hazen and SawyerHank Breitenkam, City of Plantation

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The City of Plantation – the Grass is Greener

Broward County, FLApproximately 85,000 residentsCommitted to water conservation to promote community involvement and water stewardship

Source: City of Plantation

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The Biscayne Aquifer is the principal water supply in South Florida

Regional water system:• Urban growth• Environment• Agriculture• Industry

Source: SFWMD

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Water management focused on protecting the Biscayne Aquifer

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The SFWMD is responsible for managing water resources in South Florida

Lower East Coast (LEC) Planning Area

Source: SFWMD 2005-2006 Lower East Coast Water Supply Plan Update

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Competing water needs have prompted recent legislation

Regional System Water Availability Rule

No additional withdrawal from the Biscayne Aquifer over levels that existed prior to April 2006

2005-2006 Lower East Coast Water Supply Plan Update (2005-2006 LEC Plan)

Encourages Development of Alternative Water Supply (AWS) Projects

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Several options presented to satisfy future water demands

DemandManagement

ConservationReclaimed Water for Irrigation

Alternative Supply

Captured StormwaterFloridan Aquifer (Brackish)Biscayne Aquifer Recharge

(Wastewater Reuse)Seawater

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The City of Plantation is proactive about conservation

Demand-not-Met (DNM) = Amount of water needed to support future demands which cannot be supplied by the Biscayne Aquifer

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The City investigated several options to address the 2018 DNM

Floridan Aquifer DevelopmentCanal RechargeGolf Course Irrigation

Source: SFWMD

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The Floridan Aquifer Alternative involves reverse osmosis treatment of raw water

Key assumptions:• Long term viability of

the Floridan as source• 75% reverse osmosis

process recovery N

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Reverse Osmosis

Reject

Deep WellInjection

CartridgeFiltration

1.1 mgd

FloridanAquifer Supply

WellDegasification /

Odor Control Distribution System

Clearwell High ServicePump Station

0.8 mgd

Rev

erse

Osm

osis

Wat

er T

reat

men

t

The Floridan Aquifer Alternative requires the following process components:

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The Canal Recharge Alternative involves advanced wastewater treatment

Studied in the City of Plantation AWT Pilot Project

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The Canal Recharge Alternative involves advanced wastewater treatment

Surface water discharge of reclaimed water under FAC 62-610.555 and Broward Co. 27-195, 196Key assumptions:• Direct hydraulic

connection between canal and Biscayne Aquifer (1:1 offset)

• 90% ultrafiltration process recovery

• 85% reverse osmosis process recovery

N

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The Canal Recharge Alternative involves advanced wastewater treatment

Parameter

Broward County

Standard

Florida State

StandardCBOD5 10 mg/L 5 mg/LTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) -- 5 mg/LTotal Nitrogen (TN) 1.5 mg/L 3 mg/L* Ammonia (unionized) 0.02 mg/L 0.02 mg/LTotal Phosphorus (TP) 0.02 mg/L 1 mg/L*Water Quality Based Effluent Limitations (WQBEL)*

No Yes

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The Canal Recharge Alternative requires the following process components:

Grit PrimaryClarification Secondary

Clarification

To Deep WellInjection

AerationBasins

RAS

Primary Sludgeto Digesters

WAS to Sludge

Thickeners

Screens

Influent(18.9 mgdcapacity)

DenitrificationFilter

Ultrafiltration

UV / AOPReverse Osmosis

East Holloway Canal

Reject Deep WellInjection

1.3 mgd

1.2 mgd

1.0 mgd

Nanofiltration

Reject

Deep WellInjection

CartridgeFiltration

1.0 mgd

BiscayneAquifer

Supply Well

Degasification / Odor Control Distribution

System

Clearwell High ServicePump Station

0.8 mgd

Trad

ition

al W

aste

wat

erTr

eatm

ent

Adva

nced

Was

tew

ater

Trea

tmen

tM

embr

ane

Softe

ning

Wat

er T

reat

men

t

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The Golf Course Irrigation Alternative involves tertiary wastewater treatment

Land application of reclaimed water under FAC 62-610.460Key assumptions:• Termination of golf

course CUPs resulting in a 1.0 mgd offset credit for 1.4 mgd applied

• Based on preliminary modeling Source: City of Plantation

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The Golf Course Irrigation Alternative involves tertiary wastewater treatment

N

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The Golf Course Irrigation Alternative requires the following process components:

Trad

ition

al W

aste

wat

erTr

eatm

ent

Tert

iary

Was

tew

ater

Trea

tmen

tM

embr

ane

Softe

ning

Wat

er T

reat

men

t

ChlorineContact

Delivery toGolf Course

Ponds

Reclaimed Water Storage

Distribution Pump Station

Deep Bed Filters

1.4 mgd 1.4 mgd

Grit PrimaryClarification Secondary

Clarification

To Deep WellInjection

AerationBasins

RAS

Primary Sludgeto Digesters

WAS to Sludge

Thickeners

Screens

Influent(18.9 mgdcapacity)

Nanofiltration

Reject

Deep WellInjection

CartridgeFiltration

BiscayneAquifer

Supply WellDegasification /

Odor ControlDistribution

System

Clearwell High ServicePump Station

0.8 mgd

1.0 mgd

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Carbon footprint assessment gaining acceptance as measure of sustainability

Carbon footprint is a term used to describe the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with a particular activitySustainable development “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (WCED, 1987)Pillars of sustainability• Social• Economic• Environmental

Source: SFWMD

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Defining the functional unit an important step in carbon footprint analysis

Functional Unit:• Production of 0.8 mgd

of finished water to meet DNM in 2018 for one year of operation

• Result: nanofiltration water treatment included for reuse alternatives

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Carbon footprints were developed based on project operation

System Boundary:• Includes all processes required to produce the

functional unit• Includes nanofiltration treatment for reuse

alternatives• Excludes existing wastewater treatment systems as

these are deemed fixed regardless of additional treatment needed

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Carbon footprint analysis focused on Scope 2 emissions

Scope 1 emissions – released into the atmosphere directly from a given processScope 2 emissions – released into the atmosphere indirectly from a given process due to the purchase of energyScope 3 emissions – released into the atmosphere indirectly from a given process due to the transport or manufacture of process components

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Model developed to predict power consumption for all processes

Direct ComputationLiterature• Product data• Water supply• Cost studies

System Boundary• Canal Recharge and

Golf Course Irrigation projects credited for power consumption

ηγ

550phQ

P =

Source: SFWMD

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Power consumption relates to emissions released

EPA eGRID database used to convert power consumption (KW-h) to emissions released (lbs)Global Warming Potential (GWP) used to relate global warming impacts of emissions to that of carbon dioxideResult: carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e)

Gas GWP

Carbon Dioxide

1

Methane 23

Nitrous Oxide

296

Source: IPCC, 2001

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Results indicate CO2e emissions vary considerably for the project alternatives

Alternative Carbon Dioxide Equivalents Produced (tons/year)

Water Treatment

Wastewater Treatment

Total Combined

Floridan Aquifer

1,075 -- 1,075

Canal Recharge

606 872 1,478

Golf Course Irrigation

606 260 866

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Results indicate CO2e emissions vary considerably for the project alternatives

Carbon Dioxide Equivalents Released in Operation of Alternative Water Supply Projects

0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

1,500

1,750

Floridan Aquifer Canal Recharge Golf Course Irrigation

CO

2e R

elea

sed

(ton/

yr)

Project Scope 2 Emissions

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Results classified by treatment category illustrate relative contributions

Carbon Dioxide Equivalents Released in Operation of Alternative Water Supply Projects

0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

1,500

1,750

Floridan Aquifer Canal Recharge Golf Course Irrigation

CO

2e R

elea

sed

(ton/

yr)

Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Water Treatment

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Cost considerations are important in examining alternative water supply options

AWS OptionCapital Cost

Range ($/gal)

Floridan Aquifer 6-9

Canal Recharge 10+

Golf Course Irrigation 6-8

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Conclusions related to alternative water supply and beyond

City able to demonstrate that the Golf Course Irrigation Project is most favorable in terms of cost, feasibility, and global warming impacts caused by operation of the facilitiesStudy illustrates how a carbon footprint analysis can be used as a tool in the development of water resources projects

Source: City of Plantation

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Questions?

Source: SFWMD