Derivatives

Risks and

Rewards

Forward ContractThis is a contract with the Bank to buy / sell a specific currency, at a pre-determined exchange rate and on an agreed future date. A Forward contract is binding on both the parties to the contract .

Key Benefit – Protection from foreign exchange market volatility

Key Risk – Potential loss due to unfavourable movement in currency market

Regulatory Environment A person resident in India may enter into a forward contract with an AD in

India to hedge an exposure to exchange risk in respect of a transaction for which sale and/or purchase of foreign exchange is permitted under the FEMA Act, or rules & regulations issued, subject to the following conditions:

There has to be a genuine underlying exposure i.e. Forward contracts are permitted only for hedging and not for speculation.

A forward contract can be booked for the following:• an inward / outward remittance for export / import transactions

respectively• foreign currency loans / bonds - only after RBI approval, where

necessary, has been obtained The currency of hedge and tenor will be the customers choice Maturity of the hedge should not exceed the maturity of the underlying

transaction

FX Options

Definition

A Currency Option is a Financial Contract which gives the BUYER (Holder) the RIGHT, but not the Obligation, to exchange a specified amount of currency versus another at a specified rate on, or up to, a specified date.

The SELLER (or Writer) of the Currency Option contract has the OBLIGATION to deliver the specified amount of currency at the specified rate on the specified date.

Options offer Flexibility to not lock in rates. Can tailor risk / reward to specific client requirements

Benefits over ForwardsBenefits over Forwards

Terminology

Notional : The amount of Currency to be exchanged

Call Option : Right to Buy

Put Option : Right to Sell

Strike : Pre Agreed Exchange Rate

Trade date : Start date of the trade

Expiry Date : Date on which the Buyer decides to use the option

Maturity date : Date of settling the Currency Exchange

Case Studies

Case - Exporter Customer is an exporter : Need – To protect against potential USD depreciation against

the INR from current levels over the month.

  Spot Rate : 46.75*

Notional : $ 1 mio receiveable 1 month from now ( Jul 24th)

Strategy 1 – Hedging by using Forward Contract

The 1 month forward premia is 2 p. Hence, the forward rate will be 46.77 ( Spot –46.75 + premia 0.02)

1 month later ; possible scenarios Scenario 1:US$ has depreciated, say to 46.50

• The exporter receives 46.77 million instead of the market rate of 46.5 million.

• He gains US$ 6Kgains US$ 6K by entering into the forward contract

Scenario 2:US$ has appreciated, say to 47.30• The exporter receives 46.77 million instead of the market rate of 47.00

million.• He loses US$ 5Kloses US$ 5K by entering into the forward contract

There is an option to cancel the contract before the maturity date. The prevailing premia for the remaining tenor will need to be adjusted & the profit / loss will be credited/debited to the account

Strategy 2 –Hedging using Options

Customer buys 1 month Put @ 46.75 for $ 1.0 mio

  Customer pays 0.65 % or USD 6.5k for this option Scenario 1:US$ has depreciated, say to 46.30

• The importer exercises the option sells at 46.75 million better than the market rate

• He gains US $ 10 kgains US $ 10 k by entering into the forward contract. He also paid a cost of $ 6.5Kcost of $ 6.5K. So net save is $ 3.5k net save is $ 3.5k

Scenario 1:US$ has appreciated, say to 47.30• Customer lets option expire worthless. He would have lost $ lost $

12k 12k by locking into the forward contract; whereas in this case he only loses the premium cost of $6.5k

Question: Can I reduce this premium cost?Question: Can I reduce this premium cost?

Strategy 3 – Zero cost Option  To offset the cost in the earlier case, customer sells

(a)    sells a Call [ sells USD buys INR ] after 47.00; (b)    sells a Put [ buys USD sells INR @ 46.50]

Customer sells Put @ 46.50 for $ 1.0 mio, He receives 0.20% or USD 2000Customer sells Call @ 47.00 for 1 mio, He receives 0.45% or USD 4500Customer receives 0.65 % or USD 6500 for this option

Scenario 1:US$ has appreciated, say to 46.90

• None of the options get exercised • The exporter sells USD at a favourable market rate of 46.90

Scenario 2:US$ has appreciated, say to 47.30 Customer enjoys upside on USD-INR from 46.75 to 47.00 for $ 1 mio. From 47.00 customer is out of money for $ 1 mio to the extent of ( spot

rate – 47.0) x $ 1 mio.

Scenario 3:US$ has depreciated, say to 46.60 The customer exercises the Put option @ 46.75 and gains from

46.75 to 46.60 of $3.2k. The other 2 options do not get exercised.

Scenario 4:US$ has depreciated, say to 46.30 The bank exercises the Put option @ 46.50 and Customer

exercises put @ 46.75; customer gains till 46.50 and thereafter he takes a loss of $4.4k on market movement beyond 46.5 till 46.30 for $ 1 mio

Strategy 3 – Zero cost Option

Risks

The foreign currency market is a very volatile market, and there is potential for losses in case of adverse movement in currencies

With the FX market open 24 Hours a day, profit target and stop loss levels could get breached

Booking forward contracts might lead to potential losses also in case the actual market rate at time of maturity is worse off than the locked in forward rate, or in case of early pick up

Collateral is taken for booking forward contracts. In cases of adverse currency movements, which results in substantial margin erosion the customer will be required to provide additional margin

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described herein. Although the information contained herein is believed to be reliable, we make no representation as to the accuracy or completeness of any information contained herein or otherwise provided by us. The ultimate decision to proceed with any transaction rests solely with you. We are not acting as your advisor or agent. Therefore, prior to entering into any proposed the transaction you should determine, without reliance upon us or our affiliates, the economic risks and merits, as well as the legal, tax and accounting characterizations and consequences of the transaction, and independently determine that you are able to assume these risks.

- The terms set forth herein are intended for discussion purposes only and subject to the final expression of the terms of a transaction as set forth in a definitive agreement and/or confirmation. This proposal is neither an offer to sell nor the solicitation of an offer to enter into a transaction. Our firm and our affiliates may act as principal or agent in similar transactions or in transactions with respect to instruments underlying a proposed transaction. This document and its contents are proprietary information and products of our firm and may not be reproduced or otherwise disseminated in whole or in part without our written consent unless required to by judicial or administrative proceeding.

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