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Introducción a los materiales dentales
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Dental Materials3
Biomaterials
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A biomaterial is "any substance (other thandrugs) or combination of substances
synthetic or natural in origin, which can beused for any period of time, as a whole or asa part of a system which treats, augments,or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of
the body".
Biocompatibility !he ability of a materialto perform with an appropriate host
response in a specic application
#ost $esponse !he response of the host
organism (local and systemic) to the
implanted material or de%ice.
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MicroTest Laboratories - example
Our In-vitro toxicity services are
performed by our experienced and
fully trained microbiologists
In- Vivo Services:
Rabbit yrogen
!S "lass Testing
Sensiti#ation
ImplantationSub-"$ronic%"$ronic
Toxicity
Intracutaneous Reactivity
Irritation Testing
&ecropsy Services
'istology Services
In-Vitro Services:
"ytotoxicity
'emolysis
"omplement (ctivation
T%TT Testing(M)S Mutagenicity
"arcinogencity Testing
Met$ods
!S
ISO
*
)%+
,(
(STM
(ll (nimal Testing is
performed in a fully
(((L(" accredited
facility
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&eywordsMetallic'glass'olymeric'eramic'omposite
*racture'fatigue'creep'corrosion'degradation
!issue
response'healing'biocompatibility'hostresponse'carcinogenicity
#ard'soft tissue implants
+ascular'Breast'rological'Art. -rganMucosal contacting
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Material /election
arametersMechanical
!hermal'0lectrical onducti%ity
Di1usion
2ater Absorption
BiostabilityBiocompatibility
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Value Location
pH 6.8 Intracellular 7.0 Interstitial7.15-7.35 Blood
pO2 2-40 Interstitial !! H"#40 Venous100 $rterial
%e!perature 37 &or!al 'ore
28 &or!al ()in*ec+anical (tress 4,10
7 & !
-2*uscle pea) stress#
4,108 & !
-2%endon pea) stress#
(tress 'cles per ear# 3,105
eristalsis5,10
6 - 4,10
7Heart !uscle contraction
Test "onditions:
Lengt$ of implant: ay: Mont$: Longer:
.$ere used: s/in%blood%brain%mucosal%etc0
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Bul)
*aterial
(ur/ace Laer
o/ *aterial
$dsor0ed laer o/
1ater2 ions 3
proteins
'ells in
0iolo"ical
/luid
Biocompatibility is primarily a surfacephenomenon …
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!est Animals
$abbits 4 ear, s5in, pyrogen 6uinea igs 4 s5in, esp 7
Mice 4 genoto8icity #orseshoe rab 4 endoto8ins ig 4 implant
Bacteria 9 genoto8icity !est actual : elutants : e8tracts eople 4 long term
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/ome ommonly sed Biomaterials
Material Applications /ilicone rubber atheters, tubing Dacron +ascular grafts
ellulose Dialysis membranes oly(methyl methacrylate) ;ntraocular lenses, bone cement olyurethanes atheters, pacema5er leads #ydogels -pthalmological de%ices, Drug Deli%ery /tainless steel -rthopedic de%ices, stents
!itanium -rthopedic and dental de%ices Alumina -rthopedic and dental de%ices #ydro8yapatite -rthopedic and dental de%ices ollagen (reprocessed) -pthalmologic applications, wound
dressings
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An ;nterdisciplinary *ield
Bioengineers
Material /cientists
;mmunologists
hemists
Biologists
/urgeons
...
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<ournals
Biomaterials 2orld =ews
Materials !oday
=ature
<ournal of Biomedical Materials $esearch ells and Materials
<ournal of Biomaterials /cience
Articial -rgans
A/A;- !ransactions
!issue 0ngineering Annals of Biomedical 0ngineering
Medical De%ice >in5
see? http?''www.biomat.net'biomatnet.asp@groupC
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A >ittle #istory on
Biomaterials $omans, hinese, and AEtecs used gold indentistry o%er FGGG years ago, u not good.
;%ory : wood teeth
Aseptic surgery HIG (>ister) Bone plates JGG, Koints J3G !urn of the century, synthetic plastics came
into use
4 22;;, shards of MMA unintentionally got lodgedinto eyes of a%iators
4 arachute cloth used for %ascular prosthesis
JIG9 olyethylene and stainless steel beingused for hip implants
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ses of Biomaterials
$eplace diseased part 4 dialysis Assist in healing 4 sutures
;mpro%e function 4 contacts orrect function 4 spinal rods orrect cosmetic 4 nose, ear Aid d8 4 probe
Aid t8 4 catheter $eplace rotten 4 amalgam
$eplace dead 9 s5in
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roblems'test for w
Biomaterials Acute to8icity (cytoto8icity) arsenic /ub chronic'chronic b
/ensitiEation =i, u 6enoto8icity arcinogenicity $eproducti%e :'or de%elopmental b
=euroto8icity ;mmunoto8icity
yrogen, endoto8ins
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*DA : ;/- GJJ3
*DA mandates tests based on length ofcontact (FL #r, 93G Days, 3G days)
/ee table for details ;/- GJJ3 4 reNuired for 0uropean
nion ertication 4 see Oowchart fore8emptions
/ee De%ice ategories : e8amples
#armoniEation 4 in process
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*irst 6eneration ;mplants
Pad hocQ implants specied by physicians using common and
borrowed materials
most successes were accidental rather than by
design
4,a!ples 5 6irst 7eneration I!plants
8 "old /illin"s2 1ooden teet+2 **$ dental prost+esis
8 steel2 "old2 i9or2 etc.2 0one plates
8 "lass ees and ot+er 0od parts
8 dacron and parac+ute clot+ 9ascular i!plants
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;ntraocular >ens1 basic materials - MM(2 acrylic2 silicone
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+ascular 6rafts
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/econd generation implants
engineered implants using common and borrowed materials de%eloped through collaborations of physicians and engineers
built on rst generation e8periences
used ad%ances in materials science (from other elds)
8 titaniu! allo dental and ort+opaedic i!plants
8 co0alt-c+ro!iu!-!ol0dinu! ort+opaedic i!plants
8 :H*; polet+lene 0earin" sur/aces /or total <oint replace!ents
8 +eart 9al9es and pace!a)ers
4,a!ples 5 (econd "eneration i!plants
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Articial #ip <oints
$ttp:%%3330total4oints0info%'ip04pg
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!hird generation implants bioengineered implants using bioengineered materials
few e8amples on the mar5et
some modied and new polymeric de%ices
many under de%elopment
4,a!ple - %+ird "eneration i!plants8tissue en"ineered i!plants desi"ned to re"ro1 rat+er t+an replace tissues8Inte"ra Li/e(ciences arti/icial s)in87en=!e cartila"e cell procedure
8so!e resor0a0le 0one repair ce!ents8"eneticall en"ineered >0iolo"ical? co!ponents 7enetics Institute and
'reati9e Bio!olecules B*s#
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/ubstitute #eart +al%es
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/0M displaying the cross section of a compositedis5, which had been seeded with cultured bone
marrow stromal cells.
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Synt$etic polymer scaffolds
... in t+e s+ape o/ a nose le/t# is @seeded@ 1it+ cells called
c+ondroctes t+at replace t+e pol!er 1it+ cartila"e o9er ti!e
ri"+t# to !a)e a suita0le i!plant.
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0%olution of Biomaterials
Structural
,unctional Tissue
)ngineering "onstructs
Soft Tissue
Replacements
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Ad%ances in
Biomaterials !echnology ell matrices for 39D growth and tissue
reconstruction
Biosensors, Biomimetic , and smartde%ices
ontrolled Drug Deli%ery' !argeteddeli%ery
Biohybrid organs and ellimmunoisolation
4 =ew biomaterials 9 bioacti%e,
biodegradable, inorganic
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Metals
Semiconductor
Materials
"eramics
olymers
Synt$etic
+IOM(T)RI(LS
Ort$opedic
scre3s%fixation
ental Implants ental Implants
'eart
valves
+one
replacements
+iosensors
Implantable
Microelectrodes
S/in%cartilagerug elivery
evicesOcular implants
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Biomaterials for !issue
$eplacements Bioresorbable
%ascular graft
Biodegradablener%e guidancechannel
/5in 6rafts
Bone
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Biomaterials 9 An
0merging ;ndustry =e8t generation of medical implants
and therapeutic modalities
;nterface of biotechnology andtraditional engineering
/ignicant industrial growth in the
ne8t years 99 potential of a multi9billion dollar industry
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+iomaterials "ompanies
8 +io,orma Researc$ 5 "onsulting2 Inc.2 /i0rinoltic sste!s2 protein-!aterial interactions
8 +axter International de9elops tec+nolo"ies related to t+e 0lood and circulator sste!.
8 +iocompatibles Ltd0 de9elops co!!ercial applications /or tec+nolo" in t+e /ield o/ 0ioco!pati0ilit.
8 "armeda !a)es a 0iolo"icall acti9e sur/ace t+at interacts 1it+ and supports t+e 0ods o1n control !ec+anis!s
8 "ollagen (est$etics Inc0 0o9ine and +u!an placental sourced colla"ens2 reco!0inant colla"ens2 and 47-pol!ers
8 )ndura-Tec Systems "orp. 0io-!ec+anical endurance testin" o/stents2 "ra/ts2 and cardio9ascular !aterials
8 'o3medica de9elops and !anu/actures products in ort+opaedics.
8 M(T)"' +iomedical Tec$nologies2 de9elop!ent o/ 0io!aterials 0 c+e!ical pol!eri=ation !et+ods.
8 Medtronic2 Inc. is a !edical tec+nolo" co!pan speciali=in" in i!planta0le and in9asi9e t+erapies.
8 Molecular 6eodesics Inc.2 0io!i!etic !aterials /or 0io!edical2 industrial2 and !ilitar applications
8 olymer Tec$nology 6roup is in9ol9ed in t+e snt+esis2 c+aracteri=ation2 and !anu/acture o/ ne1 pol!er products.
8 SurModics2 o//ers +otoLin)A# sur/ace !odi/ication tec+nolo" t+at can 0e used to i!!o0ili=e 0io!olecules
8 .0L0 6ore Medical roducts ivision2 %64 !icrostructures con/i"ured to e,clude or accept tissue in"ro1t+.
8 7immer2 desi"n2 !anu/acture and distri0ution o/ ort+opaedic i!plants and related euip!ent and supplies
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What are some of theChallenges? !o more closely replicate comple8 tissue
architecture and arrangement in vitro
!o better understand e8tracellular and
intracellular modulators of cell function !o de%elop no%el materials and
processing techniNues that arecompatible with biological interfaces
!o nd better strategies for immuneacceptance