Traveler May 2009 €5

DESTINATION: EUROPE

6 Top Destinations in Europe

Pro/ConShould Bullfighting be Legal in Spain?

Book Reviews

Get in the Mood to Travel

City Profiles Find Your Perfect City

MemoirsTake a Trip to Europe’s Best Festivals

City Profiles

London Eye attracts thousands of tourists every year.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

•Copenhagen, Denmark: The Ideal Family Vacation Spot....Aggie Bell PG.8•Petroleum Engineer Reveals Aberdeen....Shawn Conner PG.10•Eating Exquisitely in Sicily....Leslie McConnell PG.10•Algae Threatens Stockholm’s Nordic Summer....Jenny Kjellgren PG.12

•New Sport Attracts Many Adventure-Seeking Europeans....Adam DeGenova PG.13•Tight-Budget Travelers Resort to Greek Islands....Diana Chehab PG.14•Naples Tops Lists as Most Controversial City in Europe....Cos Centanni PG.16

Diana Chehab2

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Pro/ConShould Governments Force Companies to

Take Steps to Halt Global Warming?

Should the Traditional Sport of Bullfighting be Banned in Spain?

Should the United Kingdom Ban the Sport of Fox Hunting?

Should the Spanish Government Allow the Basque Region to Become its own

Country?

PRO CON Diana Chehab Cos Centanni

Leslie McConnell Aggie Bell

Adam DeGenova Shawn Conner

Jenny Kjellgren

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TravelMemoirs

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Beer Creates Adventure....Cos Centanni PG.39

I am Going to Audrix....Leslie McConnell PG.

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Blood Red Fight Allows Understanding of Basque Separatists.... Aggie Bell PG.39

A Traveler Recalls an Experience at a Chocolate Festival....Diana Chehab PG.48

Watching the Tour de France Leaves Me Inspired....Adam DeGenova PG.54

Hope Prevails the Ruins of Bosnia....Jenny Kjellgren PG.46

Notting Hill Carnival Leaves Family Separated....Shawn Conner PG.57

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Tom Stone Recalls His Traveling Experiences in Greece.... Aggie Bell PG.

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Phenomenal Sequel to Chocolat is Reviewed.... Diana Chehab PG.

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Timeline Inspires Readers.... Leslie McConnell PG.65

Binchy Strikes Again with Her New Novel, Quentins.... Shawn Conner

Take a Journey with Arkady Renko to Fight the KGB, FBI, and the NYPD.... Adam DeGenova PG.68

Angels and Demons Exposes Faults in the Catholic Church....Cos Centanni PG.70

Sunley Captivates the Reader Amidst the Mystery of Iceland.... Jenny Kjellgren PG.72

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Brits in front of Big

Ben protest

against fox hunting, a sport that

was outlawed years ago

but still exists.

NEWS SECTION

Covering news from across

Europe!

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Sicily - Some of Europe’s most

famous food, PG. 10

Copenhagen - One of Europe’s most family-friendly

cities, PG. 8

Kos Island - An inexpensive yet

luxurious place to travel, PG. 14

Stockholm - Algae threatens this beautiful

city’s archipelago, PG. 12

Aberdeen - A petroleum engineer reveals this city’s

natural beauty, PG. 10

Cornwall - The dangerous sport of landboarding

attracts the most adventurous travelers,

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STaking an in-depth look at Europe’s most interesting

cities and places to visit.

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Copenhagen, Denmark: The Ideal Family Vacation SpotBy Aggie Bell

For the traveler looking for a family

getaway filled with fun and activities, Copenhagen, Denmark, is the place! From amusement parks to mega swimming pools, it has it all. The city, situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, is ranked the “Most Livable in the World” by the popular magazine Monocle. The Københavns Lufthavn airport, usually a one-stop flight from most major airports in the US, is only five miles away from the center of the city. Luckily for tourists, Copenhagen is a very compact city, making it very easy to walk around. But if you do not want to walk, buses and bikes are always available.

With a population of about one million, Copenhagen is home to beautiful architecture ranging from medieval castles up to the newest modern buildings. For a fun, relaxing time, the garden in front of the Rosenborg Castle is a must-see for families. Built in the Renaissance, the garden is the oldest in all of Copenhagen and draws about 2.5 million visitors per year to

see its beauty. Open-air concerts at the castle are also great fun for the family. There are three main beaches in the city, all less than thirty minutes from wherever you are in Copenhagen. Teens greatly enjoy activities such as surfing, water skiing, and windsurfing. Boats and kayaks are also available to rent at most beaches. If you see a blue flag, this is not a warning; it simply means the beach has high-quality clean water. Watch out for signs saying that the beach is clothing optional. For the more artsy families, museums and galleries are easily found everywhere in Copenhagen. The National Gallery boasts works from Picasso, Braque, Léger and Matisse, and there is no entrance fee. The Ny Calsberg Glyptotek museum contains Rodin sculptures and impressionist and post-impressionist paintings by Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, and Van Gogh. The museum is

closed on Mondays and has free admission on Sundays. Fun museums

for children include the Ripley’s Believe it or Not Museum and the Guinness Book of World Records Museum. Younger children will a b s o l u t e l y l o v e t h e Dyrehavsbakken and the Tivoli Garden amusement

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The Little Mermaid is the most photographed statue in the world.

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Eurostar

Travel EuroStarAuthentic European Food!

Fastest Fleet of Trains in

The WORLD!

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Petroleum Engineer Reveals AberdeenBy Shawn Conner

A b e r d e e n ,

Scotland, a city dominated by the North Sea Oil Indus t ry, i s a l so a beautiful place to live with everything from parks flourishing with color and picturesque mounta ins to many malls overflowing with shoppers. According to petroleum engineer, Stephen Conner, who is a half year resident of Aberdeen, the oil business has been very busy in the last few years but has regressed recently. Stephen Conner was very generous to share his first hand experiences of Aberdeen with Destination: Europe.

Stephen Conner’s job as an engineer has moved him from the Cajun, Creole city of Lafayette, Louisiana to the highly

populated global city, Bangkok, Thailand and f i n a l l y t o A b e r d e e n , Scotland. Conner shares with us what he enjoys about Aberdeen that his previous hometowns could not fulfill by mentioning that, "Lots of beautiful mountains are nearby with a lot of great places to go

h o r s e b a c k r i d i n g . " Although the beautiful geography averted his eye, Conner explains that, "it takes a lot of energy to

move to a new place and make new friends." However, friend making comes easier with the m a n y a c t i v i t i e s available in Aberdeen.

A b e r d e e n offers many activities

including sports, gardens and shopping for teens. Popular pastimes include football, gulf, hiking, fishing and horse riding. Stephen Conner notes that his family of four [wife and two daughters] enjoys, “walking, exercising, [and] horse riding.” The cool climate causes exercising

SEE: ABERDEEN, PAGE 15

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Europe is home to many different

types of cooking. One of the most well known is Italian. Italian food, while containing many of the same dishes throughout the country, is incredibly varied in the method of preparation. For example, many of the crops used in Sicilian cuisine are grown very close to Sicily. They tend to be intensely flavorful, in part because they are grown in the fertile soil surrounding Mt. Etna. Because of this flavor, they are served with a very simple sauce so that the rich taste of the food will come through. Sicily also has a very Arab influence as they

controlled the area for 200 years. This helped it to become known for its desserts, a s t h e A r a b s introduced the

Eating Exquisitely in SicilyBy Leslie McConnell

SEE SICILY, PAGE 17

Pasta con la Sarde is sometimes called the Italian national dish, made with pasta and sardines.

“There are a lot of good restaurants with every type of food.”

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“ One of the most famous granite quarries in the world [Rubislaw] is in the middle of the city. ”

“Beautiful Mountains are nearby with great places to go horseback riding.

”

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F o r t h e

environmentally conscious traveler, yearning to become educated and motivated on how to make a difference in the world, Stockholm is a must-see destination. The city, built on fourteen glacial islands near the Baltic Sea, is an evolving cosmopolitan centre, the new and the old clashing, yet still existing in profound harmony. Just generations ago, the city was an isolated Nordic community, with fair-skinned, blond and Lutheran natives dominating the city, and with its cultural r i ches h idden f rom the international eye. Following waves of immigrants from p redominan t ly Sou the rn Europe and the Middle East, the city has transformed into a hip, creative metropolitan area,

infused with a thriving youth and an influx of foreign cultures. Aside from the city’s underground revo lu t ion , Stockholm’s Nordic history has been perfectly preserved in its magnificent downtown. The cobblestone streets run among the brightly painted 18th century townhouses and down to the waterfront as well as the magnificent royal castle and parliament.

Beyond Stockholm lies an archipelago, the Baltic waters enticing bathers and a splendid Swedish summer waiting for one to enjoy. However, threatening this beautiful expanse of virtually untouched islands, is the recent explosion of algae blooming and the ailing Baltic Sea. At the height of the tourism and bathing season, the looming yellowish clouds of algae threaten public beaches and

bathers. In 2005, vast expanses of water were p l agued wi th t he a lgae blooming, turning the crystal clear waters into a soupy liquid. Warm, sunny weather long sought after by Swedes combined with warmer Baltic water is an equation for a disastrous Swedish summer.

Dur ing the spr ing, amidst the melting snow and relief from the long dark winters in Sweden, the Baltic waters begin to clear as a result of the blooming of phytoplankton, leaving no nourishment in the water. Earlier during the winter months, the sea has been replenished with nitrogen and phosphorus by precipitation, the melting ice and the degradation of plants and animals. With the coming of t he summer and sp r ing sunlight, the plankton algae in

Right: The magnificent archipelago attracts a number of tourists, but the algae (far right) threatens its natural beauty.

Algae Threatens Stockholm’s Nordic SummerBy Jenny Kjellgren

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SEE STOCKHOLM, PAGE 18

parks, the first and second oldest amusement parks in the world, respectively. Despite being approximately eight miles away from the city, it is still easily accessible and is home to the oldest Ferris wheel and roller coaster in the world. Tivoli Gardens is the more popular of the two with rides such as the “Mountain Track,” the intense roller coaster that will have you on the edge of your seat, and “The Demon,” the two-minute ride filled with loops and twists. The world’s tallest carousel also provides fun for the entire family. T h e l a s t m u s t - s e e attraction in Copenhagen is Hans Christian Anderson’s Little Mermaid. Seventy-five percent of all tourists visiting the city visit the beautiful mermaid statue perched on a rock next to the sea where she watched her true love on the land. She is the most photographed statue in the world. If you are going to take a picture with her, try not to climb next to her, because her color has slowly been worn off as a result of tourists touching her too much. Copenhagen is the perfect place for a family trip! The museums, beaches, parks and more provide a kid-friendly atmosphere. Any family looking for a vacation will never regret the trip to the marvelous and f a m i l y - o r i e n t e d c i t y o f Copenhagen, Denmark.

If you are searching for an extreme adventure in Europe, landboarding is your sport. Landboarding combines kite surfing with mountain boarding and is guaranteed to give you an adrenaline rush. This extreme sport, also known a s K G B ( K i t e G r o u n d Boarding), was created by snowboarders seeking a thrill in the summer. Before you try to landboard, you might want to master the art of mounta in boarding. KGB not only requires the skills needed to ride down a hill on a giant skateboard, but the skill to keep yourself flying while a traction kite p u l l s y o u . Mark Parker from Kitevibe, one of the England’s most respected kite schools says, “Learning to control the kite is 80% of the deal. Like any skills-based sport the more you practice, the better you’ll get.” The main point is to stay in what is known as the “power zone” or the “wind window.” This will pull you along any terrain, ranging from the beach to steep hills. If you are interested in picking up KGB, Mobius Kite School, which is located in the countryside of Cornwall ,

E n g l a n d , i s h i g h l y recommended for beginners and experts. If you are new to the sport, you will be assigned to an instructor who will teach you the main principles and more of KGB in a one- on- one session. The school will teach you how to self-launch, handle a traction kite; get your first ride, and how to set up safely. Make sure you bring

e l b o w p a d s , kneepads, and most importantly, a h e l m e t . Always dress in layers and have walking shoes that cover the ankles. Despite the great fun of the sport, KGB is

not for

everyone. Some schools will not teach children under the age of ten, whereas others will no t t ake ch i ld ren under thirteen. This is a sport that will test your athletic abilities, so if you have any health conditions or are simply unhealthy, do not attempt to landboard. Usually a two- hour course will cost around €40 to €55 and daylong sessions will cost around €95. If you are an adrenaline junkie in search of a thril l , KGB is definitely something to look into.

COPENHAGEN, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 8

New Sport Attracts Many Adventure-Seeking EuropeansBy Adam DeGenova

Landboarding combines the kite windsurfing and and the board from mountainboarding.

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Left:Bars on the beaches provided traditional Greek drinks, such as the Ouzo.Below:The Oceanis Beach Resort is a gorgeous and inexpensive place to stay on Kos Island.

When couples are ready for a

getaway, Kos Island, Greece is the perfect paradise to relax, eat great food, see beautiful sites, and stay on a tight budget. Kos Island is part of the Dodecanese Islands, which consists of twelve islands in the Aegean Sea. With a population of 27,000 people it is the second most populated and the third largest island in the chain. The island is between Kalymnos and Nysiros. The history and beaches are major attractions on Kos and the nightlife attracts younger individuals. Most of the locals on the island speak English and with many British tourists there will always be someone around who speaks English.

The buildings on the island are of ancient, medieval, and modern styles. Its waters vary from blue to emerald and the shores are covered with pebbles, white, golden, or black sand, which differ around the island. The island has many different villages. There is a great deal of vegetation throughout the island along with its various villages. On the northeastern part of the island and founded in 366 B.C., Kos Town is the main village on Kos Island.

One of the main ways to reach the island is by flying. About 22 kilometers from Kos Town, Kos International Airport “Hippocrates” is close to the village of Antimachia, which is and provides daily flights to Athens. Most tourists that visit the island rent cars, ride buses or even walk. The buses are reasonable

Tight-Budget Travelers Resort to Greek IslandsBy Diana Chehab

SEE: KOS, PAGE 20

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Bite into a little piece of heaven

By Godiva Chocolatiers

to be a favorite interest of the many inhabitants of Aberdeen. Although, be critical when choosing visiting times on account of Conner acknowledging, “I don’t like the winter days when it is cloudy and we don’t get any sun for several days.” Many people also enjoy walking in the parks and admiring the landscape Aberdeen possesses. Two of Conner’s favorite sites include, “many old castles and some distilleries.” If exercising does not sound appealing, Aberdeen contains many shopping centres such as the “The Academy” located on Belmont Street. As well as the oil industry, tourism heavily aids in Aberdeen’s wealth. Part of Aberdeen’s uniqueness for tourists is the food, the architecture, and the easy transportation.

Aberdeen’s history of farming, fishing, and food production combined with the new international restaurants brought by the growing business forms the city’s reputation for all types of food and dining. Coincidentally, petroleum engineer Stephen Conner himself notes, “Because the oil industry has brought a lot of people from different areas to Aberdeen, there are a lot of good restaurants of every type of food.” Aberdeen has it all when it comes to

eating out, but for those who cherish their Scottish backgrounds, more traditional meals such as the lamb, beef and potatoes and “fish and chips” are a delish choice.

Aberdeen is otherwise known as “ The Granite City” in behalf of the largest man-made whole in Europe, The Rubislaw quarry, which is one of the most famous granite quarries in the world. The Rubislaw quarry was opened in 1740 and 200 years and six million tones of granite later Aberdeen gave itself the name “The Granite City”. The quarry closed in 1971. However it is clearly visible that the majority of Aberdeen’s buildings are made of granite.

Transportation in Aberdeen is easy and affordable. Most pedestrians prefer the healthy choice of walking. The streets in Aberdeen are lined with restaurants, pubs, cafes, and shops, so you can never loose interest. Don’t want to work up a sweat? That’s okay, taxis are always available, and the bus service is low-priced and hygienic.

Aberdeen is a beautiful place to live but if you do not feel like moving why don’t you just stop on by, visit a park or two, do some shopping, then wander on down to the nearest pub. The drinks are on me!

ABERDEEN, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 10

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The city of Naples, Italy has long been renown for its arts, music and ancient history. Ranging from the ancient wars between the Romans and Hannibal to WWII and the allied invasion of Europe, the city has a long history of being changed by war. This has left the city in chaos for many years and is still seen today. From the moment that one arrives in Naples, the city hits you with the atmosphere of a war zone. Trash is piled in the streets and homeless families are seen deserted on the streets while cars speed by ignoring stop signs and streetlights. Silence is broken by the distant sound of sirens. These are just a few reasons why Naples has toppled t h e c h a r t s a s t h e m o s t controversial city in Europe.

In the heart of Naples, one can see the mountains surrounding the city creating a pirates cove of crime and filth. The city has no trash services, since the government will not dig a foundation for an incinerator. The law of Italy prohibits the destruction of ancient artifacts found in construction sites or landfills. The construction of any large building or hole also requires the construction and funding of a museum to house the artifacts, since Naples is home to many ancient cities including Pompeii, Herculean a n d m a n y p r e R o m a n civilizations. This could cost the city billions of Euros, (the currency in Europe.) The trash collected in the city has to be exported to other parts of Italy, which rarely happens. The result is a city piled high with mountains of trash bags. The Mafia is the only other trash service in Naples, but they pick up the trash only once month and they demand a very steep rate per trash bag. The service is also unavailable for most government officials. For the go with the flow kind of traveler, BEWARE!

Naples is well known for the many rip-off artists in restaurants, stores and sneaky travel agents. While in Naples, one must be attentive and be on the lookout for these people. While not everyone there is trying to scam you, one should still keep an eye out for dangers. Another problem is the lack of road security and irresponsible drivers. Italy is the country with the most automobile accidents per year. It is best to take a taxi even if you know the lay of the land because you risk a driver hitting you and not stopping to help. And lastly, the organized crime is currently enforcing a trucker strike in the city. The Mafia, also called the Black H a n d i n N a p l e s , i s t h e government in Naples. They profit from raising the price for something or completely prohibiting it, than selling it on the black market. The trucker s t r ike i s p reven t ing the importing of gasoline and many

Despite the controversial aspects of the city, Naples is a beautiful place to visit.

The trash on the streets continue to pile up as the city refuses to fund an incinerator.

Naples Tops Lists as Most Controversial City in EuropeBy Cos Centanni

SEE; NAPLES, PAGE 2116

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use of sugarcane instead of honey long before the concept came to anyone else.

The food in Sicily usually contains rich, red tomatoes, lentils, meatballs, sweet pastries, olive oil, capers, tuna couscous dishes, and an abundance of fish. Italian cheeses, Ricotta in particular, are used often in Sicilian cooking, in addition to a fresh glass of Sicilian wine. Popular vegetables include artichokes, broad beans, cauliflower, fennel and onions. Many new ingredients were introduced to Sicily from the New World including corn, peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, and more varieties of beans. The meats used are usually lamb or goat. Beef is normally ground up and only used to make meatballs. Veal is actually more common than beef. Swordfish, sardines, and tuna are the most commonly found fish, and of them, tuna is considered the best.

A favorite dish for Sicilians is pasta with sardines (Pasta con le Sarde). Some would even go so far as to call it the national dish. Another popular dish is the caponata. This dish is normally made using eggplants, tomatoes, celery, olives, and capers. One variation of this dish also includes artichokes and chocolate. Other popular dishes include:

•Agghiotta di pesce spada: made using swordfish, tomatoes, pine nuts, raisins, olives, and herbs

•Arancini di risois: made using rice, cheese, peas, chopped meat, and tomatoes, which are fried in the shape of meatballs

•Braccioli di pesce spada: made using grilled swordfish fillets stuffed with cheese and vegetables.

•Carciofi ripieni: made using baked artichokes stuffed with sausage, sardines, and cheese.

•Melanzane alla siciliana: made using fried and baked eggplant with mozzarella and tomato sauce.

• Pasta con la norma: made using spaghetti with eggplant and tomato sauce.

•Zite al pomodoro e tonno: made using short pasta tubes with tomato and tuna sauce. Unlike the rest of the world, Sicily still celebrates Saint’s days. Take Saint Joseph’s day (March 19th) for example. Many Sicilians ask Saint Joseph for something, and if their petition becomes reality, they will hold a table for him. Many mothers during World War II prayed to Saint Joseph that if their sons returned alive, they would hold a table for him for the rest of their lives. A table is often made up of different levels. Many of them are truly enormous. The table is covered with pictures of the saint, as well as statues and carvings of him, flowers, and candles. Of course, the table is also covered in food offerings such as bread, cooked dishes, desserts, etc., but no meat, as at the time it is Lent. All in all, Sicily is a wonderful place for the traveling gourmet.

SICILY, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 10

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Important Sectors of Italian Industry (Numbers in Exported Tonnage)

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STOCKHOLM, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 12

the sea begin to grow. The a l g a e c o n s u m e a l l nourishment left in the Baltic, and as a result, there is a devoid of nitrogen, which prohibits algae growth in the springtime. The effect is an explosive growth with a tremendous amount of algae blooming in the Baltic; it is the culprit of a sea in distress.

But what makes the a l g a e b l o o m i n g s o explosive? The spring blooming has set th stage for the summer growth. The blooming algae in the spring have died and sunk to the ocean bed, which expands the absence of free oxygen in the seabed. Processes then o c c u r , w h i c h r e l e a s e phosphorus in the water. As a r e s u l t , t h e r e i s a n abundance of phosphorus in the sediments on the ocean floor. A heavy spring blooming caused by nitrogen m a y l e a d t o a n o v e r abundance of phosphorus in t he wa te r, r e su l t i ng a dangerous cycle of algae blooming. Algae are also cyno-bacteria, and sunlight a n d w a r m e r w a t e r temperatures solely trigger its explosive, destructive growth. Cyno-bacteria also have the ability to utilize nitrogen supplied to the water by the air. The result

is an algae situation spinning out of control.

Scientists disagree on how to handle the situation and the fragile, brackish Baltic. For the last fifteen years, Swedish tax payer have spent mill ions of kroners funding plants which r e d u c e t h e a m o u n t o f nitrogen and phosphorus in the sea. Still scientists argue this plan as wasteful, arguing that the countries on the Baltic coast must work together to reduce nitrogen e m i s s i o n s a n d b a n phosphates in detergents, as well as study all of the elements in the Baltic to b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e ecosystem. The lack of oxygen in the water has also affected marine life in the sea, leaving a dying Baltic in dire need of immediate action.

I f t r a v e l i n g t o Stockholm, the traveler should be mindful of some small steps that one can take to reduce their impact on the sea. Instead of driving with a rental car, which accounts for one third of the nitrogen pollution in the Baltic, use advanced transportation methods Stockholm has in place like the metro, or tunnelbana, as well as the hourly busses that run to the archipelago. When doing the laundry, use phosphate-free

detergents, and look for the label, Bra Miljoval, to reduce the impact of the phosphorus in the Baltic. Be mindful when grocery shopping to b u y o r g a n i c f o o d s . Agriculture is the biggest cont r ibutor to harmful nutrients that enter the Baltic; organically grown foods use less harmful chemicals and therefore have a lesser impact on the Baltic.

A travel to Stockholm and the archipelago is both an eye opening and a magnificent experience. Observing the sea and recognizing its need for i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n i s motivating for those looking to heighten their knowledge and their care for the environment and marine life. T h o s e l o o k i n g f o r a n enlightening and motivating experience are sure to be pleased with the archipelago where the Nordic sun never seems to set.

Using Stockholm’s main transportation system, the tunnelbana, helps prevent even

more nitrogen pollution.

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INTERNATIONAL SENSATIONS

Coming to Demark playing their smash hit D.A.N.C.E. Nominanted for the 2007

MTV Video Music Awards, best electronic song. Originally from Paris, France, feel

the EURO beat!

40€ advance50€ at the gate

JUSTICE FEATURING FRANZ FERDINAND

ROSKILDE, DENMARK

JUNE 3RD: ROSKILDE FESTIVAL

JUSTICE

Gaspard Augé and Xavier de Rosnay

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and are on time. The main transportation used by the island residents are little scooters.

Kos Island is full of several gorgeous, affordable hotels. In the village of Psalidi just 4 kilometers from Kos Town is the Oceanis Beach Resort. A gorgeous hotel, which tempts many tourists, is the perfect place for a couple on a tight budget. A room with a stunning view of the Aegean Sea is only €73, which is about $96 a night. The beach bar and nightclub are a few of the many extra facilities the hotel has, along with an excellent reputation for food and service. G a i a G a r d e n a n o t h e r wonderful hotel is located in Kos Town near Lambi beach. The property boasts beautiful gardens, palm oasis and a freshwater swimming pool. A deluxe room for two people costs €49 equaling $64 a night, which includes a private patio, a great deal for tight budget travelers.

This island paradise not only has appealing hotels; Kos Island also has fun, relaxing attractions. Lido Waterpark

attracts numerous visitors and is an entertaining place to go for a low price. The water park is located near Mastihari village with an adult fee of €17 equaling $22. It was built in 2005 and opens in early April

and closes late in October. The Wave Pool and Lazy River are some of the most exciting rides. For a more relaxing way to spend a day, the Thermes of Kos is a great spot. Located in the town of Agios Fokas, this exotic place is perfect for tranquility. It is a sea pool with ho t sp r ings ca l l ed “The Thermes”. The Thermes is at the end of a 250-meter long pebble beach surrounded by a

rock pool. Here 42°-50°C water mixes with seawater. Discovered by studies, the waters in this paradise heal skin ailments. Kos Island has some of the most beautiful beaches.

Tigaki is one of the few beaches with shallow waters. For a beach with smooth w h i t e s a n d a n d emerald waters with hotels close to the shore, Kardamena beach is the perfect place to go. Sailing, diving, and water sports are especially popular along the b e a c h e s o f K o s Island. After a long day at the beach , i t i s a l w a y s n i c e t o unwind with a tasty m e a l . T h e

majorities of cafes open early in the morning and are located near a beach. Restaurants

such as the Aura in Kos Town serve Greek and international food. Main dishes such as Moussaka and fish and chips are served in many restaurants.Ultimately, Kos Island is the perfect vacation spot for tight budget travelers. From its inexpensive hotels to the cheap dining and beautiful beaches, spending too much money will be the least of your worries.

KOS, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 14

Kos Island is located in the southeast Aegean Sea, just northeast of Crete.

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Everything you’ll ever need!

All under one roof !

other products into the city. The ordinary traveler does not normally have connections into the black market of the city and can ruin a trip. So even if one rents a car, be prepared to drive extremely frugally. However, all of these reasons though do not make Naples a terrible city. It is known as one of the most b e a u t i f u l c i t i e s o n t h e Mediterranean coast. Your v i s i t c o u l d v e r y w e l l accommodate one of the many beautiful marble villas in and around the city. Naples is also where the world famous pizza was invented and is still home to some of the most delicious pizzas in Italy. Close to the city are the ruins of Pompeii and Herculean, which were buried during the August 24, 79 eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. The cities were excavated to find the bodies of the people who lived there paralyzed and buried in soot and ashes. Naples is also known for the song That’s Amore that was written about the city’s beauty. Overall, the city is equally beautiful as it is dangerous. It is still a popular tourist destination for its history and attractions. Just to be one the safe side, one should always take the necessary precautions when visiting Naples, as should be done when traveling to any foreign city.

NAPLES, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 16

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Discussing some of today’s most

controversial topics in Europe.

Europe - Should companies be required to take precautions to

halt global warming? PG. 23

The Basque Region - Should the Basque region be allowed to

become their own country? PG. 26

United Kingdom - Should the sport of fox hunting be banned throughout the country? PG. 25

Spain - Should the traditional sport of bullfighting be banned

throughout Spain? PG. 24

22

For numerous decades, global

warming has been one of the most controversial issues challenged by people all over the world. Global warming is the gradual rising of the Earth’s temperature caused by the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the build up of heat in the atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere is like a greenhouse with gases like carbon dioxide

and methane as the “glass” that trap the heat inside. While some gases are able to pass through the carbon dioxide and methane, others are not able to go through, which begins the greenhouse effect. The burning of fossil fuels adds to the amount of carbon dioxide release that hardens the “glass”. The greenhouse effect is anthropogenic, which means humans cause it. European leaders should take immediate action to stop the progress of global warming, which will lead to the increase of natural disasters and changes in the environment, more harm of animals and humans, and cause problems for future generations. As Earth’s temperature rises, the natural environment is greatly affected by it.

Should Governments Force Companies to Take Steps to Halt Global Warming?

The effects of CO2 emissions on

Global Warming are true, but the misled media and masses have been fooled to think that this would create an end to the human race. They are petitioning our government to create law that strip our industries and tax our economies in order to keep our Earth “safe.” These actions are absolutely unnecessary and the tell tales that our world is being destroyed are entirely untrue. Scientific surveys say that the heating of the earth is a routine followed by a cooling every thousand years or so. The idea that humans are the fault of this is absurd, and the governments must not take actions to stop our economies and industries on the basis that something unpredictable will happen. The misleading blame would be placed on the media and scientists that do not know what they are talking about. Scientists have said that putting caps on the CO2 emissions will prevent global warming. They have petitioned the European Union officials, with the help of the media to take up worthless causes that might hurt our lives. These scientists were also the same people who predicted that we would run out of food during the 20th century and that people would receive cancer from pesticides. These people also said that the world was cooling in the 1930’s and again in the 1970’s. The media has taken what these scientists say, and have used it as publicity to raise viewer ratings. These stories are not true, and the public should ignore these comments. The warming of the Earth is a normal routine and takes place because of natural

Arguing YESBy Diana Chehab

Arguing NOBy Cos Centanni

These two pictures show the change in a arctic glacier in Greenland over the course of twenty years.

SEE: PRO WARMING, PAGE 32 SEE: CON WARMING, PAGE 31

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S h o u l d t h e Tr a d i t i o n a l S p o r t o f Bullfighting be Banned in Spain?

S p a i n ’ s m o s t

ancient and enduring past time is on a rise with no end in sight. The excitement in a plaza for a bullfight is palpable as young Spaniards line the streets just to catch a glimpse of the cultural dance of the matador and the bull. Last year, 800 corridas fought in Spain, up from fewer than 500 a decade ago. The ancient pastime has taken its hold on Spain’s youth. Television is one cause, broadcasting the bullfights from the Ferias into Spaniard’s homes. Raised financial stakes and the instant celebrity of the m a t a d o r s a p p e a l greatly across a nation w i t h a s t r u g g l i n g economy and at odds with EU. A wave of nationalism has swept across Spain, the life and death business capturing the hearts of those in search for Spain’s national identity.

Bullfighting, although at the essence of the cultural identity of Spain, is a savage practice based solely on the death of an animal for the enjoyment of the spectators.

Spaniards raise concerns that eliminating bull fighting also eliminates a part of Spanish culture, but this inhumane pract ice only shines a negative light on Spain. Plazas are filled to the brink w h e n b u l l f i g h t s a r e announced to begin with t h o s e l o o k i n g f o r a n adrenaline rush watching the matador battle the beast in an ultimately unfair fight. The bull always dies; it is a

guarantee. A bullfight is a

simple affair. The bull is killed in three authorized and legal steps then sold on the streets of Spain as meat. The bull is also a thoroughbred, raised to enhance its fighting abilities to provide more entertainment, but ultimately die. The risk for the matador is great as well. The bull is programmed to kill, and

often a matador may be impaled by the bull’s sharp horn. In 1975, the great m a t a d o r a n d n a t i o n a l celebrity Franco died in the rink.

There is a difference between killing for fun and killing for entertainment. The number of bulls killed in a plaza is a small number compared to the number of bulls slaughtered for meat. It is certain that the bull does not die in complete vain because it is used as meat. Yet, a bullfight is a visual spectacle based on the death and torture of an animal. In a slaughterhouse, the final kill is swift , but in a

bullfight, its death is a prolonged ritual. The thought that the animal dies painlessly as the

matador points his blade between its shoulder blades, slicing the animal’s aorta, is a myth.

The mythical dance between matador and bull is in actuality a predetermined death ritual. Amid the roar of the tumultuous crowd the bull is led into the ring. The matador’s assistant then waves a magenta cape in front of the bull irking it to

Arguing YESBy Jenny Kjellgren

Spaniard have practiced bullfighting for hundreds of years.

SEE: CON BULLFIGHTING, PAGE 31

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The sport of fox hunting is

currently banned in Great Britain. It originated there in the sixteenth century where it was a prized sport and essential to European culture. In this sport, men, also

called “master of foxhounds,” would journey through the wood on horseback or on foot following scent hounds or fox hounds. The dogs would track the scent of the red fox, gray fox, coyote, or other quarry leading the hunters armed with shotguns. Once the fox was spotted, it would be killed. However, in November of 2004 a Hunting act was passed that successfully banned the sport throughout England and Wales on February 18, 2005, after a free vote. In 2002, Scotland, which has its own parliament, outlawed fox hunting. Although fox hunting was banned in 2004, the League Against Cruel Sports announced that this law was indeed being broken. In fact the Master of Foxhounds Association announced that there had been 184 hunts since November of 2008.

Should the United Kingdom Ban the Sport of Fox Hunting?

Fox hunting should never have

been banned in Great Britain in 2004. Hunting has been part of our life style as humans for thousands of years. Without hunting we might not have survived as a species. Why should we reject what is in our blood? Protesters against fox hunting do not see “life” as something to fight for. They also say that there are ways to obtain food without killing or harming something living, but this is once again not true. Even vegetarians kill the plants that they eat. Killing to eat is a natural part of life. All animals that are wild also hunt. If they did not, they would starve and not be able to reproduce, which hurts the whole species. We, as humans, are no different and should be no different. Are we not animals? The only main difference is that we have the ability to have a point of view. Those that appose hunting have somehow drifted away from what is natural as animals. Some say that hunting, in general, is inhumane. However, a hunter never wants the animal to suffer because he or she puts more work on himself or herself to track the animal while it is running. If one hunts for sport, he or she must always obey the local hunting laws. If an animal is going extinct, they should not be hunted, but the foxes in Great Britain are not extinct, so they should be allowed to hunt. A hunter will also never leave behind the body of what they kill. A good hunter will use everything that he or she can that is useful in the kill. As an example, the meat, the fur, and sometimes the guts can be useful for food and clothing.

Arguing YESBy Shawn Conner

Arguing NOBy Adam DeGenova

SEE: CON BANNING, PAGE 28SEE: PRO BANNING, PAGE 29

This fox is brutally attacked by a dog.

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Basque is a small region in the north

of Spain and the south of France. They speak a different language from the countries surrounding them, and should therefore be a separate country, but unfortunately, they are not. The Spanish government has refused to grant them independence. So can you blame the Basque people for fighting for it? The people deserve their freedom and the Spanish refuse to give it to them. The Basque people are using the only method that seems to get the Spanish’s attention, and they are being punished for a right they have earned and deserve.

The leaders of the Basque separatists party, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (hereafter known as ETA), have tried to end the fighting with Spain for the past forty years, on the condition that the Basques get their rightful freedom. Forty years! The Spanish have known for forty years that if they only grated the Basques independence, the fighting would stop; yet they have still refused! All the Spanish have to do is allow the Basque people to govern themselves, and take at least some responsibility off of their shoulders. This should be a good thing for the Spanish. The Basque people have put forth several treaties, the KAS Alternative in 1976 for example, and have tried to have talks with the Spanish like the proposed talk in Algiers (1989) and the weeklong conference in 1996. Despite many changes in power, Basque country remains oppressed. In fact, the Spanish have imposed a state of siege on the Basques, banning many newspapers, increasing arrests, and legalizing

For several decades, the Basque

separatists have been threatening the safety of Spanish and French citizens. The Basques, also known as the ETA (Basque for “Basque Homeland and Freedom”), founded their

organization in 1959. Since then, they have been continually demanding that they become their own country to the extent of killing, bombing, kidnapping and stealing from the Spanish. They occupy three provinces in Spain, Alava, Guipuzoco, and Vizcaya, and three in France, Basse Navarre, Labourd, and Soule, all located along the Pyrenees Mountains. The Basque separatists pose serious threats to Spanish citizens, and if they become their own country, they could use their power to hurt even more innocent citizens, wreck the Spanish government, and cause problems for other countries.

Should the Spanish Government Allow the Basque Region to Become its own Country?

Arguing YESBy Leslie McConnell

Arguing NOBy Aggie Bell

A protestor hold up a sign saying, “ETA killed 2 immigrants, it is enough.”

SEE: PRO BASQUE, PAGE 28SEE: CON BASQUE, PAGE 30

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Are You A Chelsea Fan?

27

torture. Not only this, but the Spanish are also planning to adopt a new law that would stop the Basques’ right to freedom of speech. Especially since the 9/11 attack, punishments have been increasingly harsh.

On June 11th 1995, the ETA put forth a peace proposal called the Democratic Alternative, one of many treaties. Still, the Spanish refused to consider it. They, and many others, claim that the Basque people are simply too barbaric to be allowed to run their own government. How can this be true? There were many other revolutions like this that many would not dare to call barbaric. Were the Americans barbaric when they fought for freedom against their cruel oppressor, the English? Were the Indians barbaric when they marched for independence, also from the English? No, and no one would dare to say they were. So why do the Spanish refuse to even consider that the Basque people might be able to handle leadership? Has not America become one of the greatest superpowers in the world? Perhaps Basque just needs the chance to join it.

The Basques deserves to be free, and they are trying the only method the Spanish seem to notice. But it is still not working. The Basques need more help than what their poor region can muster. They need your help and support. You can help the Basques free themselves from their oppressor. But hurry, the Basques may not last much longer.

Protestors also say that we hunters have absolutely no concern for the animals’ environment. This is far from true. If we do not care for the animals’ environments, the animal might not survive in that area. If that happens, we will no longer be able to hunt that animal in the future. If we did not care for them in the past, we would not be hunting them now. Animal’s Rights Activists also say that we do kill only for pure enjoyment. This is partly true. Not only do hunters take pride in what they kill, but also they prosper from their actions instead of going to a store to buy their meat. Activists against hunting also say that hunters are no better than murderers. This is prejudice and shows nothing but hatred. Hunters obey the law, unlike murderers who kill people out of hatred. Isn’t it wrong to discriminate and judge people based on what they believe? Somehow it is very wrong to

discriminate people by their race, sex or religion, but it is okay to hate someone only

because they own a gun? This is growing worse and worse for people who own guns in urban areas because it is now not accepted to have a gun in a city by many people. People who are raised in rural areas do not see guns as people do in large cities. Those in

large cities who think that guns are only meant to kill people are wrong once again. People who hunt, usually does not cause murders that happen in the cities. People who are raised in rural areas see guns as a way to gain food and sometimes even clothing. Fox hunting is only one aspect in Great Britain that is not tolerated by many people. We as a country need to become more tolerant and understanding of people’s interests and beliefs. Unless foxes suddenly go extinct, they should be allowed to hunt.

PRO BASQUE, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 26

CON BANNING, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 25

These dogs hunt down a fox.

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Fox hunting is an unnecessary sport that is cruel to foxes, and it breaks animal rights, so it should continue to be banned in Great Britain.

Supporters of the sport argue that hunting is natural and animals are unlike humans in the fact that they do not think or feel. They say that hunting is natural and it should be one of the freedoms of humans. Participants of fox hunting ask how human predators are more harmful than animal predators; if they do not kill the animals they will be killed by other means. Many of the hunters go by the words of poet Alfred Lord Tennyson who once said, “Everything is destined to die.”

There are many reasons to ban the sport of fox hunting in Great Britain. Foxes are not a threat to us, therefore there is no reason in killing them. Since these precious creatures are

not a threat to us, there is no reason to kill over 16,000 of them each year for pleasure. Foxes are one of the brighter animals. They are very intelligent and their opinion matters. Humans are using their ability to think, feel emotions, and act on their thoughts, and they are taking advantage of the fact that foxes lack these talents. Animals have rights and if the hunted could speak out, surly they would protest. Fox hunting not only kills a significant amount of foxes but also kills the fox hounds or the scent hounds participating in this sport. This too, breaks animal rights; we are training these hounds to track down foxes and tear them apart, often killing themselves as well. It is noted that fox hunting kills roughly 900 hounds each year. However, after being wounded by gun or dog, many of the foxes escape from the hunters, going off in the wood to suffer and die. In place of fox hunting, drag

hunting is an authorized alternative. Drag hunting is not a blood sport, no animals are to be killed or harmed when the sport is active. In order to drag hunt, animal meats or aniseed oils are dragged on the terrain for the beagles or fox hounds to track. When the dog catches up with the volunteer laying out the scents, the hunt ends. Cock fighting and badger baiting, two blood sports that are cruel to animals, were banned long ago in the UK. Why should fox hunting be allowed?

In conclusion, fox hunting has been banned for four years and should not be repealed. If the ban on the sport was repealed, foxes would be at risk for extinction. With so many hunts going on in Great Britain already, once it is legal, who knows how quickly foxes would wipe of the planet. Also, hounds are at a great risk with fox hunting. Fox hunting is an abhorrence of Great Britain’s past; no good would come from permitting it.

PRO BANNING, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 25

Foxes DearMink Hares

6%5%2%

88%

Percentages of Animals Killed in Hunts Each Year

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The Basques receive their financial support by kidnapping citizens, demanding ransoms, and taxing businesses illegally within their region. They use car bombs to kill numerous Spaniards, and in one year alone, they killed 118 civilians – which is almost one victim for every three days. In total, they have killed 800, kidnapped 70, and robbed numerous stores. If the Basques become their own independent country, they have the power to do whatever they want, however horrendous it may be. The civilians could be in danger under the authority of the Basques. Anyone who disagrees with them would face serious punishment, as has already happened with the Spanish. Not only are they dangerous to citizens, but the Basques have also received training from terrorists that make them even more

harmful to the Spanish government. Libya, Lebanon, and Nicaragua helped the separatists learn about terrorism, and they have put their hints to use. It is also thought that they have close ties to the Irish Republican Army (IRA). This training in terrorism is a deadly tactic that they could use against their enemies. In 1995 the organization tried to assassinate José Maria Aznar, the leader of the opposition in the Spanish government, and their main targets are city officials like him.

For the past fifty years, the Basques have taken drastic measures to acquire what they want without verbal communication. As an independent country, they will surely be in need of help from the outside. If other countries do not give them what they want or agree to help them, they may even declare war with their opponents and create further problems. Also, any other countries with which the Basques do not agree could be in danger.

The Basques should cooperate with Spain, the country that has been paying for and accommodating them for hundreds and hundreds of years. They should not be able to throw away everything that the Spanish has done for them. Should hundreds of thousands of dollars really have been spent on their behalf just so they could turn their backs and leave Spain? The answer is no. Both Spain and the Basques should come to an agreement and accommodate each other’s desires.

Those who disagree say that if the government gives ETA what they want – their own country – then peace and harmony will exist between the two. What they fail to realize is that this organization that has killed hundred of civilians is barbaric and cannot be trusted with a country in their hands. They cannot use their power responsibly and also have a deceitful nature. In 1998, they declared a cease-fire with Spain, but they next year they “cancelled” it and began fighting again. All of the Basques’ devious actions point to the conclusion that they should not be trusted with the responsibility of managing a country.

If the Basques have their own country, it would be pure chaos and a recipe for disaster. Their knowledge in terrorism is a dangerous tool that should not be allowed to govern any country. Such destructive people are dangerous to others and should not be given power to abuse. The Spanish and French governments should not give in to their demands for the sake of their citizens, the government, and other countries.

CON BASQUES, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 26

Havier Lopez Pena is one of the leaders of the ETA, who was just arrested recently for violence towards the Spanish.

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causes. After, and even if the Earth warmed up two or three degrees, it would be followed by a natural cooling our planet. The last time the Earth warmed up was right after the medieval ages when the renaissance occurred. At that time, plants flourished, the black plague disappeared and humans receded from their barbaric castles and made it an age of rebirth. There is no reason that this cannot happen to us. Unlike what the scientists say, the heating of the Earth will decrease disasters. There will be no flooding because the heating of the Earth actually will create more moisture in the south and north poles, thus creating more snow. There is no reason the heating might be disastrous. Global warming will instead be beneficial to the planet and humans.

The misled followers of the eco-activists and media are petitioning the European

Union to create caps on the CO2 emissions and destroy the industries and economies that we have built with our paychecks and hard-work. The media has fooled the people that this is their fault and if they do not fix it, they will perish in flames. The fault instead, is at the feet of the scientists, eco-activists

and media who propose these ridiculous thoughts. These people offer their ideas and tell us what to do, but they never have told us the benefits of a warmer world. The media cannot keep their story straight either. They have argued in the past that the world would freeze over if we did not take up the challenge of stopping the crisis, and are now saying the exact opposite: that the world was over heating. We must stand together and tell the media and the European Union our opinions of these terrible policies. We must stop them from throwing our beloved world into turmoil and not caring of anything but of how well they control the masses of the world. And most of all, we must stand up against them and prevent them from succeeding.

charge in order for the matador to observe its quickness. Then a trumpet is sounded signaling several Picadores, or fighters, to weaken the bull by stabbing it repeatedly, a process that takes 10 minutes. The crowd still cheers and applauds waiting for the faena, the final dance between bull and matador. The matador’s crimson cape swings swiftly as the bull charges. Yet, the bull is deceived, behind the cape is the matador’s sword waiting to strike and kill. The faena continues until the matador has shown his superiority, pointed his sword at the bull and turned to the audience for applause. The crowd roars as the bull slumps to the ground at the feet of the matador.

Ending this inhumane practice is urgent as bulls continue to be killed and millions flock to see the death rituals. Bullfights are merely a public spectacle of the long, tortuous death of an animal amid the applause of thousands. The fights not only show extreme disrespect for the animal, but also display a certain barbarity that animals should die in part for our own enjoyment. If bullfighting does not end, killing animals inhumanly will seem acceptable to the citizens of Spain causing extensive damage to the protection of wildlife and farm animals. Therefore, tourists should discontinue visiting the inhumane bullfights.

CON WARMING, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 23

This glacier in Antarctica has continued to grow over the years.

CON BULLFIGHTING, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 24

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The rising of sea levels will eventually cause flooding or even drown entire islands, for instance the Greek Islands. This will result in the loss of countless houses and possibly the death of the inhabitants. The heat also causes the melting of ice, which can contribute to the rising sea levels. If enough ice melts in the north, perhaps the coastline of Sweden will begin to deteriorate. Famine can be increased b y t h e g r o w i n g a m o u n t o f n a t u r a l disaster like hu r r i canes generated by warm waters and the destruction of crops.

T h e c h a n g i n g climate results in the disruption of the food chain. Some animals in southern countries are accustomed to the warm weather. Since the heat increases, those animals will start to move to the north where it is cooler. Knowing that animals depend on other creatures for food, the animals that remain in the south will not be able to nourish themselves. Although a team of scientists that promote global warming found a species of lizards in the mountains of France that benefit from that warming, they failed to consider the countless other species of animals that are dying from it. The warm waters will aid in the spreading of disease carrying insects. These diseases like malaria and yellow fever can spread easily infecting millions of people. Clean water sources are also vulnerable to the spread of diseases; the pollution of clean water can lead to a limited water supply. The gradual breaking of

the ozone layer can affect human lives by causing a greater chance of obtaining skin cancer and skin damage.

The European government should enforce the use of environmentally friendly vechicles to decrease air pollution. Air pollution will sooner or later be an issue in health in the future, which will require even more money than it would require to fix the problem now. Cars

a n d t r u c k s are the main contributors t o a i r p o l l u t i o n .

T h e T o y o t a Prius and the Honda C iv ic

Hybrid are just a few cars that should be encouraged to use. Critics that support global warming say that it will be too expensive, but if money goes anywhere it should go the saving our planet to have a healthy environment. As the climate continues to change, a growing number of animals will become extinct, which will again ruin the food chain. If nothing is done to

slow down global warming, all of these problems will aid in the loss of the ozone layer. If the ozone layer is lost, then future generations will need more than a little sunscreen to go outside and not risk having skin cancer.

European leaders should enforce acts to halt global warming such as using hybrids and stopping the destruction of forests. Global warming will lead to problems for animals and humans alike, and if it is not fixed while it is not too serious, it will be even more expensive to fix in the future. Although some issues will improve from global warming, it will create even more issues.

PRO WARMING, CONTINUED FROM PAGE 23

Gas Emissions in EuropeEnergy/Electricity Generation TransportationIndustry AgricultureWaste Other

60%20%

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3%

1%

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Timeline of Key European Events

1300’s

The Renaissance begins in Italy, bringing hope and

prosperity to all of Europe. The Mona Lisa was one of the many painting created

during this period.

1564

William Shakespeare is born in Stratford-upon-

Avon. The actual date of his birth is unknown, but

his birthday is always celebrated on April 23.

16651347

The Black Death, an outbreak caused by fleas

carrying the bacteria Yersinia pestis, reaches its peak. The plague killed

over one-third of Europe’ s total population.

1803

The Louisiana Purchase is completed. France sells the

territory of Louisiane to the United States for less

than a cent per acre.

The Fire of London ravages the city for three

days. The fire began in the small bakery of Thomas Ferriner and destroyed

about seven-eighths of all the homes in London.

1889

The Eiffel Tower, designed by Gustave Eiffel was built in 1889 for the World Fair. The structure was meant to be

torn down after the fair, but the Parisians fell in love with this new, modern structure, and it was kept.

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1939

The Germans invade Poland without warning at 4:45 in the morning,

beginning World War II.

1961

The Beatles make their debut at the Cavern Club in

Liverpool. They would soon go on to become one of the most

famous bands of all time.

1989

After the collapse of the USSR, the Berlin Wall, separating east and west Germany, was taken down. The fall of the Berlin Wall helped unite all of

Europe once again.

1993

The European Union is established in 1993 by the

Treaty of Maastricht. The EU, composed of 27 countries, is home to 500 million citizens.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo

while riding in an open-top car with his wife. This

event marks the beginning of World War I.

1914

2005

On July 7, 2005, several Muslim suicide bombers planted four

bombs in London’s public transportation systems. 52 people

were killed and over 700 were injured.

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