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Delphi and Gall Up Method Om Prakash Gupta

Delphi & ga method

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Page 1: Delphi & ga method

Delphi and Gall Up Method

Om Prakash Gupta

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Introduction

•  Delphi method was developed by Project Rand during the 1950-1960s (1959) by Olaf Helmer, Norman Dalkey, and Nicholas Rescher. 

• The Delphi method is a systematic, interactive forecasting method 

• relies on a panel of experts • based on the principle that forecasts from 

experts are more accurate than those from individuals. 

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Contd…..Gall up method:• Surveys of public opinion as conducted 

by George Gallup •  A quantitative method of polling public 

opinion. 

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Delphi defined…..•An “organized method” for collecting views and information pertaining to a specific area;

•A method that allows dialogue between geographically separated experts while serving an effective means for learning;

•Gathering a group of experts to forecast events and assess complex issues;

•Collective human intelligence;

•A process of exploring… assessing… and evaluating.

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Delphi… why use it?• Automotive Technology• Design new curriculum in social work, nursing, and 

medical education;• Metal fabrication;• Literacy campaigns;• Land use policies;• Future roles & organizational arrangements of 

hospitals and other health services;• Recreation & Park Administration• To predict the impact of socio-economic 

developments on future school systems, training, and research needs.

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Delphi Method

• Instead  of  an  individual,  a  panel  of  people with diverse backgrounds can develop a more reliable forecast.

• When  more  people  participate,  several opinions emerge.

• Manager  has  to  bring  the  group  to  a consensus. 

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Procedure 

1. Experts,  whose  opinions  are  to  be sought, are  identified from a variety of knowledgeable  people  with  diversified backgrounds.

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2. Their consent for participation is sought and obtained.

3. A written questionnaire  is sent  to each one of them with a request to respond.

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4. The  responses  are  brought  together, summarized  and  redistributed  along with  some  new  questions  and  their responses or opinions are sought again.

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5. Members  who  differ  from  majority opinion  are  requested  to  reconsider their opinion.

6. They are requested to write a rationale, if  they  feel  that  their  opinion  is  still appropriate.

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7. Responses  are  summarized  again  to  get refined forecasts.

8. They  are mailed  again  to  the  same  experts with some more new questions and a similar request.

9. Cycle  is  repeated  till  a  narrow  enough consensus is obtained.

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Generally  it  takes 4  rounds  to yield  satisfactory results.

10. Final results are then distributed to all participants. 

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Delphi..when is it appropriate?• In situations where there 

is no clear-cut resolution of a given policy issue;

• When time & cost constraints make frequent face-to-face meetings difficult to arrange.

• When the heterogeneity of the participants must be preserved and anonymity assured.

What kind of group communication process is desirable in order to explore the problem at hand?Who are the people with expertise on the problem & where are they located?

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Delphi… +’s

• Opportunities for large number of people to participate;

• Focus is on “ideas” rather than “individuals”;• Anonymity for participants which make 

contributions of ideas a safe activity;• Opportunities for participants to reconsider 

their opinions;• Allows for identification of priorities.

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Delphi … -’s• Large amount of time to conduct several rounds;• The complexity of data analysis;• The difficulty of maintaining participant enthusiasm throughout 

process;• The problem of keeping statements value free and clearly 

defined;• Self reporting data is subject to respondent’s biases and 

memories;• The bandwagon effect of a majority opinion;• The power of persuasion or prestigious individuals to shape 

group opinion;• The vulnerability of group dynamics to manipulation;• The unwillingness of individuals to abandon publicly stated 

positions.

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Key to Success 

• Talent of the coordinator.• Unbiased ness of the coordinator.

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Inherent Danger 

• Members may feel pressurized to yield to a socially dominant individual.

• Individuals may misinterpret the Delphi exercise to be a policy “decision” tool rather than a policy “analysis” tool;

• Once a Delphi exercise has started there is no way to guarantee or control for a specific pattern of response;

• The Delphi has been used as a political tool rather than an analytical tool.

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Preventive Measure 

Membership Details Not Revealed.

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Gall up method

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The Sampling Issue

Selecting a Random Sample

The Number Of Interviews, Or Sample Size, Required

The Interview Itself

The Questions

Conducting the Interview

Interpreting the Results

GALL UP POLL

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Conclusion:-

Delphi method:1. Qualitative method.2. Experts are involved.Gall up method:1. Quantitative method.2. Large number of people are involved.

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OM PRAKASH GUPTA

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT (AGRICULTURE)2010-12 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH MANAGEMENT(ICAR)EMAIL:- [email protected] NO. :- +917893216298 HYDERABAD-500407