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Dendrochronological dating of aharbour construction in TrondheimTerje ThunPublished online: 15 Apr 2008.

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Dendrochronological dating of a harbour construction inTrondheim

TERJETHUN

Thun, T. 1984. Dendrochronological dating of a harbour construction in Trondheim. Norsk geogr.Tidsskr. Vol. 38, 19-26. Oslo. ISSN 0029-1951.

28 out of a total of 78 well preserved pine (Pinus sylvestrb) logs, excavated in 1980 in the city ofTrondheim, near the mouth of the river Nidelven, have been treated dendrochronologically. Thistreatment has resulted in a 271 year-long floating chronology. The absolute dating of this chronologywas achieved by means of a standard tree-ring chronology reaching back to 1648, established on thebasis of 23 living pine trees from the nearby Jonsvatnet area. The cross-correlation, undertaken forthe last 60 years of the floating chronology, dates this at 1471 to 741. The dating has been verified bymeans of Eidem's standard chronology from Selbu. The dendrochronological dating verifies thearchaeological interpretation given.

Terje Thun, Department of Botany, University of Trondheim, N-7055 Dragvoll, Norway.

The datings presented in this article deal with aharbour construction, consisting of logs of pine{Pinus sylvestris). The logs were excavated onthe site of Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab'shotel near Bakke bridge in the city of Trond-heim, on Fig. 1. The excavation site is close tothe mouth of the river Nidelven on the Trond-heimfjord. The plan from the archaeological ex-cavation presented in Fig. 2. shows the positionsof some of the logs in question. A total of 78 logshave been treated in this work, of which 37 werefrom 'caissons', i.e. logs placed on top of eachother to form a network of square cells, while 41were vertical piles. Many of the logs were ofhuge dimensions, the biggest one (D-73290) hav-ing a diameter of more than 80 cm. All the logswere well preserved, some of them with the barkintact.

In order to study the tree-rings, a slice was cutfrom the end of each log with a chain saw. Thewidths of the tree-rings were measured along tworadii from the pith out to the bark on each slice,using an Addo-X tree-ring machine. The tree-ring widths are given as the average of the twomeasurements and the tree-ring pattern present-ed in a logarithmic diagram. The age trend andother non-climate fluctuation in the tree-ring pat-tern have been eliminated according to a methoddescribed by Eidem (1953 p. 28). The result ofthis elimination is a corrugated series of indicesreflecting the tree's reaction to the annual climat-ic variations.

The 78 series of indices were compared by a

computer in order to detect positions in whichthe tree-ring patterns match (crossdating). Toindicate the degree of matching between com-pared tree-ring series, the computer calculatedthe correlation coefficient rt based upon the indi-ces directly, and r2 based upon the 2nd orderdifferences of the indices (Ruden 1945 p. 230).The sizes of the correlation coefficients requiredfor proving that compared logs can be regard-ed as simultaneous are set up by Ruden (1945 p.252). It is worth noting that the claims increase asthe number of overlapping years decrease.

Relative datingThe crossdating revealed 28 logs which satisfyRuden's claims for overlapping tree-ring pat-terns. The matching curves detected within thecaisson material timbers (9 logs) are shown inFig. 3, and those from the piles (8 logs) inFig. 4. The geometric mean (Ruden 1945 p.215) is calculated for the corresponding tree-ringcurves both for the 9 caisson logs and for the 8piles, see the resulting mean tree-ring curvedrawn at the base of each figure. Further crosscorrelation of these two mean tree-ring curvesshowed the last tree-ring present in the piles tobe 42 years later than the last tree-ring occurringin the caisson logs, see Fig. 5.

The tree-ring curves for 11 of the 78 investigat-ed logs showed no significant overlap when com-

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10kmT.THUN 1983

Fig. 1. Map showing the site ofexcavation (1), the location of thestandard chronology for Jonsvat-net (2) and for Varmdal in Selbu(3).

Fig. 2. Internal position of someof the dendrosamplcs treated inthis paper.

pared mutually, but matched with the meancurves for either the caisson logs or the piles(Fig. 5). The reason why the tree-ring curves forsingle logs do not correspond mutually is oftendue to occasional irregularities or local growthconditions by individual trees. A mean chronolo-gy based upon a larger number of samples gives amore reliable tree-ring pattern, more suitable fortree-ring analyses (Ording 1941 p. 152, 153). To-

gether with the mean curves for the 9 caisson logsand the 8 piles, the other 11 logs form the basisfor a new mean curve bringing the number ofcorresponding logs to 28 (shown in Fig. 5). Thisnew curve covers a period of 271 years in total,although the first 81 years of this period arerepresented only by a single log (D-73290), andtherefore insufficient for dating purposes (seeFig. 3).

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Fig. 3. Overlapping tree-ring in-

dices from the caissons.

73290

72136

70521

72143

72243

72t50

72146

72144

72149 V~ \

T.THUN 1983 SO

Mean caissons

Years-

Kg. 4. Overlapping tree-ring in-

dices from the piles.

72154

72139

72147

72142

72134

T.THUN 1983

Mean Piles

Year's-

A standard chronology for recentpine (Pinus sylvestris) fromJonsvatnetThe aim of this work is virtually to provide anabsolute dating of the logs under investigation.To be able to do so it is necessary to make use ofa tree-ring curve with known age extending farenough back in time to overlap the floating tree-ring chronology worked out for the excavatedlogs. In a coniferous wood area like Tr0ndelag, itis very unlikely that the excavated timber hasbeen transported any great distance. For thisreason it would be desirable to provide such a

standard tree-ring chronology from the vicinityof Trondheim. From Varmdal in Selbu, 3 on Fig.1, c. 25 km SE of Trondheim, there exists astandard tree-ring chronology extending back to1421 (Eidem 1953 p. 34). In order to provide astandard chronology for the immediate vicinityof Trondheim, I also carried out a dendrochron-ological study of 23 living pine (Pinus sylvestris)trees from Jervfjellet, near 0vre Jervan Sondre,2 on Fig. 1, in the Jonsvatnet area, situated only16 km SE of the excavation site under discussion.This material was put at my disposal by theowners of the property, Professor and Mrs. NilsA. S0rensen.

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7328a

70502

70519

73435

70527

70516

70503

70512

73914 '

73434 /

73437 •

T.THUN 1983 1600

• Meancaisson's

1650

Mean, excavationsite

1700 Years -

fig. 5. Overlap between the indi-ces for the additional 11 logs,mentioned in the text, and themean curves for the piles and thecaisson logs. The mean curve forall 28 corresponding logs is indi-cated at the base of the diagram.

AAT-*

T.THUN 1983 1600 1650

•

•VWVA/

1700

*

Section fromSelbu (Eidem -S3,

Excavationsite

Jonsvalnet

1750 Years-^-

Fig. 6. Absolute dating of themean excavation curve with thestandard chronology from Jons-vannet. A standard chronologyfrom Selbu is compared as a con-trol. The comparison is made forthe years 1682-1741.

The establishment of the Jonsvatnet tree-ringchronology was carried out according to thesame standard procedure as for the excavatedmaterial. The tree-ring chronology establishedon the basis of those 23 pine trees extended backto 1648 (see Fig. 6). It should be noticed, howev-er, that the eldest part of the Jonsvatnet chro-nology is based on such a small number of treesthat this part is less reliable for crossdating (seebelow).

Absolute datingAn attempt to apply the above-mentioned Jons-vatnet chronology for a crossdating with themean tree-ring curve worked out for the excavat-

ed harbour construction, succeeded. The last 60years of the 271 year-long excavation chronolo-gy matched with the Jonsvatnet chronology with-in the period 1682-1741 (see Table I and Fig. 6).This means that the oldest tree-ring in the 271year-long excavation chronology dates to 1471,thus referring the whole excavation series to theperiod 1471-1741.

For further control of the absolute dating ofthe excavation material, the tree-ring pattern forthe same 60 years period used above (1682-1741)was compared with Eidem's (1953 p. 34) tree-ring chronology from Selbu. The mutual com-parison between the tree-ring chronologies fromthe Jonsvatnet area, the harbour construction inTrondheim and Selbu showed such good match-ing that the absolute dating carried out of the

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Fig. 7. Chronological position ofthe 28 dated logs from the Trond-heim harbour construction.

7050370512

72136732887214070502

70521739147214372243

7215072146

7343473437

7214472149

excavated material should be well supported, seethe correlation coefficients documented in TableI and the tree-ring curves shown in Fig. 6.

The dendrochronological datings carried outfor the various excavated logs (see Fig. 7) show atime span between the cutting year of the oldest(year 1621) to the youngest beam (year 1741) of120 years. This spread in the cutting years of theinvolved logs indicates several periods of build-ing activities at the harbour construction, forinstant extensions to the construction etc. Forsuch purposes one cannot overlook the possibil-ity of re-use of old material that remained un-damaged after fires, either in the harbour area orin other parts of the town.

Archaeological implicationsAccording to information given by the archae-ologist Ian W. Reed, the excavations revealedthree major building phases from which sampleswere taken:

Phase 1 consisted of the remains of two caissonconstructions. The southerly includeslogs 72144,72146 and 72149; the north-erly 73437 and 73914. Coins found in

association with the southerly con-struction suggest that it may have beenbuilt after the fire of 1651 and de-stroyed in the fire of 1681.

Phase 2 comprises the major caisson construc-tion. This contains a large number ofre-used timbers, many being heavilyfire-damaged but not burnt in situ. Itseems likely that these timbers wererecovered from buildings which burntin the fire of 1681 and were re-used asfoundations for a. warehouse of whichnothing survives.

Table I.

Coefficients for the mutual cross corre-lation between the tree-ring chronologiesof the Jonsvannet area, the Trondheim har-bour construction and Selbu, for the 60years period 1682-1741 (see curves inFig. 6).

Tree-ring chronologies

Jonsvannet & Selbu

Jonsvannet S Excava-tion site ...............

Selbu S Excavation site .

0

0

0

r1

.71

.49

.59

0

0

0

r2

.68

.51

.56

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Phase 3 comprises a building with its founda-tions on piles. These were driventhrough earth deposited up against thephase 2 construction. There were noapparent signs of re-use on these tim-bers.

The dates arrived at by dendrochronology forphase 1 fall between 1629 and 1655 and seeming-ly confirm the initial dating. For phase 2 they fallbetween 1621 and 1679, again confirming theinitial dating. There is, however, one log whichgives a date of 1731. This anomaly has not yetbeen satisfactorily explained. The piles fromphase 3 fall mainly between 1716 and 1721, al-though there are several others which appear tobe re-used and therefore give earlier dates. Allattempts to give close dates to the phases usingthe finds alone proved rather unsatisfactory be-cause of the apparently short time span in thebuilding activity and the very nature of the ar-chaeological material. Although the phase couldbe tied to the historically documented fires, theevidence was on the whole circumstantial. Withthe aid of the tree-ring dates we have been ableto arrive at a more precise dating of the site,which in fact confirms the initial hypotheticaldating, and indirectly helps to date the objectsfound.

Acknowledgements. - The work described in this paper wascarried out when holding a research scholarship from the Nor-wegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities(NAVF). I am grateful to Professor Nils Andreas Sdrensen,Trondheim university, who put the recent pine material fromthe Jonsvatnct area at my disposal. Likewise, I am very muchindebted to Professor Ulf Hafsten, the leader of the project,who critically read the manuscript, and to Mr. Ian W. Reed,the leader of the archaeological excavation, for reading andcorrecting the manuscript from an archaeologist's point ofview.

ReferencesEidem, P., 1953: Om svingninger i tykkelsesveksten hos gran

(Picea abies) og furu (Pinus siheslris) i Trondclag. Medd.• Norske Skogfors0ksv. 12 pp. 1-155.Ording, A., 1941: Arringanalyser pa gran og furu. Medd.

Norske Skogforsffksv. 7 pp. 101-354.Ruden, T., 1945: En vurdering av anvendte arbeidsmetoder

innen trekronologi og arringanalyse. Medd. Norske Skog-forsfiksv. 9 pp. 181-267.

Table I I .List giving the year of the last tree-ringof each of the dated logs from the Trond-heim harbour construction, ordered chrono-logically.

Log number

70519734357052772154721397214770516721427213470526722427050370512721367328872140705027052173914721437224372150721467343473437721447214973290

caisson"

pile

H

caissonpile

ii

11

11

caisson

pilecaisson

"

11

11

11

••

11

11

Year of lasttree-ring

1741173117211721172117201719171917171716171616931681167916791672166416591655165416511651165016501649164816291621

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r! Table III

; Vear

1- 9in- 19

1- 20- 2930- 39

L 40- 49f 50- 59

fin- 69

70- 7980- 8990- 99100-109110-119120-129130-139140-149150-159

: 160-169170-179180-189190-199200-209

Table IV

Year

1- 910- 1920- 2930- 3940- 4950- 5960- 6970- 79

' 80- 8990- 99100-109110-119120-129130-136

L

, Mean tree-ring indices for the 9 crossdated caisson logs. Number of

samples given

0

122(01)66(01)125(01)100(01)88(01)93(01)93(01)68(01)105(03)98(04)88(05)110(08)93(08)104(09)103(09)69(07)115(07)117(06)98(01)110(01)

Mean

1

108(01)100(01)71(01)113(01)125(01)95(01)113(01)88(01)95(02)97(03)77(04)94(07)

114(08)79(08)100(09)100(09)118(07)98(07)111(05)100(01)98(01)

in paranthesis.

2

98(01)122(01)100(01)113(01)131(01)88(01)95(01)91(01)104(02)99(04)110(04)84(07)84(08)99(08)93(04)95(08)93(07)98(07)115(03)76(01)110(01)

3

122(01)110(01)95(01)66(01)108(01)113(01)110(01)93(01)93(02)101(04)107(04)89(07)103(08)95(08)134(09)111(08)100(07)107(07)72(03)98(01)64(01)

4

100(01)125(01)98(01)78(01)113(01)86(01)125(01)88(01)103(02)114(04)104(04)107(08)116(08)96(08)82(09)

117(08)125(07)67(07)105(03)95(01)108(01)

5

91(01)138(01)108(01)62(01)138(01)119(01)122(01)93(01)104(02)107(04)117(04)105(08)103(08)115(08)98(09)105(08)86(07)73(07)118(02)119(01)98(01)

tree-ring indices for the 8 crossdated

in paranthesis.

0

78(01)112(06)97(07)106(07)90(08)71(08)131(08)109(08)93(07)110(07)92(07)94(07)114(07)

1

110(01)100(01)128(07)106(07)84(07)114(08)102(08)114(08)99(08)81(07)104(07)82(07)

130(07)119(07)

2

91(01)122(02)111(07)112(07)102(07)98(08)101(08)138(08)101(08)97(07)95(07)87(07)117(07)122(05)

3

100(01)143(02)104(07)106(07)104(07)101(08)102(08)117(08)127(08)108(07)99(07)71(07)89(07)86(04)

4

93(01)113(03)84(07)

100(07)128(07)119(08)103(08)120(08)119(08)112(07)100(07)66(07)99(07)93(04)

5

88(01)104(03)78(07)99(07)75(07)114(08)103(08)97(08)128(08)92(07)97(07)94(07)85(07)97(03)

6

95(01)98(01)108(01)122(01)66(01)119(01)76(01)91(01)109(02)104(04)116(04)104(08)121(08)123(09)103(09)92(08)114(07)103(07)92(02)98(01)91(01)

7

95(01)98(01)105(01)122(01)108(01)71(01)125(01)108(01)92(02)109(04)78(05)89(08)92(08)97(09)106(09)88(08)92(07)96(07)116(02)86(01)100(01)

)iles. Number of

6

108(01)91(03)108(07)96(07)120(07)114(08)102(08)97(08)104(08)89(07)100(07)106(07)103(07)105(02)

7

80(01)82(03)92(07)101(07)86(07)114(08)119(08)86(08)99(08)128(07)98(07)125(07)92(07)

8

88(01)86(01)138(01)135(01)110(01)108(01)119(01)110(01)102(02)111(04)92(05)123(08)112(08)95(09)90(09)101(08)98(07)116(07)100(02)116(01)119(01)

samples

8

108(01)79(05)103(07)126(07)94(07)132(08)70(08)93(08)78(07)134(07)108(07)138(07)95(07)

25

9

113(01)72(01)119(01)102(01)122(01)110(01)93(01)82(01)79(02)114(04)89(05)99(08)93(08)85(09)97(09)128(08)140(07)123(06)111(02)105(01)128(01)

given

9

125(01)102(05)89(07)132(07)108(07)88(08)112(08)87(08)95(07)131(07)130(07)105(07)95(07)

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Table V. Mean tree-ring indices for all 28 crossdated logs. Number of samples given

Year

1471-14791480-14891490-14991500-15091510-15191520-15291530-15391540-1549

; 1550-15591560-15691570-15791580-15891590-15991600-16091610-16191620-16291630-16391640-16491650-16591660-16691670-16791680-16891690-16991700-17091710-17191720-17291730-17391740-1741

in paranthesis.0

122(01)66(01)

125(01)100(01)88(01)93(01)93(01)68(01)

105(02)97(06)92(08)97(12)

101(15)93(21)98(21)74(21)

111(22)111(20)99(13)112(16)89(13)97(12)

109(11)95(11)

101(06)112(02)102(01)

1

108(01)100(01)71(01)

113(01)125(01)95(01)

113(01)88(01)95(01)97(03)82(06)

101(08)117(12)84(15)

103(21)97(21)121(21)106(22)107(18)95(13)99(16)96(12)

104(12)114(11)112(11)101(05)88(02)82(01)

2

98(01)122(01)100(01)113(01)131(01)88(01)95(01)91(01)

104(02)99(03)

110(06)79(10)89(12)91(15)90(21)

102(20)89(21)107(22)114(16)88(13)101(16)121(12)101(12)127(11)97(11)

120(02)135(01)

3

122(01)110(01)95(01)66(01)108(01)113(01)110(01)93(01)93(02)

101(04)97(06)93(10)114(12)97(15)

115(21)116(20)97(21)119(22)69(16)96(14)76(13)

126(12)105(12)135(11)92(11)93(02)

105(01)

4

100(01)125(01)98(01)78(01)113(01)86(01)

125(01)88(01)103(02)114(04)115(06)114(10)119(12)100(17)82(21)

123(22)115(21)80(22)

108(16)95(14)101(13)125(12)124(11)101(11)91(11)93(02)

125(01)

5

91(01)138(01)108(01)62(01)138(01)119(01)122(01)93(01)104(02)107(04)129(06)109(11)95(12)

114(17)97(21)

103(22)88(22)71(22)

122(15)114(13)100(13)110(12)89(11)92(11)107(11)119(02)102(01)

6

95(01)98(01)

108(01)122(01)66(01)119(01)76(01)91(01)109(02)101(05)115(06)109(12)107(12)123(19)108(21)87(22)112(22)104(22)101(14)97(13)92(13)99(12)81(11)127(11)109(11)115(02)91(01)

7

95(01)98(01)105(01)122(01)108(01)71(01)125(01)108(01)92(02)104(05)87(06)87(12)96(12)

108(20)113(21)94(22)93(22)99(22)126(14)93(13)101(13)97(12)92(11)

115(11)115(09)116(02)91(01)

8

88(01)86(01)

138(01)135(01)110(01)108(01)119(01)110(01)102(02)106(06)103(08)109(12)183(13)102(21)98(21)

103(22)98(22)

111(22)109(14)120(13)109(13)99(12)80(11)88(11)90(08)

113(02)149(01)

9

113(01)72(01)

119(01)102(01)122(01)110(01)93(01)82(01)79(02)

112(06)87(08)96(12)99(13)89(21)99(21)

128(22)129(22)111(21)117(14)107(15)114(13)105(12)74(11)99(11)99(08)

106(02)100(01)

Table VI. Mean tree-ring indices from the 23 living pine trees at Jonsvannet. Number

Year

of samples given in paranthesis.0 1 2 3

1648-16491650-16591660-16691670-16791680-16891690-16991700-17091710-17191720-17291730-17391740-17491750-17591760-17691770-17791780-17891790-17991800-18091810-18191820-18291830-18391840-18491850-18591860-18691870-18791880-18891890-18991900-19091910-19191920-19291930-19391940-19491950-19591960-19691970-1979

102(01)122(02)98(03)98(04)98iO6)

100(08)86(10)102(13)82(15)100(20)122(20)98(22)105(23)93(23)80(23)100(23)84(23)93(23)98(23)95(23)

105(23)113(23)100(23)82(23)110(23)95(23)108(23)110(23)135(23)100(23)116(23)113(23)108(23)

125(01)125(02)93(03)119(04)116(06)108(08)93(10)105(15)76(16)74(20)95(20)95(22)93(23)88(23)100(23)102(23)93(23)86(23)

100(23)100(23)105(23)113(23)100(23)64(23)

102(23)128(23)86(23)82(23)

105(23)110(23)108(23)91(23)108(23)

. 93(01)138(02)100(03)122(04)113(07)119(08)98(11)108(15)93(16)93(20)128(20)98(22)82(23)108(23)102(23)100(23)88(23)

102(23)84(23)108(23)116(23)108(23)113(23)105(23)93(23)88(23)82(23)93(23)110(23)80(23)95(23)88(23)

119(23)

91(01)122(02)138(03)141(04)113(07)128(08)93(12)100(15)93(17)102(20)105(20)108(22)93(23)

108(23)108(23)84(23)119(23)113(23)110(23)110(23)84(23)98(23)105(23)105(23)113(23)80(23)98(23)72(23)

113(23)91(23)105(23)110(23)122(23)

42(01)108(02)113(04)110(05)135(07)108(08)93(12)105(15)108(17)100(20)108(20)108(22)102(23)98(23)

110(23)113(23)98(23)

102(23)113(23)88(23)82(23)93(23)95(23)

102(23)116(23)84(23)113(23)102(23)125(23)91(23)110(23)102(23)100(23)

88(01)78(02)93(04)82(05)116(07)91(09)125(12)122(15)113(17)93(20)122(21)91(23)

110(23)108(23)98(23)105(23)95(23)93(23)93(23)108(23)93(23)95(23)100(23)102(23)108(23)93(23)108(23)128(23)116(23)102(23)98(23)93(23)

102(20)

122(02)88(02)98(04)95(05)116(07)105(09)110(12)105(15)95(17)95(20)

102(21)116(23)102(23)88(23)

105(23)80(23)100(23)119(23)105(23)116(23)84(23)98(23)93(23)100(23)102(23)105(23)113(23)100(23)113(23)100(23)93(23)93(23)

105(20)

108(02)100(03)93(04)100(05)116(07)102(09)108(12)108(15)105(18)88(20)

108(21)105(23)98(23)95(23)105(23)82(23)100(23)100(23)113(23)116(23)95(23)95(23)110(23)102(23)105(23)95(23)125(23)102(23)100(23)102(23)88(23)95(23)84(20)

98(01)102(02)93(03)

108(04)91(05)88(08)64(09)

113(12)95(15)141(19)95(20)93(21)100(23)110(23)108(23)116(23)93(23)

108(23)119(23)122(23)102(23)116(23)100(23)116(23)100(23)88(23)

108(23)116(23)78(23)86(23)100(23)93(23)100(23)105(20)

105(01)105(02)98(03)105(04)113(06)98(03)58(09)95(13)91(15)125(20)88(20)95(22)105(23)100(23)102(23)122(23)95(23)125(23)100(23)110(23)110(23)110(23)88(23)108(23)113(23)91(23)98(23)122(23)102(23)100(23)108(23)113(23)95(23)100(20)

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