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7/28/2019 Design Sensitivity of Sprue Conduit Expansion in Plastic Injection Mould
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-sensitivity-of-sprue-conduit-expansion-in-plastic-injection-mould 1/7
/ Ierraspe`hm`b lutker Xaf.? #=< ;<>1;==998 A*jlmf lhhrass? fjurlfmN mtc.li.m`
MIJMA*>4OQ@<9*DL@B*>8>& MYD@ =2;*=9*;9>7>*>1*8 N 4><9 Lff rmbkts rasarvah <
^reiaahm bs eg M tar ltme lf Ie gara`ia e`
Jaikl milf ' M hustrmlf A`bm aarm b4 Ou a& 4><9& Da blfuru
M`tarsima`iaEpa` LiiassOeur`lfswww.m`tarsima`ia.m`
Hasmb` Ya`smtmvmty eg Yprua Ie`humt Axpl`sme` m` ^flstmi M`oaitme` Jeufh
Jurlfmhklr Flccl``l/& Tlvmcmrl` Clhefm& B I Jekl` Cujlr Haplrtja`t eg Jaikl`milf A`bm`aarm`b& @ltme`lf M`stmtuta eg Xaik efeby Clr`ltlcl&
Yurltkclf 121>41& Jl`blfera& Clr`ltlcl& M`hml
Ldstrlit
Hasmb` jatkehefeby l`h irmtarml te ie`gmbura sprua dusk ger lubja`tm`b gu`itme`lfmty m` pflstmi m`oaitme` jeufh lra drmagfy iejpmfah. Karate
pravlfa`t hasmb` irmtarml ms systajltmilffy ie`sefmhltah. Edoaitmvafy sprua ie`humt hasmb` sa`smtmvmty te jlikm`a& jeufhm`b l`h jltarmlf
m`gfua`ias lra qul`tmtltmvafy bkattemsah ls axpl`sme` rltme e` tka dlsms eg udmqumteus ajpmrmilf rafltme`skmps. Xkms ba`armi& smjpfa& m`axpa`smva
prava`tmva irmtarme` axajpfmgmas sprua dusk ie`humt baejatry hasmb` te m`oait jaft spaimgmilffy ger l plrtmiuflr iejdm`ltme`. Gurtkar ger hasmb`
jatmiufeus`ass mts sa`smtmvmty ms lfse drmagfy hafmdarltah evar l galsmdfa rl`ba te likmava dast pargerjl`ia.
N 4><9 Flccl``l at. lf. ^reiaahm`bs eg MIJMA pudfmskah dy M^J ^vt Fth.& Dkudl`aswlr 21<>9>& Ermssl& M`hml
Taiamvah e` <= Lprmf 4><9& ^aar ravmawah l`h liiaptah e` 4 Ou`a 4><9 l`h ^udfmskah e`fm`a e` Oufy 4><9
Caywerhs? Yprua dusk& Jaft Ie`humt& Axpl`sme` rltme
M. M @XTEHQIXME@
^flstmi m`oaitme` jeufhm`b ms l ie`tm`ueus preiass te
praimsafy ie`trmva mha`tmilf plrts wmtk iejpfax tepebrlpky
liress strm`bmast tefarl`ia rl`bas S<Z& pessassm`b rafmldfa
prepartmas l`h lra kmbkfy prehuitme` aggmima`t lt lggerhldfa iest
grej l rmbmh jeufh S4Z. Ie`tajperlry havafepja`ts m`
m`oaitme` jeufhm`b taik`efeby pargerjl`ia& aggmima`iy&
qulfmty& ati& lra mjpahah savarafy dailusa dlrafy gaw
eparltme`lf plrljatars lra hataitldfa l`h jeharltldfa S9Z&
parklps jest plrljatars lra prasujah te rabuflta m`trm`smilffy
wmtkm` jeufhm`b iyifa. Ifalrfy& grej l ie`tref tkaeratmi
parspaitmva& m`oaitme`*jeufhm`b preiass ms `amtkar edsarvldfa
`er ie`treffldfa S8Z. Xkus raice`m`b jera e` jeufh hasmb` te
axajpfmgy gu`itme`lfmty S1Z3 haspmta jlturmty m` hasmb`m`b
jeufhs grej bfedlf m`tarlitme` rasefuta`ass parspaitmva hasmb`
irmtarml lra stmff hagmima`t& wkmfa edsiurm`b jeufh l`lfysms
m`kmdmt ouhbaja`t. \umta egta` hasmb`m`b jeufhs kls te half
kmbk iejpfaxmty& wkmik `aiassmtltas axklustmva smjufltmva
l`lfysms& hafmdarlta jehmgmiltme`s l`h juftmglrmeus trlmfs
m`tarlitmvafy l`h mtarltmvafy& ewm`b te tkasa u`iartlm`ty ms
edvmeus S7Z. M`oaitme` prassura hafmvarah grej jeufhm`b
jlikm`a just prebrassmvafy suggmia `ezzfa& sprua& ru``ar& blta
l`h jeufhm`b mjprassme` blp a`arby trl`sgerjltme`s.
Liierhm`b te hmja`sme`lf l`lfysms eg jeufh gu`itme`& m`*jeufh
prassura kalh raievary grej cm`atmi m`oaitme` vafeimty weufh da
prejm`a t pargerjl`ia jatrmi. Ie`sima`tmeusfy m`oaitme`
jeufh iejpe`a`ts ie`stmtutm`b gaah systaj ms wkara
pargerjl`ia kalrtk ms ger irmtmilf m`smbkt S2Z. Edvmeusfy& ger
aggmima`t jeufhldmfmty jatmiufeus m`*gaah ie`humt prassura
raievary irmtarml ms assa`tmlf& se l rltme`lf lpprelik saajs te
gmrst ajdrlia gu`hlja`tlf m`oaitme` jaikl`mis irmtarml. ^arklps
lppraimltm`b jaft m`oaitme` hy`ljmis l`h tka` sefvm`b tkaj te
hasmb` pruha`t gaah systaj ie`humt baejatrmilf galturas jmbkt
a`kl`ia evarlff ie`gmha`ia S94Z. Egg gaah systaj smb`mgmil`t
grlitme` eg m`*jeufh prassura kalh raievary eiiurs m` sprua
dusk ie`humt& ka`ia sprua ie`humt aggmima`iy wmff smb`mgmil`tfy
m`gfua`ia evarlff jeufh pargerjl`ia quetma`t& l`h se msie`spmiueus afaja`t ger hasmb` pargaitme` S;Z.
MM. Y^TQA DQYK HAYMB@ IE@GMBQTLXME@
Eparltme`lffy sprua dusk ms pflstmi jaft ie`humt grej upstralj
`ezzfa tmp te hew`stralj ru``ar l`h%er bltm`b systaj e` tka
plrtm`b pfl`a ger e`wlrh m`oaitme` m`te jeufhm`b mjprassme`
blp. Eiilsme`lffy l pertme` eg prmjlry ru``ar ms jlikm`ah e`
mts dlsa fm`cm`b sprua waff te jlm` ru``ar ie`humt& wkaram` te
ratlm` lfmb`ja`t l`tm*retltme` feicm`b galtura hasmb` ms
`aiasslry. Tlrafy sprua duskas lra lfse hasmb`ah te hagflta
u`wl`tah hress l`h praimpmtltas preiaahm`b m`te jeufhm`b
mjprassme` blp dy lheptm`b iyife`mi saplrltme` lfe`b sprua
jaft m`targlia deu`hlry dy usm`b jmire pereus pewhar
jatlffurby jltarmlfs.
Gu`itme`lffy sprua dusk kls te jaikl`milffy l`h tkarjlffy
a`blba iefh jeufh te ket dlrraf wmtk jm`mjuj a`arby fess S=Z
ls waff ls raievar `aiasslry m`*jeufh plicm`b prassura a`arby
grej `ezzfa”s cm`atmi m`oaitme` a`arby. Ye mt ms erma`tah plrlffaf
te m`oaitme` dlrraf l`h axifusmvafy lssajdfah m`te jeufh S<>Z
dy sfmp*gmttm`b tkreubk tep pflta +K2k7- l`h trl`smtme`*gmttm`b
7/28/2019 Design Sensitivity of Sprue Conduit Expansion in Plastic Injection Mould
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-sensitivity-of-sprue-conduit-expansion-in-plastic-injection-mould 2/7
Hasmb` Ya`smtmvmty eg Yprua Ie`humt Axpl`sme` m` ^flstmi M`oaitme` Jeufh
^reiaahm`bs eg M`tar`ltme`lf Ie`gara`ia e` Jaikl`milf ' M`hustrmlf A`bm`aarm`b N 4><9 4
+K2c7- m`te ilvmty pflta& ls waff ls te raiamva vary fmttfa
ieefm`b.
Xka habraa eg jefaiuflr struitura erma`tltme` m` jeufhm`b
hapa`hs e` rasmhulf strass vlrml`ia e` mt”s surglia ie`saqua`t
te m`oaitah jaft gre`t plttar`. Xe liiejpfmsk lfjest u`mgerj
jaft m`oaitme` plttar` haspmta hmsirata parmehmi gfuitultme`s
wlrrl`t l ie`humt hasmb` irmtarml ie`iahm`b m`oaitme`
hy`ljmis& wkmik ms `avar bmva` hua ie`smharltme` S<<Z l`h mstka prmja geius eg tkms rasalrik aggert.
M` m`oaitme` jeufhm`b hejm`ltm`b vmsieus aggaits m`oait
fljm`lr straljs lt iraap Tay`efhs `ujdar +Ta- rl`bas& se
jaft flyars puskah lblm`st parmpkarlf deu`hlry wlffs
axparma`ia rafltmvafy flrba l`h lfjest u`mgerj prassura dumfh
up wmtk falst skalrm`b. Xkus gerjm`b stlb`ltme` rabme` wmtk
sudstl`tmlf kasmtltme` lfe`b pflstmi jaft*te*sprua wlff
m`targlia& saifuhm`b tkm` deu`hlry flyar S<4Z. Gfltta`ah
deu`hlry flyar smjuftl`aeusfy graazas dafew mts bflss
trl`smtme` stlta up te l` aqumfmdrmuj tkmic`ass& rafltmva te feilf
jaft m`oaitme` rlta ls waff ls liiejpl`ym`b hmltkarjmi kalt
trl`slitme` rltas. Tasuftm`b jaft greza` flyar tkmic`ass
ba`arlffy stlb`ltas lt&
+l- zare vafeimty rabme`& hapa`hm`b e` jaft rasmha`ia tmja
+d- ie`balfah tajparltura rabme` hapa`hm`b e` jaft te sprua
jltarmlf tkarjlf preparty hmggara`ias fmca tkarjlf
ie`huitmvmty& spaimgmi kalt& bflss trl`smtme` tajparltura&
ati&
+i- kmbk vmsimh rabme` rafltmva te m`oaitme` skeic pfl`a jaft
vmsiesmty
Ie`saqua`tfy m`tarjahmlta `ejm`lf flyars axparma`ia few
rafltmva prassura l`h flrba skalr rltas& ka`ia grask jaft arupts
lt tka iera lfe`b tka `ejm`lf m`oaitme` hmraitme` ls ie`vaitme`
preiaahs. Xkms iejdm`ltme` eg peer skalr kaltm`b l`h sfubbmsk
jaft sfmp ie`tm`ueusfy hrlb iera flyars tewlrhs ie`humt wlff
+parmjatar-& haspmta m`tarjahmlta fljm`ltas skalrm`b glstar
rasuftm`b m` 9H `e`fm`alr vafeimty pregmfa lt tka gfew gre`t m.a&
m`mtmlf jaft gre`t lhvl`ia gfltta`s lduttm`b evar l`h lfe`b iefh
sprua ie`humt m`targlia deu`hlry. Ba`arlffy tkms pka`eja`e`
ms lttrmdutah ls geu`tlm` gfew aggait S<9Z.
Tlpmh skalr rltas `aiassmtlta praimsa l`h liiurlta sprua*
ie`humt rabme` hasmb` wmtk jm`mjuj greza` flyar tkmic`ass
S<8 l`h <1Z. @erjlffy greza` flyar ms tkmicar lt axmt l`h
rafltmvafy tkm``ar lt tka a`trl`ia. Axmstm`b pefyjar jefaiuflr struitura cm`atmis dlsah tkarje*rkaefebmilf jehafs sefafy
iklrlitarmsa pefyjar daklvmeur ldeva jaftm`b pem`t& dut
axtrlpefltm`b tkaj m` ie`balfah rl`bas dafew bflss trl`smtme`
tajparltura te lsiartlm` jaft stlta weufh da arre`aeus.
Xkaragera& greza` flyar tkmic`ass astmjltme` l`h pregmfa
irmtarml lra stmff ie`ta`tmeus S<7Z. Ie`saqua`tfy& sefmhmgmah
m`targlia deu`hlry flyar aggaitmvafy skrm`c ie`humt ermgmia
asilfltm`b hajl`h ger amtkar lhhmtme`lf prassura er iyifa tmja
axta`sme` te m`oait hasmrah sket vefuja tkreubk `lrrew
ie`humt. @avartkafass greza` flyar tkmic`ass `abfaitme` weufh
m`trehuia ie`smharldfa m`oaitme` vafeimty*iejputltme` arrer.
Ls jaft straljs hmggusa tkreubk axpl`hm`b ie`humt lfe`b
m`oaitme` hmraitme` m` iejpfml`ia te flw eg jlss ie`sarvltme`
`ejm`lf vafeimty hairalsas. Ls waff ls m`iejpfml`ia te flw eg
a`arby ie`sarvltme`& `ejm`lf jaft tajparltura hairalsas hua
te kalt hmssmpltme` m`te iefhar sprua wlffs. Lfse m`iejpfml`ia
te flw eg jeja`tuj ie`sarvltme` `aiasslry m`*jeufh prassura ms raievarah lt tka axpa`sa eg m`oaitme` vafeimty. Dut
lfmca ralf trl`spert imriujstl`ias jaft ie`vaitme` ms
mrravarsmdfa& se tka litulf m`*jeufh prassura raievary wmff da
lfwlys fass tkl` ierraspe`hm`b hrmvm`b m`oaitme` dlrraf
prassura.
Yprua duskas lra sudoaitah te iyifmi +klrje`mi- tajparltura
l`h prassura gltmbua ls waff ls preiassm`b aresme`. Ye
ierraspe`hm`b glmfura irmtarme` hmitltas ikesa` jltarmlf te klva
suggmima`t stra`btk. Liierhm`bfy sprua duskas lra
jl`ugliturah grej `micaf ikreja staafs +DY =2>?;<2J8>- er
DMY X<<>R4Ir< er HM@ MYE <>>24 +HM@ <7214- <.4;47 wmtk
28> @%jj4 l`h skeufh lfwlys da klrha`ah S<2Z& tajparah&
praimsme` breu`h& `mtrmhah caapm`b surglia klrh`ass 114 KTi
l`h iera klrh`ass lt 8>*81 KTi l`h flppah te likmava hasmrah
surglia gm`msk.
L. Yprua Dusk Hasmb` Jatkehefeby
Yprua dusk hasmb` pargaitme` ms iruimlf te m`oait& hmstrmduta
jaft l`h aoait jeufhah plrt S<2Z& mts ie`gmburah galturas
smb`mgmil`tfy m`gfua`ia mjprassme` ie`trmvldmfmty S<;Z. Axtarmer
kalh& skl`c l`h dlsa saitme`s m`tabrlta te gerj m`tar`lf ie`humt
baejatry ls raprasa`tah m` Gmbura < tklt kls te da vary
spaimgmilffy ie`gmburah ger lvlmfldfa jlikm`a spaimgmiltme`s&hasmrah jeufhm`b galturas l`h ikesa` pefyjar iklrlitarmstmis.
Yprua ie`humt hasmb` skeufh jlm`tlm` ie`tm`umty& dlfl`ia
jaikl`mis l`h aqumfmdrlta a`arby trl`slitme`s te sustlm`
raqumrah jaft stlta ger mhalf ie`trmvl`ia.
+l- Kalh? Yprua kalh ms l pesmtmva galtura pessassm`b `abltmva
m`fat ermgmia rabme` te raiamva jaft ls waff ls liiejjehlta
lduttm`b `ezzfa tmp
+d- Ykl`c? Yprua skl`c ms l trl`smtme` galtura wmtk tuduflr
iress*saitme` gerjm`b m`tar`lf ie`milf ie`humt datwaa`
kalh l`h dlsa
+i- Dlsa? Yprua dlsa wmtk axmt ermgmia rabme` hafmvars jaft m`te
sprua waff klrje`msm`b gaah systaj ie`tm`ul`ia lfe`b tka
plrtm`b pfl`a.
7/28/2019 Design Sensitivity of Sprue Conduit Expansion in Plastic Injection Mould
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Hasmb` Ya`smtmvmty eg Yprua Ie`humt Axpl`sme` m` ^flstmi M`oaitme` Jeufh
^reiaahm`bs eg M`tar`ltme`lf Ie`gara`ia e` Jaikl`milf ' M`hustrmlf A`bm`aarm`b N 4><9 9
Gmbura < Yikajltmi raprasa`tltme` eg typmilf sprua dusk
l. Yprua Kalh
+m- Ykeufhar Hasmb`? Hurm`b dlrraf lhvl`iaja`t er jeufh
a`blbaja`t lxmlf tkrust dy jeufhm`b jlikm`a m`oaitme` sfmhm`b
u`mt typmilffy rl`ba grej <>>1> c@ ger ba`arlf utmfmty
iejpe`a`ts l`h 41>1> c@ ger kmbk*prassura m`oaitme` er
ava` kmbkar ger a`bm`aarm`b iejpe`a`ts. Ye flrba hmljatar
iefflr kalh ie`gmburltme` ms hasmb`ah wmtk suggmima`t duttm`bskeufhar lral a`eubk te dalr `ezzfa tmp salfm`b prassura m.a&
rastrlm` m`*jeufh hmspfliaja`t . Ymjmflrfy upe` dlrraf
ratrmavlf& feiltm`b rm`b prava`ts eut eg jeufh lssajdfy
hmspfliaja`t& hua te m`oaitme` jaikl`mis ls waff ls
a`blbaja`t blp falclba wafhm`b. Lfse dmb a`eubk te
liiejjehlta ifljpm`b siraw kalhs lrrlyah e` l imriuflr
^IH te dalr lxmlf rm`bm`b terqua. Ytruiturlffy iefflr kalh
kambkt l`h skeufhar duttm`b lral lra hasmb`ah te dalr rapaltah
+gltmbua- kmbk jaikl`milf felh mjplits eg jmxah strassas
+skalr& iejprassme` l`h ta`sme`- l`h rasmst hagerjltme`s S<=Z.
Ie`saqua`t te rapaltah dlrraf a`blbaja`t l`h hmsa`blbaja`twmtkm` alik iyifa& sprua kalh raiass wmff da mjparmffah te
savara walr pessmdmfmtmas. Ka`ia grej jlm`ta`l`ia l`h
sarvmialdmfmty parspaitmva sprua duskas klva te da hasmb`ah ger
rapfliadmfmty.
+mm- Ytrass Ie`ia`trltme`? Tmbmh sprua dusk axparma`ias l`
m`hatarjm`lta strass ie`ia`trltme` lt skl`c l`h kalh ou`itura
juik kmbkar tkl` tkesa lpprexmjltah dy afaja`tlry aqultme`s
l`h parklps liiurlta jlb`mtuha ilfiufltme`s hajl`h tkaery eg
aflstmimty parspaitmva.
+mmm- Xkmic`ass Hasmb`? Grej l hasmb` parspaitmva& sprua*dusk
wlff tkmic`ass axiaahs <>! eg `ejm`lf ie`humt hmljatar H
l`h m`tar`lf jaft prassura axiaahs <7
eg lffewldfa strass& se
mt kls te da ie`smharah ls l tkmic skaff S4>Z.
+mv- ^rassura Hrep? Yprua ie`humt a`trl`ia*prassura fess +^i-
ms l`etkar prlitmilf mssua axprassah lsj
i i. & wkara i l`h
j lra ajpmrmilf ie`stl`ts hatarjm`ah grej pepuflr Dlbfay
iurvas ger tka ikesa` pefyjar l`h ms skalr strass.
d. Yprua Ie`humt Hasmb`
Egg tka a`tmra gaah systaj hmvarbm`b sprua ie`humt m`fat
ermgmia wmt`assas” swmgtast vefujatrmi skalr rlta m.a& jlxmjuj
skalr rlta wmtk jloer kalt l`h jlss trl`sgerjltme`s eiiurrm`b
lt tka skeic pfl`a S4<Z. @lrrew sprua ie`humt smza wmff
hairalsa sefmhmgmiltme` tmja& wkmik wmff a`kl`ia prehuitmvmty
S44Z. @avartkafass sjlffar `ezzfa ermgmia iejpaf preiassers te
m`oait jaft lt kmbkar tajparltura& se sprua*dusk ie`humt skeufh
da hasmb`ah te likmava kmbkast jaft m`oaitme` rltas ger tkalvlmfldfa prassura brlhma`ia. ^rmja edoaitmva eg sprua ie`humt
hasmb` ms te jmtmblta jaft % bls a`trlpja`t& ldrupt straljm`b
l`h prassura % tajparltura vlrml`ia& vertaxm`b& u`hua
turdufa`ia& hmsie`tm`ueus spflskm`b eg straljs& safg*tujdfm`b&
ati& l`h rafltmva te hy`ljmi rkaefebmilf iklrlitarmstmis guffy
ie`trmva tka mjprassme` wmtk ie`tm`ueus m`oaitldmfmty.
Ava`tulffy lmh jeufh afaja`ts ie`trmva plrts tklt lra +<-
wkeffy gmffah +4- suparmer surglia gm`msk +9- u`hmstertah +8-
ha`sar +jm`mjuj vemhs& peras l`h duddfas- +1- gfaxmdfa +7-
suparmer wafhjask +2- hmja`sme`lffy praimsa +;- u`mgerjfy
skru`c S49Z.
+m- Yprua dusk fa`btk +F- kls te gfusk wmtk +ilvmty # dettej-
pflta tkmic`ass& se lt iejpe`a`t favaf l` axiass jatlf steic
+zMX<4- ms prevmhah te iejpa`slta gm`msk brm`hm`b lgtar gm`lf
lssajdfy. Xkarjlf axpl`sme` ilusas tka sprua dusk fa`btk te
$brew$ glr a`eubk plst tka plrtm`b fm`a falhm`b te gflskm`b.
Lfse tka `ezzfa ie`tlit gerias pusk mt evar tka jevm`b smha eg
tka jeufh& trym`b te epa` mt. Ye ger `e`*sprua*bltah plrts&
jeufhars skeufh a`sura sprua duskm`b fa`btk wkmfa mt ms ket
S48Z.
+mm- Ie`saqua`t te ie`humt ie`varba`ia l`h hmvarba`ia e`
amtkar smha eg m`targlia skeic pfl`a& braltast rastrmitme` te
m`oait jaft eiiurs lt tka m`targlia datwaa` `ezzfa axmt l`h
sprua m`fat ermgmia. Ye te likmava mhalf tkrettfa litme` skeic
saitme` just likmava kmbkast skalrldfa rlta +se`mi m`oaitme`- eg
ikesa` pefyjar +parklps<<> J
m.a& m`oaitme` vafeimty-.
M`oaitme` skeic pfl`a Jlik `ujdar hapa`hs e` tka
rkaefebmilf l`h skalr habrlhltme` iklrlitarmstmis spaimgmi te
tka ikesa` pefyjar. Ie`varba`t `ezzfa l`h hmvarba`t sprua
ie`humt iejdm`ltme`& hurm`b gmffm`b pklsa lits ls `ezzfa*
hmggusar m`iralsm`b jaft hew`stralj prassura lt tka axpa`sa eg
7/28/2019 Design Sensitivity of Sprue Conduit Expansion in Plastic Injection Mould
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Hasmb` Ya`smtmvmty eg Yprua Ie`humt Axpl`sme` m` ^flstmi M`oaitme` Jeufh
^reiaahm`bs eg M`tar`ltme`lf Ie`gara`ia e` Jaikl`milf ' M`hustrmlf A`bm`aarm`b N 4><9 8
upstralj vafeimty m.a m`iralsa hmsiklrba rlta te axpl`h pflstmi
jaft grej kmbkar sudse`mi 9<> J `ezzfa vafeimty te fewar
sudse`mi 1<> J
sprua gmffm`b vafeimty. Lblm` tka slja
iejdm`ltme` lits ls hmggusar*`ezzfa te m`iralsa jaft vafeimty lt
tka axpa`sa eg prassura hurm`b plicm`b pklsa& m&a iejprassah
pflstmi jaft m` fewar sudse`mi 9<> J
`ezzfa vafeimty te
kmbkar sudse`mi 4<> J
sprua iejpa`sltme` vafeimty.
+mmm- Yprua ie`humt m``ar surglia ms hasmb`ah sjeetk& gurrew*
fass l`h pefmskah te glimfmtlta grmitme`fass fljm`lr jaft mjpufsa
straljm`b& parjmt ifal` sprua staj strmppm`b eut wmtk
jm`mjuj hrlb& stmicm`b l`h grmitme` S49Z l`h `ezzfa tmp dralc
egg. Kewavar ie*aggmima`t eg grmitme`lf fess Grmitme` FessI il` da
iejputah ls&
Yprua axmt
Grmitme Fess
@ez zfa
QI <
Q
+<-
i.
Yprua DlsaLiierhm`b te jlss*jeja`tuj ie`sarvltme` parspaitmva&
+m- Ym`ia fljm`lr jaft aggfux prassura brlhma`ia ms hmraitfy
prepertme`lf te skl`c fa`btk l`h m`varsafy prepertme`lf te
geurtk pewar eg axmt hmljatar& sprua dlsa hasmb` ms irmtmilf te
jlm`tlm` prassura brlhma`ia tkl` ie`gmburm`b fa`btk
+mm- Jm`mjuj? Yprua plsslba axmt ermgmia hmljatar skeufh da
dmbbar +lt falst <.1jj- tkl` plrt tkmic`ass +m.a& Hie t jlx #
<.1jj- te a`sura ie`smsta`t jlss gfew rlta l`h graaza lgtar
plrt sefmhmgmas& tkarady ermgmia rajlm`s fmva te gaah jaft ger
plicm`b. Xe likmava kmbkast vefujatrmi m`oaitme` rlta tkreubk
sprua dusk axmt turdufa`ia skeufh da lvemhah S4< l`h 41Z.
+mmm- Jlxmjuj? Axiassmvafy evarsmzah axmt sprua hmljatar lt
ru``ar * sprua waff m`tarsaitme` `aiassmtltas fe`bar jeufhm`b
iyifa S47Z
+mv- Ger sjeetk m`targlim`b wmtk sprua waff l` axtar`lf +T9-
gmffat baejatry ms hasmb`ah lt tka sprua dusk dlsa te prava`t
jaft puffm`b lwly grej tka wlff m` tka gerj eg l oat& tklt
rajlm` vmsmdfy hmstm`it e` tka jeufhah plrt surglia
D. Yprua Dusk Hasmb` Irmtarml
M`gfux pefyjar jaft stlta& vmsiesmty iklrlitarmstmis&
rkaefebmilf daklvmeur& ati.& prmer te a`tarm`b sprua ie`humt lra
cay preiassm`b plrljatars hmraitfy m`gfua`im`b ymafh
iejpe`a`t qulfmty l`h mts tkarjlf iklrlitarmstmis. Tafltmva
skalr kalt havafepah l`h%er ldserdah m`kara`t hmstrmdutme`
rl`ba lpprexmjltafy axiaahs <>>I lt m`oaitme` skeic baejatry
ze`a S42Z. @avartkafass tajparltura vlrmltme` ms prepertme`lf te
tka rltme eg jlikm`a sket ilplimty l`h jeufh sket ilplimty
S4;Z. M`trusmva predas m`te sprua dusk klva ravalfah tklt jaft
tajparltura sklrpfy m`iralsa hurm`b m`oaitme` geffewah dy
brlhulf haily hurm`b plicm`b l`h smb`mgmil`tfy hairalsa hurm`b
ieefm`b. ^redldfy hurm`b gmffm`b tajparltura m`ta`smgmas hua te
lhmldltmi iejprassme` l`h skalr grmitme`& parklps jloer
tkarjlf vlrmltme` eiiurs ie`saqua`t te ket jaft vefujatrmi
m`oaitme` hy`ljmis m`smha sprua ie`humt S4=Z.
Yprua ie`humt ilpmfflry rltme ms hatarjm`ah dy tka rltme eg sprua
ie`humt prassura brlhma`ia lvlmfldfa m` tka jlikm`a te
jlxmjuj m`oaitldfa trua skalr strass axta`t eg tka ikesa`
pefyjar. Dy ie`smharm b sprua ie`humt l`lfebeus te l ba`armi
ilpmfflry tuda& mt il` da iejputah ls&
^Ykalr Ytrass
F4T
Ym`ia sprua skl`c kls l strlmbkt ie`humt mts `ejm`lf hmljatar
weufh da l` lrmtkjatmi lvarlba& tka`H
T 4
^ H ^
Ykalr Ytrass H8F 8F
+4-
Ger l fm`alr ie`humt axpl`sme` `ejm`lf hmljatar il` da
edtlm`ah grej Gmbura < ls geffews&
s s
s
s
H H 4FXl`H
4
4 H FXl`: H F tl`
4
+9-
Ye dy sudstmtutm`b Aq` +9- m` +4- wa bat&
s
^Ykalr Ytrass H F tl`
8F
+8-
Xka lpplra`t skalr rlta ger l jaft m`oaitah tkreubk l ilpmfflry
ie`humt ms hagm`ah ls&
9 9 9
s
8\ 94\ 94\
T H H F tl`
+1-
Xe hasmb` l spaimgmi sprua ie`humt& mts eparltme`lf iklrlitarmstmi
galturas klva te da hasirmdah dy gu`itme`lf jatrmis. Xkaragera&
jaft”s rasmstl`ia te hmggusa tkreubk sprua ie`humt ms
qul`tmtltmvafy raprasa`tah dy lpplra`t feilf vmsiesmty& jera
spaimgmilffy rasuftm`b jaft strlm` rlta ger l` lppfmah +m`oaitme`-
skalr strass. Xkarjepflstmi jaft vmsiesmty dam`b l trua
tkarjehy`ljmi preparty vlrmas wmtk spltmetajperlf jaft stlta.
Xkaragera dlsah e` Ymr Mslli @awte`”s rasmstl`ia flw
pestufltah m` <7;2& tka ilpmfflry rkaefebmi gerjufltme` ger
pefyjar jaft m`oaitme` `abfaitm`b strlm` l`bfa t weufh da
S9>Z&
Ykalr YtrassYprua axmt Wmsiesmty
Ykalr Tlta
+7-
Ykalr strass ms jlxmjuj lt tka parmpkarlf wlff l`h haifm`as
tewlrhs ia`trlf iera prepertme`lf te vafeimty pregmfa sfepa. @ew
sudstmtutm`b Aq` +8- l`h +1- m` +7- wa bat&
7/28/2019 Design Sensitivity of Sprue Conduit Expansion in Plastic Injection Mould
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Hasmb` Ya`smtmvmty eg Yprua Ie`humt Axpl`sme` m` ^flstmi M`oaitme` Jeufh
^reiaahm`bs eg M`tar`ltme`lf Ie`gara`ia e` Jaikl`milf ' M`hustrmlf A`bm`aarm`b N 4><9 1
s
9
s
8
s
^H F tl`
8FLpplra`t Wmsiesmty
94\
H F tl`
^H F tl`
<4;\F
Xka ldeva m`aqulfmty raprasa`ts `e`*`awte`ml` jaft m`oaitme`
liress `e`fm`alr vmsiesmty hmstrmdutme` l`h ieufh da aqultah dy
lheptm`b Tldm`ewmtsik ierraitme` ls geffews&
8 8
s s
Θ^π 8` Θ^π `ζ : H #F tl`μ : H #F tl`μ
<4;\F 9`#< 94\F 9`#<
+2-
Kara ` ms gfew daklvmeur er skalr*tkm``m`b m`hax& liierhm`b te
pewar flw ` il` da edtlm`ah ls sfepa eg feb vmsiesmty vs feb
skalr strass plrtmiuflrfy ger l plrtmiuflr m`oaitme` jeufhm`b
ilsa.
feb
feb a
a
h `h
+;-
Kewavar& ger `e`*`awte`ml` skalr tkm``m`b vmsieaflstmi
tkarjepflstmi jafts ` < ls skew` m` Gmbura 4
Gmbura 4 Aggait eg skalr rlta e` vmsiesmty ger tkarjepflstmis S<2Z
Ykalr rlta hapa`ha`iy ms l prejm`a`t m`oaitme`*jeufhm`b
preiass galtura m.a& kmbk vmsiesmty lt few skalr rltas +ls m`
dfew jeufhm`b- l`h few vmsiesmty lt kmbk skalr rltas +suik ls
axtrusme`-. Ye tkm` vmsieaflstmi tkarjepflstmi jaft rlpmhfy
eiiupmas tkm``ar jeufh blps lt kmbk skalr rltas. Ykalr
tkm``m`b daklvmeur eg m`oaitah jaft +lt purba sket tajparltura-
prmer te a`try ms lfjest aqulf te sprua ie`humt axmt3 ka`ia
vmsiesmty ikl`ba weufh da dlra jm`mjuj >h hx
lt
S>& Z x F . Jaft axparma`ias kalvy skalr rltas ls waff
smb`mgmil`t gfuitultme` tkreubk alik iyifa& plrtmiuflrfy hurm`b
gmffm`b l`h plicm`b. M`oaitme` skalr rltas typmilffy rl`ba grej
<>< te <>8 par saie`h. Ye mt ms iruimlf te spaimgmilffy hasmb`
sprua dusk ie`humt ger tka dast skalr rlta l`h jlm`tlm` ls
juik ls pessmdfa u`mgerjmty tkreubkeut tka ie`humt. Xkaragera
ie`stl`t vmsiesmty lssujptme` ger mhalfmsj ieufh da
sudstl`tmltah dailusa ie`humt smza ms gm`mta er rmbmh.
Liierhm`bfy ralrrl`bm`b Aq`. +2-&
8
s
94 \F 9` <H F tl`
^ `
8s
94 \F 9` <H F tl`
^ `
+=-
@ew rasefvm b ger ie`humt axpl`sme` sfepa&
8Y
94 \F< 9` <tl` H
F ^ `
+<>-
Yudstmtutm b grej seu`h vafeimty hagm`mtme` ^ jlx^ I ^ & wkara
^I ms tka iklrlitarmstmi ie*aggmima`t eg l tkarjepflstmi jaft
raprasa`tm`b tka axta`t te wkmik sprua ie`humt kls te raievar
prassura l`h jlx^ ms rltah m`oaitme` prassura lvlmfldfa m` tka
jlikm`a S9<Z lfse hmsiklrba rlta&
Yket
M`oaitme` tmja
WYket Wefuja\
M`oaitme` Xmja t
YtrecaM`oaitme` tmja
M`oaitme`
WYtreca Wefuja eg J%itM`oaitme` rlta Q
Ye&
YketM`oaitme`
Ytreca
W\ Q
W
Ka`ia sudstmtutm`b Θ^ l`h \ wa bat&
Yket8
M`oaitme` Y
^ jlx Ytreca
< 94 F W 9` <tl` Q H
F I ^ W `
+<<-
Kewavar trlhmtme`lffy <¿ 1¿ tlpar ms m`hapa`ha`tfy
lheptah te ie`sarva lhhmtme`lf gaah systaj vefuja axpa`sa& parklps jly `et da mhalfmstmi. Ye l`lfebeus axtrusme`
axpl`sme` rltme r A kls daa prepesah dlsah e` Aq . +<<- ls
smjpfmgmah hasmb` irmtarml&
r sA Htl`
F
+<4-
Axpl`sme` rltme r A ms l` mjpertl t qulhrupfah plrljatrmi
rltme ieffaitmvafy raprasa`tm`b spltmlf ie`humt baejatry ikl`ba
liress m`mtmlf `ezzfa tmp l`h gm`lf sprua waff dlsa. Mt ms edtlm`ah
dy iejplrm`b Aq` +<<- l`h +<4- ls&
M`oaitme`8
r Yprua Yket
^ jlx YtrecaJeufhm`b
Jltarmlf Jlikm`a Yattm`b
Q94 9` <A F W
` I ^ W
8
r
Jlikm`a Yattm`bJltarmlf Jeufhm`b
94A ^efy Js Iejp
+<9-
Ls par Aq` +<9- sprua ie`humt axpl`sme` baejatry ms
spaimgmilffy sa`smtmva ger l plrtmiuflr sat eg jeufhm`b& jltarmlf
l`h jlikm`a iejdm ltme`. Xka sa`smtmvmtmas lra kmbkfy rafmldfa
ls tka m`gfua`ias eg jltarmlf& jlikm`a l`h jeufhm`b lra
7/28/2019 Design Sensitivity of Sprue Conduit Expansion in Plastic Injection Mould
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Hasmb` Ya`smtmvmty eg Yprua Ie`humt Axpl`sme` m` ^flstmi M`oaitme` Jeufh
^reiaahm`bs eg M`tar`ltme`lf Ie`gara`ia e` Jaikl`milf ' M`hustrmlf A`bm`aarm`b N 4><9 7
spaimgmilffy qul`tmgmah. Ya`smtmvmty m`gerjltme` ms kmbkfy
vlfuldfa te raspe`smdfy ie`gmbura ie`humt hasmb` wmtk raspait
te l`y bmva` parturdltme`s m` tka gu`itme`lf ie`gmburltme`. Ls
r A ms prepertme`lf te jlikm`a spaimgmiltme`s& hasmrah
jeufhm`b galturas l`h ikesa` pefyjar iklrlitarmstmis fmca
pefyjar vmsiesmty& parklps kmbkfy vmsieus jltarmlfs fmca ^EJ
raqumra flrba tlpar.
MMM. MFFQYXTLXME@
Xrlhmtme`lf hasmb` irmtarml typmilffy geius e` hmrait
jltkajltmilf sudstmtutme` oust a`eubk te spaimgy seja hmsirata
er `ujarmilf vlfua. Rkarals Ie`tm`ueus Ya`smtmvmty Aqultme`
Jatkeh +IYAJ- raprasa`tah dy Aq` +<4- ie`trlsts dy
axljm`m`b rafltme`lf sa`smtmvmty lt m`gm`mta hmja`sme`lf favaf.
IYAJs lra ilpldfa eg lheptm`b mffustrltmva m`tarva`tme` te
hafmdarlta ie`humt hasmb` sa`smtmvmty lt wmshej favaf vary juik
daye`h prlbjltmi axparmja`tltme` er iflssmilf l`lfytmilf
stuhmas. Lftkeubk tka m`gara`ia ms stmff we`tah& tka l`lfebeus
harmvltme`s eggar l u`mqua parspaitmva tkl` tkesa pravlmfm`b
dafmag. Iurra`t kefmstmi hasmb` sa`smtmvmty stuhy ms plrt eg l
drelhar m`vastmbltme` siepa. Liierhm`bfy& wa ikeesa m`oaitme`
brlha Liryfe`mtrmfa dutlhma`a styra`a +LDY- ls tka
tkarjepflstmi te da jeufhah&
Xldfa <? Iklrlitarmstmi prepartmas eg LDY wara edtlm`ah grej
JLXRad
M`oaitme` Xajparltura <=> ’ 4<> eI
Ilpmfflry Tkaejatry
pewar flw m`hax& ` >.49=> te >.898>
Lpplra`t Wmsiesmty =7.== * 44.<= +@%j4- *saiM`*jeufh M`oaitme` ^rassura raqumrah
te ie`trmva mjprassme` blp8.<8 ’ <9> J^l
Ymjmflrfy kermze`tlf m`oaitme` jeufhm`b jlikm`a eg
Rm`hser Jlikm`as Fth.& Jujdlm& Yprm`t sarmas klva da
raprasa`tltmvafy lheptah aspaimlffy ger ilsa L l`h I& 71> te`
jlikm`a ms ikesa`. Lfse l <>>>ii iejpe`a`t smza er
mjprassme` sket vefuja ms ikesa` wmtk ;>jj sprua dusk
fa`btk raqumraja`t. Ye spaimgmilffy tkraa hmggara`t smtultme`lf
iejdm`ltme`s eg prlitmilf silfa ieufh da mffustrltah& dy
parturdm b alik lt l tmja.
L. Ya`smtmvmty te iejpe`a`t smza
Mhalffy litulf sket vefuja ger l iejpe`a`t skeufh lfwlys da
>.1 te >.21 eg tka tetlf swapt vefuja par streca eg tka dlrrafS94Z. Qsm`b tka jltarmlf hltl m` tldfa <& tka jltarmlf tarj rl`ba
eg Aq` +<9- ms iejputah ls ^efy <1=.8<&19>.97 988.;;; .
Ymjmflrfy ger 71>X Yprm`t jlikm`a& jlikm`a sattm`b tarj eg
Aq` +<9- ms lfse iejputah te da7Js <.88;4 <> . L typmilf
;>jj sprua dusk fa`btk ms ie`smharah te mffustrlta iejpe`a`t
vefuja sa`smtmvmty.
Gmbura 9 Yprua tlpar axpl`sme` rafltmva te iejpe`a`tvefuja
Liierhm`b te gmbura 9& sprua ie`humt axpl`sme` ms
axpe`a`tmlffy sa`smtmva te iejpe`a`t vefuja axta`t. Ykeufh
jeufh hasmb` m`ta`h te liiejpfmsk dast galsmdfa pargerjl`ia
tka` iejpe`a`t smza kls l smb`mgmil`t m`gfua`ia e` evarlff
sprua ie`humt hasmb`.
D. Ya`smtmvmty te Jlikm`a smza
Haspmta flrba ie`humt vefuja m`tmjmhltm`b rlpmh m`oaitme`&
tka liiejpfmskldfa gmff rlta hapa`h e` m`oaitme` rlta lvlmfldfa
m` tka jlikm`a. Ka`ia spura ie`humt axpl`sme` hasmb` lfe`b
tka m`oaitme` hmraitme` ms sa`smtmva te galsmdfa jlikm`a sattm`bs.
Kewavar m`oaitme` ilplimty eg l jlikm`a ms ierrafltmva te mts
smza er te``lba. Ls axpflm`ah m` ilsa L& jltarmlf hltl m` tldfa <
ms usah te iejputa jltarmlf tarj rl`ba eg Aq`.+<9-
^efy <1=.8<1&19>.974 988.;;;
Gurtkar l typmilffy raprasa`tltmva iejpe`a`t eg <1>>ii&
Gmbura 8 Yprua tlpar axpl`sme` rafltmva te jlikm`a smza
Gmbura 8 iurva mffustrltas tklt sprua ie`humt axpl`sme` ms
m`varsafy prepertme`lf te jlikm`a smza& mffustrltm`b l steutar
ie`humt ieufh suggmia wmtk dmbbar smza jlikm`as. Lftkeubk
jlikm`a smza kls `abltmva ierrafltme`& ava` l kuba jlikm`a
smza parturdltme` kls fmttfa m`gfua`ia e` sprua ie`humt
axpl`sme`.
7/28/2019 Design Sensitivity of Sprue Conduit Expansion in Plastic Injection Mould
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Hasmb` Ya`smtmvmty eg Yprua Ie`humt Axpl`sme` m` ^flstmi M`oaitme` Jeufh
^reiaahm`bs eg M`tar`ltme`lf Ie`gara`ia e` Jaikl`milf ' M`hustrmlf A`bm`aarm`b N 4><9 2
I. Ya`smtmvmty te tkarjepflstmi jltarmlf
Yprua ie`humt axpl`sme` hasmb` sa`smtmvmty te m`kara`t
tkarjepflstmi jltarmlf iklrlitarmstmis stajs grej tka hasmra te
lppraimlta tka irmtmilf rabufltm`b gliters. M`*smtu jaft
iklrlitarmstmis hltl vary juik m`gfua`ias hasmb` l`h
mjpfaja`tltme` suiiass eg pefyjar preiassm`b plrtmiuflrfy
tkarjehy`ljmi l`h trl`spert prepartmas S99Z. Ls wa
u`harstl`h grej jeja`tuj ie`sarvltme` parspaitmva& jltarmlfvmsiesmty hmraitfy bevar`s tka ie`saqua`t jaikl`mis&
liierhm`bfy sprua ie`humt kls te da ie`gmburah ger dast rasufts.
Qsm`b Yprm`t 71>X jlikm`a spaimgmiltme` pudfmskah dy
jl`ugliturar& jlikm`a sattm`b jltarmlf tarj ms iejputah te da
7Js <.88;4 <> . Ymjmflrfy l typmilf raprasa`tltmva
iejpe`a`t eg <1>>ii ms ie`smharah. Ie`smharm`b l `ejm`lf
pewar flw m`hax vlfua eg ` >.9971 & jaft vmsiesmty ms
parturdah evar mts lturlf rl`ba.
Gmbura 1 Yprua tlpar axpl`sme` rafltmva te jltarmlf typa Gmbura 1 mffustrltas tklt jaft vmsiesmty ms lfjest fm`alrfy
prepertme lf te ie`humt axpl`sme .
MW. IE@IFQYME@
Ldeva axta`smva sprua dusk hasmb` irmtarml hafmdarltme`
jl`mgasts axajpflry hasmb` pargerjl`ia il` da liiejpfmskah
dy lheptm b IYAJ. Lttrmdutm`b pravlfa`t smtulta IYAJ hasmb`
irmtarml il` m`stmtutmvafy gliter*m` ie`humt galtura hasmb` vary
juik spaimgmilffy ger l plrtmiuflr iejdm`ltme`. M`gara`tmlffy mt
lppalrs tklt m`varsafy prepertme`lf sket vefuja kls smb`mgmil`t
m`gfua`ia e` sprua ie`humt tlpar iejplrah te jaft vmsiesmty.
Gurtkar tka da`agmts eg hatarjm`m`b rafmldfa sprua dusk ie`humt
axpl`sme` te dast pargerjl`ia ajpklsmsas jl`y etkar blm`ldfa
da`agmts tkreubk stratikah iejpata`ia& lggaitmva l`h ieb`mtmva
sy`ikre`msltme` eg m`*smtultas fmca m`oaitme` gmff tmja& m`oaitme`
rljpm`b spaah ger plicm`b& eparltm`b tajparltura&
iejpltmdmfmty& ati.&
T AGATA@IAY
S < Z H. E. Clzjar& $^raimsme` preiass ie`tref m` praimsme` M`oaitme`Jeufhm`b&$ ^raimsme` M`oaitme` Jeufhm`b& Im`im``ltm& Kl`sar ^udfmiltme`s& 4>>7
S 4 Z J. J. Blutkmar& M`oaitme` Jeufhm`b3 A`bm`aarah Jltarmlfs Kl`hdeec&Hasc Ahmtme`& LYJ M`tar`ltme`lf& <==1
S 9 Z O. Fltt& B. Ieurdadlmssa& D. Ikeplrh l`h O. F. Glfie`a& $FlttmiaDeftzjl`` Jehaffm`b eg M`oaitme` Jeufhm`b ^reiass&$ Iaffuflr Lutejltl & Wef 99>1& ^b. 981*918& Yprm`bar Warflb Darfm` Kamhafdarb&4>>8
S 8 Z H. E. Clzjar l`h H. Kltik& $Xewlrhs Ie`treffldmfmty eg m`oaitme`jeufhm`b&$ LYJA M`tar`ltme`lf Jaikl`milf A`bm`aarm`b Ie`brassIe`gara`ia ' Axpesmtme`& @lskvmffa& Xa``assaa& QYL& <===
S 1 Z K. Taas& Q`harstl`hm`b M`oaitme` Jeufh Hasmb`& Kl`sar Blrh`ar ^udfmiltme`s M`i& Im`im``ltm& 4>><
S 7 Z Ytl`ckh& $Taqumraja`t eg tka sprua& mts gu`itme`s& hasmb` eg tkam`oaitme` jeufhah plrt& sprua l`h blta predfajs m` m`oaitme` jeufhm`b$Yarmas M`ba`maurwmssa` +M`oaitme` Jeufhm`b Yarmas-& Waram` Hautsikar M`ba`maura +WHM- Warflb& Hussafhegt& <=2>
S 2 Z O. T. B. Avl`s l`h C. @. Ku`t& $L kaltah sprua dusk ger iarljmim`oaitme` jeufhm`b&$ Oeur`lf eg jltarmlf sima`ia fattars& Wef <>& ^b29>*299& <==<
S ; Z O. A. Klfay& $Xka Mjpertl`ia eg Jeufh Hasmb` te ^rehuitmvmty&$ L\LIerperltme`& 4>>=
S = Z M. M. Tudm`& M`oaitme` Jeufhm`b * Xkaery ' ^rlitmsa& Oek` Rmfay 'Ye`s& @awyerc& <=24
S <> Z Y. @mtek& ]. Cedlylskm l`h C. Ykmrl& $@aw hma hasmb` systaj ger m`oaitme` jeufhm`b usm`b juftmvlrmlta l`lfysms&$ L``ulf Jaatm`bIe`gara`ia lt Olpl`& 4>>4
S << Z ^. H. ^ltmf& O. O. Ga`b l`h Y. B. Kltzmcmrmlces& $Ie`stmtutmva jehaffm`bl`h gfew smjufltme` eg ^XGA plsta axtrusme`&$ Oeur`lf eg @e`*
@awte`ml` gfumh jaikl`mis& Wef. <9=& b 88’19& 4>>7S <4 Z ^. Fuhwmb& $E` gfumh gfew wmtk vary fmttfa grmitme`&$ 9rh M`tar`ltme`lf
Ie`brass eg Jltkajltmiml`s& Kamhafdarb& Barjl`y& <=>8S <9 Z O. ^. Daluje`t& $Tu``ar l`h Bltm`b Hasmb` Kl`hdeec&$ Ju`mik&
Barjl`y& 4>>8S <8 Z K. Ol`asikmtz*Crmabf& $M`oaitme` Jeufhm`b eg ^flstmis? Yeja Mhals
ldeut tka Tafltme`skmp datwaa` Jeufh Gmffm`b l`h Dmragrm`ba`ia&$Tkaefeby Litl& Wef. <7& ^b 942*99=& <=22
S <1 Z K. Ol`asikmtz*Crmabf& $M`oaitme` Jeufhm`b eg flstmis lrt*MM L`lfytmilfYefutme` eg Kalt Xrl`sgar ^redfaj&$ Tkaefeby Litl& Wef. <;& 7=9&<=2=
S <7 Z B. Ja`bas l`h ^. Jekra`& Kew te jlca M`oaitme` Jeufhs& Kl`sar ^udfmiltme`s& Ju`mik& Barjl`y& <==9
S <2 Z Yldmi& M`oaitme` jeufhm`b preiassm`b bumha& YLDMI M``evltmva pflstmisM^ DW& 4>>;
S <; Z H. Y. Xrmge`ev l`h ]. A. Xeskav& $L` lpprelik ger prahmitm`b tkaierrait baejatry l`h plrljatars eg tka sprua systaj eg l` eptmilf hmsijeufh dy usa l iejputar lmhah hasmb` l`h smjufltme`&$ ^reiaahm`bs eg Xkmrh M`tar`ltme`lf Ie`gara`ia e` Juftm*Jltarmlf Jmire Jl`uglitura&4>>2
S <= Z L. D. Bfl`vmff l`h A. @. Ha`te`& M`oaitme` Jeufh Hasmb`Gu`hlja`tlfs& Ljarmil` ahmtme`& M`hustrmlf rass M`i& @aw ]erc& <=71
S 4> Z D. ^. Kewlrh l`h L. E. Auba`a& Jlikm`a Hasmb`& 9ah.& Jaikl`milfA`bm`aarm`b Yarmas & JlBrlwkmff M`tar`ltme`lf Ahmtme`& <=;<
S 4< Z Fl`xass& $A`bm`aarm`b pflstmis plrt ' jeufh hasmb` bumha&$ Fl`xassIerperltme`& mttsdurbk& 4>>2
S 44 Z H. Teslte& ^flstmi ^reiassm`b Hltl Kl`hdeec& 4ah& Iklpjl` ' Klff& @awyerc& <==2
S 49 Z O. D. Hyj& M`oaitme` Jeufhs ' Jeufhm`b? L prlitmilf jl`ulf& 4ah.&We` @estrl`h Tam`kefh& @aw ]erc& <=;2
S 48 Z O. R. Dezzaffm& $Kew te Ytep Gflsk&$ flstmis Xaik`efeby& Oufy 4>>8S 41 Z T. Kltik& $Ym`cs m`smha l jeufhah pfub&$ Xreudfa Ykeetar ^lrt 98&
Wef. 2 & @e =& ^b <>7*<<<& Yapt <===S 47 Z BA ^flstmis& $M`oaitme` jeufhm`b preiassm`b bumha‚&&$ Ba`arlf Afaitrmi
Iejpl`y& flstmis Lva`ua& mttsgmafh& JL ><4><& <==;S 42 Z L. Eslju l`h Q. Ykmreu& $Xajparltura jalsuraja`ts eg pefyjar
jafts m` tka kaltm`b dlrraf hurm`b m`oaitme` jeufhm`b ^lrt 4? 9Htajparltura hmstrmdutme` m` tka rasarvemr‚&$ ^efyjar A`bm`aarm`b 'Yima`ia& Wef. 4=& Mssua 9& ^b <2< ’<22& 41 Gadrulry <=;=
S 4; Z B. I. ^amsikf l`h M. Drucar& $Jaft kejeba`amty m` m`oaitme` jeufhm`b?Lppfmiltme` eg l rm`b*dlr havmia‚& ^efyjar A`bm`aarm`b ' Yima`ia&$Wef 4=& Mssua 9& ^b 4>4*4>;& 41 Lubust 4>>8
S 4= Z Y. Oek`ste`& H. Clzjar& _. Gl` l`h T. Ble& $Ilusas eg jafttajparltura vlrmltme`s edsarvah m` tka `ezzfa hurm`b m`oaitme`jeufhm`b&$ L``ulf Xaik`efeby Ie`gara`ia& QYL& 4>>2
S 9> Z @. Y. Tle& Hasmb` Gerjufls ger ^flstmis A`bm`aars& Kl`sar& Ju`mik&Barjl`y& <==<
S 9< Z G. J. Rkmta& Gfumh Jaikl`mis& 7ah& Xltl JiBrlw Kmff Ahuiltme` ^vtFth.& @aw Hafkm& 4>>=
S 94 Z D. L. Ytre`b& ^flstmis? Jltarmlfs ' ^reiassm`b& 9 ah.& ^alrse` ^ra`tmiaKlff& Ekme& 4>>7
S 99 Z ]. [me`b l`h A. Cmrl`& $Jmsimdmfmty& ha`smty l`h vmsiesmty eg pefystyra`a m` `*kaxl`a lt kmbk prassuras&$ ^efyjar& Wef. 9;& ^b 1<;1&<==2
