DED100 Educational Psychology I:

Theories and Applications for Learning and Teaching

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*Brief Introduction of Learning Theories to be

covered

*Brief Introduction of scenario

*Analysis of Scenario

*Proposed Solutions

*Closure

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*Proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943.

*Suggests that all individuals have needs

*Broken up into two categories: Deficiency

Needs and Growth Needs

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*Proposed by Jean Piaget in 1965.

*Suggested that children’s response to moral

problems can be divided into two broad stages.

*External Morality

*Autonomous Morality

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*Proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg

*Suggested that there are three levels, and six stages of moral reasoning.

*Punishment-Obedience

*Market Exchange

* Interpersonal Harmony

*Law and Order

*Social Context

*Universal Principles

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*Proposed by Erik Erikson.

*Suggests that our psychosocial development is

characterised by 8 different stages.

*Will only focus on Stage 4 : Industry vs.

Inferiority

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*Proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner in 1979.

*Suggests that human development boils down

to two main factors: our biological wiring and

environmental experiences in different

systems.

*Will focus on two main systems – mesosystem

and microsystem.

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*Proposed by Diana Baumrind

*First suggested that there were 3 parenting

styles, which were later expanded to four by

Maccoby and Martin.

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*Social Emotional Learning (SEL)

*SEL Competencies to encourage better

communication skills, relationship management

and making good decisions.

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*Scenario 3

*Main Focus of Scenario: Primary School Student

John

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*Analysis of John

*Analysis of John’s Home Environment and its

effects

*Analysis of John’s School Environment and its

effects

*Surfaced Issues

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*Has good potential to do well

*Low Self Esteem

*Lack of Intrinsic motivation to study - as seen

from test papers, does not even try.

*Uses force to vent his frustrations (knocking his

head, pushing friends, throwing the chair at

the teacher)

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*Parents are divorced; parents were fighting for

his custody 4 years ago and it affected him

*Mother has since found another boyfriend

*Father is constantly not around

*Currently staying with mother and stepfather

*Both mother and stepfather see his inability to

do well in school as an embarrassment.

*Stepfather uses physical punishment to discipline

him

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*Does not get along well with classmates and

friends

*Initially tries to be close to his classmates, but

is not welcomed by his classmates.

*Does not participate in group work because the

classmates think he is a liability.

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*Is defiant towards his teachers

*Argues and answers the teacher

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*Gets involved in computer games till wee hours

of the morning

*Is not performing well in school

*is badly affected by his parents' quarreling -

knocks his head against the wall to vent his

frustrations

*Is disinterested in trying to mingle with the

group to get his work done

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* Is seeking companionship, regardless of with friends

or family

* Is quite bright and has good potential, but not

maximising it

*Has seemingly given up hope in his studying and

himself

*Values family alot, but is disappointed when his

family does not seem to value him as much

*Misses the times when his family was still intact

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*Parents are divorced.

*Living with Stepfather and Mother.

*Past – Parents used to dote on him.

*Bronfenbrenner’s Theory

*Mother and Stepfather just leaves abruptly,

leaving John in the care of Grandparents.

*No proper care and guidance (Computer

gaming)

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*Father is constantly not around.

*Mother jumps to conclusions

*Stepfather uses physical punishment to deal

with John.

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*John resorts to physical methods to express his

frustration (Reactive Aggression)

*Feels left out

*No sense of belonging

*No proper guiding figure

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*Teachers are aware, but lets parents deal with

the issue.

*Sees speaking to parents as an intervention

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*Intentional exclusion towards him (Group Work,

Basketball Court)

*Hostile towards John, quotes their own parents

words.

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*Lack of Sense of Belonging

*Lack of Motivation to study

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*Lack of Self Belonging

*Lack of Self Esteem

*Lack of Motivation

*Fundamental Theory: Maslow’s Hierarchy of

Needs

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*Fundamental Theory – Motivation Theory

*Identified that the main issue was the lack of

motivation

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*Classroom Interventions

*Face to Face Interaction between Teacher and Student

*Face to Face Interaction between FTSC and student

*Face to Face Interaction between School Principal and student

*Use of Strategies to Ensure More Attention to Individual Pupil Development throughout Primary School Life (SEAIP) Model

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*After School Student Involvement Programme

*Student Directed Solutions

*Personal Goal Setting

*The ‘ME!’ Discovery

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*People who have direct contact with students

*Serves to motivate and encourage

*Provide an avenue for the student to express

outside the classroom

*Baseline Intervention

*In line with SEAIP

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*FTSC (Full Time School Counsellor)

*Employed when talks with student has broken

down

*Allows a profession in the field to examine and

analyse the motivation behind such behaviour

*Will inform parents of such an arrangement

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*To show the willingness of the school to adopt

a listening stance

*To show the care and concern offered by all

members of the school.

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*Strategies to Ensure More Attention to

Individual Pupil Development through Primary

School Life (SEAIP) Model

*One on One Interaction

*Form and Co-Form Teachers

*Parent-Teacher Conferencing

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*To create a suitable environment which the

students might not be able to get at home

*To provide guidance

*To promote an avenue for inclusivity amongst

other students

*To help encourage self-efficacy through

confidence building activities

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*To be held after school

*Will involve teachers and AEs (Allied Educators)

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*Proposed Activities:

*Academic Revision

*Sports and Recreation

*Confidence Building

*Skill Learning (Drama, Art, Music etc)

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*The home environment is no longer conducive

for the student.

*Lack of such programmes in John’s current

school environment

*John will not change his behaviour immediately

*School’s Support

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*Cost

*Workload

*Time

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*To motivate and to create an avenue for

learning.

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*Parents’ Rejection

*Student’s refusal to follow the solution

*Lack of Resources

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*Goal Setting

*The ‘ME’ Discovery

*Goal Setting

*To allow for students to identify their personal

goals

*To allow for students to identify the steps they

will take to achieve such goals

*The ‘ME!’ Discovery

*Self Discovery Process

*Encourages the students to ask themselves

what they are really like

*A platform for self expression

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*Learning Theories

*Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

*Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

*Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

*Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

*SEL Framework

*Motivation Theory

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*Holistic, all rounded approach

*Concerted Effort between parents and teachers

*Proper environments must be developed and

fostered.

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