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Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 12 (Dec 2010) ISSN: 0974- 6846

Popular article Eco-tourism: Andaman Thulasimala & DevDass

Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Techno

1247

Island eco-tourism: A case study of Andaman islands India

D.Thulasimala1andPearlDevDass

2

DepartmentofGeography,QueenMarysCollege,Chennai600004,TN,IndiaDepartmentofGeography,JNRMahavidhyalayaCollege,PortBlair,Andaman,India

[email protected] AbstractApristineworldofsilversands,clearblueseas,coralreefs,swayingpalms,tropicalforests,volcanicmountainsandagentlyundulatinglandscapeiswhattheAndamanandNicobarislandsareallabout.Theislandscomprisingof572islands/islets,extendoveranareaof8,249km

2.Locatedbetween6

o45Nand13

o41Nlatitudesand92

o12Eand

93o57Elongitudes,theislandsofferexcitingecotourismproductswithnaturalandculturalsettings.Thepresentstudy

dealtwithtourismproducts,whatattracttouriststotheAndamanandNicobarislands,preferencesandchoicesamongthetouristicplacesandproducts.Thescopeofthepresentresearchworkincludestheassessmentofpositiveandnegativeimpactsofecotourismin theAndamansasperceivedby thedomesticandinternationaltourists.Itprovidessuggestionsandrecommendationsonthebasisoftheanalysisoffielddataonthetouristprofiles,tourismproductsandtourisminfrastructure.Furthermore,onthebasisof theoutcomeof thisresearch;theresearchhassuggestedtothetourismplannersandadministratorssuitableproposalsforthedevelopmentofecotourismintheAndamans.More

than60%ofthetouristshaveinformedthattheyreceivedinformationabouttheAndamanandNicobarislandsfromtheirfriendsandrelatives.Theagecompositionofthetouristsindicatesthat57%ofthetouristswereintheagegroupof31-50yearsand92%ofthetouristswerehighlyeducatedandnoneoftherespondentsinthesamplewasilliterate.The occupational structure of the tourists was found mixed, 70% of the total tourists comprised of techniciansgovernmentservants,privatesectoremployees,studentsandteachers.Occupationwise,moneyspentbythetouristsindicates that the government sector tourists earned a mean monthly income of about Rs. 28,000 and spent anaverage of Rs.72, 000 on their tour. Further, their sources of funding for the tour came from the leave traveconcessions(LTC)schemes.Accordingtothescoresgivenbythevisitors,forthenaturaltourismproducts,landscapestopped with93.4%of the visitors, beacheswith 90.5%and scenerywith 88.9%, reserved forestswith 86.8%andlimestonecaveswith68%.Similarly,theculturalandhistoricaltourismproductsscored82.2%forthenaturalhistoryhistoricalsites81.89%andmuseums74.7%andheritagesites72.4%.ThisclearlyindicatesthattheAndamanhasabundantnaturalbeautywitharichculturalheritagetobecomeanecotouristicdestination.Keywords:Andaman,islands,India,Nicobar,tourism.Introduction Travelling from one place to another for differentpurposes has been a part and parcel of the humancivilization since its beginning. In the ancient period, itmightnothavebeenorganizedthesamewayaswedonow, inthemodernworld.Wealthypeople havealwaystravelled to distant parts of the world, to see greatbuildings, works of art, learn new languages andexperiencenewculturesand to taste differentcuisines.LongagoatthetimeoftheRomanrepublic,placessuchasBaiaewere popular coastal resorts for the rich.Theword tourism was used by 1811 and tourist by 1840

(William&Theobald,1998).In1936,theydefinedforeigntouristas"someonetravellingabroadforatleast24h".Itssuccessor,theUnitedNations,amendedthisdefinitionin1945, by including a maximum stay of six months(William & Theobald, 1998).The history of ecotourismstarted in the 1950s. Before that, the concept was notwidely recognized or understood. In the history ofecotourism, it existed in a few different forms thatprimarily try to achieve the same thing that the currentecotourism does. Ecotourism was first introduced inAfricainthe1950swiththelegalizationofhunting(Miller,

2007).Thisneedforrecreationalhuntingzonesledtothecreation of protected areas, national parks, and gamereserves. In the 1980s, the concept of ecotourismbecamemuchmorewidelyknownandstudiedaroundtheworld. Over the years, ecotourism has become more andmorepopularbecausepeoplehavebeguntorealizetheimportance of preserving the environment. More andmorepeopleareawareandscaredofwhatmighthappenwhen the earth's natural resources run out or run lowWithknowledge,peoplearemorecuriousaboutexploringnaturalenvironmentanddoinggooddeedsat thesame

time. Tourismistravelfor recreational,leisureorbusinesspurposes.Theworldtourismorganization(WTO)definestourists as people who "travel to and stay in placesoutside theirusual environment formore than24h andnotmorethanoneconsecutiveyearforleisure,businessand other purposes not related to the exercise of anactivityremuneratedfromwithintheplacevisited"(WTO,1995). Tourism has become a popular global leisureactivity.In2007,therewereover903millioninternationaltourist arrivals, with a growth of 6.6%. Also the


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internationaltouristreceiptswereUSD856billionin2007(WTO,2008).

Despite the uncertainties of the global economy,international tourist arrivalsduring the first4months of2008 followed a similar growth trend than the sameperiodin2007(WTO,2008).However,asaresultoftheeconomic crisis of 2008, international travel demandsufferedastrongslowdown,beginninginJune2008,with

growthininternationaltourismarrivalsworldwidefallingto2%during theboreal summermonths,while thegrowthfrom January toApril2008 had reached anaverage of5.7% compared to its 2007 level. Growth from2006 to2007 was only 3.7%, as the total international tourismarrivalsfromJanuarytoAugustwere641milliontourists,up from618million in the same period in2007 (WTO,2008). TourismisvitalformanycountriessuchastheUAE,Egypt, Greece and Thailand and many island nationssuchasTheBahamas,Fiji,MaldivesandtheSeychelles,

duetothelargeintakeofmoneyforbusinesseswiththeirgoodsand servicesandtheopportunity foremploymen

in the service industriesassociatedwith tourism.Theseservice industries includetransportationservicessuchas

airlines,cruiseshipsandtaxishospitality services, such asaccommodations, includinghotels and resorts, andentertainmentvenues, suchasamusement parks, casinosshopping malls, various musicvenues and theatre. Thenarrowest definition of tourismhas been presented by theWorld tourism organizationAccording to this definitiontourism is any form of trave

that involvesa stayofat leasone night but less than oneyear away from home. Butgenerally, tourism is simplydefined as domestic ointernational travel for leisureand recreation (Roe et al.1997).Withinthehugegroupofdifferent types of tourisactivities, we can distinguishsome major segmentsBasically, tourism consists otwo major parts: mass tourismand alternative tourism

(Mieczkowski, 1995). Thealternative "branch" may bedivided into many other partslike: agro-tourism, wildlifetourism, adventure tourismnatureandecotourism.Study area

Apristineworldofsilversands,clearblueseas,corareefs,swayingpalms,tropicalforests,volcanicmountainsandagentlyundulatinglandscapeiswhattheAndamanandNicobarislandsareallabout.Oneoftheworldslasoutposts of virgin rainforest islands, the Andaman and

Nicobar islands are in the Bay ofBengal. Remote, theislands are preserved the way they had evolved, stilinhabited by tribes and considered the oldest livingcommunities in the world. The Andaman and Nicobaislands comprising of 572 islands/islets, extend overanareaof8,249km

2(Fig.1).

ThemainislandsintheAndamangroupsareLandfalIsland,MiddleAndaman,SouthAndaman,PortBlairandLittle Andaman. The Nicobar, lying to the southcomprises of Car Nicobar, Great Nicobar, ChowraTeresa,Nancowrie, KatchalandLittleNicobar.The two

Fig 1 Study area


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groups of islands, the Andaman and the Nicobar areseparatedbyadeep,tendegreechannel. ThemainaboriginalgroupsintheAndamansaretheOnges, who live on the Little Andaman.They are foodgatherers who hunt fish andcollect honey. Most of theGreatAndamanesearesettledtodayontheStraitIsland,

north of the South Andaman. The Jarawas, who wereoriginallylocatedonthepreservedsiteofPortBlairnowliveonthewesterncoasts ofthemiddleand the SouthAndaman,hummedinbytheAndamantrunkroad(ATR).Themostevasivetribeofall,thesentinelese,livesonthenorthSentinelIslandwestoftheSouthAndamanandallareofNegritoorigin.TheNicobarese,thelargestgroup,seem to be of mixed Burmese, Malay, Aronand Shanorigin. The Shompen of the Great Nicobar live on thecoastandbarterinhoney,caneandnuts. InthenorthAndaman,DiglipurandMayabunderwhichcome under the study areas of the North Andamanislands,whereastheRangat,BaratangandtheHavelock,

Neil Island cover the middle Andaman. Similarly, PortBlair, Sippighat Creek, Carbyns Cove Beach, Chathamislands, Ross Island, Rutland islands and Chidiyatapuareas come under the southAndamans and finally theHut Bay, in the Little Andaman islands. The AndamanandNicobarsarefringedbyoneofthemostspectacularreefs in the world and currently they are not onlysignificant for the Indian Ocean region, but are also,globally (Kulkarni, 2000; Vousden, 2000; Turner et al.,2001;Andrews&Sankaran,2002). From a tourist point of view these islands haveimmense potential. The clear waters and white sandybeachesmaketheAndamansaperfecttropicalparadise.Theseislandsareseparatedfromoneanotherbynarrow

straits.ThefourstraitswhichdividetheGreatAndamansare the Austen strait, Humphreys strait, Middle orAndamanstraitandMacpherson'sstrait.Ontheextremenorthaway from the NorthAndamans, lies the LandfallIsland;theLabyrinthislandsareoffthesouth-westcoastof the SouthAndamansoff the east coastof the sameisland lies the Ritchie's Archipelago also knownas theArchipelagoislands.TheBaratang liesin betweento theeast of the middle and south Andaman and RutlandIslandnearthesouthernendofthesouthAndamans.AtthesouthernendofthesoutherngroupoftheAndamanlies, the Little Andaman Island. Itis completely flat andseparated from the Rutland Island by the Duncan

passageinwhichliestheCinqueIslandandafewothertinyislets. Diglipur and Mayabunder come under the northAndaman group of islands. Diglipur is a small townsituatedinthenorthAndamanIsland(290kmawayfromthe Port Blair). It is the northern most point of theAndamanchain.9kminlandfromitsharbouratArialBayis a bazaar. There are small beaches beside themangroveswamps.Asandybeach,11kmfurtheroneatKalipur is connected by road and further Lamya Baybeachareeasilyaccessible.Thethicklyforested,Saddle

peak the highest peak of these islands is 732 m andpermissionmustbeobtainedfromtherangeofficesattheArialbay.ThenearbyAustinislandsarealsoworthavisitMayabunderwhich isa small townsituated in theNorthAndaman Island (242kmaway from thePortBlair)andthedistrictheadquarterforthenorthandmiddleAndama

district. The Rangat and Baratang come under the middleAndamangroupofislands.Rangatwhichisasmall townsituated in the middle Andaman Island (170 km awayfromPortBlair).ThegrandtrunkroadlinksPortBlairtothe middle Andamans. The Baratang contains the mudvolcanoesandthebeautifullimestonecavesareamajotouristattractionintheislands.TheothervolcanoesintheareaaretheBarrenislandsvolcanoes,whicharetheonlyactive volcanoes and also the known examples ovolcanoesinIndia.Thesehaveeruptedsporadically,withrecent eruptions of 2005 believed to have beenassociatedwiththe2004IndianOceanearthquake.The

previousmajoreruption recordedwas on18th

Feb2003andtheNarcondumvolcanoisconsideredasadormanvolcano. Port Blair, Chidiyatapu, Wandoor, Rutland andHavelockislandscomeundertheSouthAndamangroupofislands.PortBlair,thecapitalcityoftheAndamanandNicobar islands is the communication link to the Indianmainland. Wandoor is the central part of the southAndamans, which lies in an area of primary forespatches,mangroves,farmlandandpaddy.TheMahatmaGandhimarinenationalpark(MGMNP)isoneofthetwomarine national parks of the Andaman and Nicobaislands (30 kmaway from the PortBlaircity).The parkconsists of 15 islands, with rich corals and mangroves

coveringanareaof281.50 km2.Chidiyatapu isa smalvillage at the southeastern tip of the southAndamanssome30kmfromPortBlair.Methodology Thestudywasbasedonbothprimaryandsecondarydata.Thedataforthestudyhadbeencollectedthroughquestionnaires from major tourist places in Andamanislands namely- Port Blair town, Cellular jail, Carbynscove, Ross Island, Jolly Bouy, museums, zoo, mounHarriet,Neilisland,Havelockisland,Baratangandalltheresortsonthebeachandhills.

Altogether 305 samples were taken, 286 from the

mainland Indian travelers and 19 from the foreignnationals from different countries. The data have beencollectedfrom thedifferenttouristplaces butsequentiaperiodfromApril2008toJune2008.Thesecondarydatahave been collected from the department of foresttourism department and other wings of Andaman andNicobaradministrationhavealsohelpedtoprovidesuchneededhelpintheformofphotographs,documentsandliterature. Thedemographic details havebeencollectedfromthecensusofficeatPortBlair.


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The interviewing process consisted of a directpersonalapproachto 305touristswithinthe studyarea,the respondents from various parts of India as well asvarious parts of the world (national & internationaltourists). Qualitative and quantitative methods werecombinedto obtain dataaboutthestructureoftheeco-

tourism and the tourism attitudes and perceptions. Thequestionnairesfocusedon4categoriesofquestions:(1).Personalinformation,(2).Tourismproducts,(3)TourismInfrastructure, (4) Tourism planning and development.The response rate was high with very few individualsapproached refusing to participate in the survey(Appendix4.1forthequestionnaireusedinthestudy).Datacollection Theextent of data that had to be collectedand thelocation-based challenges, a range of instruments wasused for data collection from different groups. Bothqualitative and quantitative data from primary andsecondary sources were collected. The choice to use

qualitative research methods for a research will beshapedbythedimensionsofresearchquestions.Forthecollection of primary data from the field, along withobservations, thequestionnaire andpersonnel interviewwith the tourists are done. A simple random samplingmethod (SRS) has been used for the collection ofinformation from the tourists fromselected tourist spotsby using the questionnaire. The secondary data havebeen collected from various organizations like thedepartmentoftourism,theforestdepartment,departmentofStatisticsandstatelibraryoftheAndamanandNicobarislands and census of India, India tourism developmentcorporation andonline information through Internet.Forthe present study, field observation has been used as

another important instrument forcollection ofqualitativedata, especially for that on the socio-cultural andenvironmental impacts of tourism activity. At each fieldsite, we observe tourist behaviour, the interactions oftourists with local people and the impact of suchinteractions. Further, interviews have been conductedwiththetouristsforseekingtheirviewsondevelopmentoftheAndamansasanecotouristicdestination,thepositiveandnegativefactorsexistinginthetourismpracticed.Thestatisticalanalysiswasundertakenusingproceduresfromthe statistical packages for social sciences, knownpopularly astheSPSSanddescribedinBrayman and Cramer (1997). This

packagehasbeenusedtodevelopanin-depthanalysisof questionnaire surveys.The frequency distribution, crosstabulations of various indicators,correlationbetweenvariables, piechartsand graphs have all been generatedusing SPSS, to strengthen the analysisandrecommendations. For the purpose of description ofsample and respondent relatedcharacteristics, a frequency and

percentage analysis has been done for all variablesextracted from the questionnaire and put into data setFirstasimplefrequencyofeachofthefieldswithcolumnpercentages has been made and then two way tablesusingcertainpairsofvariableshavebeencarriedout,inordertoanalyzevariations.Theanalystbeginstoexplore

thedata,bymeasuringthecentraltendencyofthedataandmore importantly, thedispersionofthe dataaroundthiscentral tendency.Frequencyanalysis is particularlyuseful for describing discrete categories of data havingmultiple choices or Yes/No response formats. Thisanalysis involves constructing a frequency distributionThe frequency distribution isa record of the number oscores that fall within each response category. Thefrequency distribution, then, has two elements: Thecategories of response; and The frequency with whichrespondents are identifiedwitheach category.Theonlytechnicalrequirementofthefrequencyanalysisisthatthecategories of response be mutually exclusive and

exhaustive.Thismeansthatthesameobservationcannobe counted as belonging to more than one responsecategory.The frequencyanalysismustbeexhaustiveinthe sense that all respondentsmust fit into a categoryThetablessogeneratedarenumerous,onlyselecttablesarethereforeincludedinthetextwhileothersaresoastoshowthevariationstherein.Results and discussion This has spoken of the national and internationaarrivals in the Andaman and Nicobar islands and thepersonal details of the tourists, their purpose of visitsfrequency of visits, sources of information, theiexpectations, age composition, educational levels

occupationalstructureofthetourists,incomesandmoneyspentby the tourists, funding sources for the toursandfinallythevisitorssatisfactionabout thetour/visitepisodes.Apart from this, a detailedanalysis of the different tourism products andinfrastructureservicesandthenatureofvisitorserviceshospitalityservicesandthetourismproductssuchasthenatural,ecological, cultural andhistorical weremade inorder tounderstand theresponsesand scoresandalsotheperceptionsof thetourists to the islands.Finally,aspertheviewsandsuggestionsexpressedbythetourists,

tourism planning and development wasalso dealt with in some detail. The

nationalityofthetouristsispredominantlydomestic (93.8%) and only 6.2%was othe international arrivals. This may bedue to the off season for the foreigntouristswhenthefielddatawascollected(Table1). As regards the purpose of visits91.8% of the tourists have come to theAndamans for holidaying only and theremaining (6.6%) have come foemployment purposes(Table2).90%o

Table1.Nationalityoftourists.Country No. %

India 286 93.80Australia 05 1.60

U.K 04 1.30Canada 03 1.00

Finland 02 0.70

TheNetherlands 01 0.30

Israel 01 0.30

NewZealand 01 0.30Switzerland 01 0.30

Italy 01 0.30

Total 305 100


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the touristswere the first timers whohave never visited the Andamansbefore(Table3).Outoftheremaining10%onlyafewwererepeatersforthesecondandthethirdtime. Of the samples surveyed, 61%

have informed that they receivedinformationabouttheAndamansfromtheir friends and relatives (Table 4).Another 28% of the tourists havereceived information frombooksandmedia.Only 4%of the visitors haveshown that they have received theinformation from the tourismdepartment. It is important thereforethatthe tourismdepartment and thegovernment must take adequatesteps for proper dissemination ofinformation for the benefit of the

touristsandtourismdevelopmentfortheAndamans. As for the expectations of thetourists,84%ofthevisitorshavesaidthattheirexpectationsweretrueandfound what they expected to get(Table 5). Intheage compositionofthe tourists visiting the Andamans,57%wereintheagegroupof31-50yearsand the educational levelofamajority was of the University level(71%)andanother 21%wereofthecollegiate level (Table 6 & 7).

Accordingly,itmaybeconcludedthatabout92%ofthetouristswerehighlyeducated and none of therespondents in the sample wasilliterate. The occupational structureof the tourists was found mixed,comprising of technicians,government servants, private sectoremployees, students and teachers.These groups represented about70% of the total tourists visiting theislands(Table8).Asfortheaverageincomes and monies spent bydifferentagegroupsoftourists,ithas

beennoticedthatgenerallythehighermonthly income groups spent moremoney,withanexceptionoftheagegroup 60 plus years above. Thevisitors below 20 years of age hadshown a very low average monthlyincome, even though their share ofexpenditureswasrelativelyhigh.Thiswasduetothefactthat the age groups were generally dependents on theincomeearningmembersofthefamily(Table9).

Moneyspentby touristsbelongingtodifferent occupations indicated thathegovernmentsectortouristsearneda mean monthly income of abouRs.28,000 and spent an average oRs.72,000 (Table 10). Further, thei

sourcesoffundingforthetourwere:32% government and semigovernmentwhere the money camefrom the leave travel concessions(LTC) schemes. The affordability othe government and semigovernment employees were due tothe LTC facilities extended by thegovernment to visit the AndamansaftertheTsunami.Further,87.5%othetouristsexpressedthattheywerefully satisfied with their visit to theAndamans.

Anumberofsuggestionswerepuforwardbythevisitors. Someoftheimportant views regarding theproblem with the present Andamantourism had lack of transportationaccommodation and food anddrinking water. As for the positivethings about the Andamans andecotourism potentials, the visitorsshowedthatbeautifullandscapesandbeaches, good climate and coralsand underwater life as potentiaelements. Replying to the tourism

planners concerns, the touristssuggested that the Governmenshould take full responsibility fotourism development and theplanners should carefully developnature-based tourism. The touristssuggested that all basic facilities otransport, accommodation and foodandbeveragesshould bedevelopedthrough proper governmeninterventions.Conclusions

The nationality of the tourists is

predominantly Indian (93.8%) andonly 6.2% was of the internationaarrivals.Thiswasduetothefactthathe interviews were held not in theseason for internationalarrivals.Asregards the purposes of visits91.8%of the tourists have come to

the Andamans for holidaying. Regarding sources oinformationabouttheAndamanandNicobarislands,61%ofthetouristsreceivedinformationfromtheirfriendsand

Table2.Purposeofvisitsoftourists.Purpose No. %

Holiday 280 91.80

Employment 20 6.60

Medicaltourism 03 1.00

Business 02 0.70

Total 305 100

Table3.Frequencyofvisitsoftourists.

Frequency No. %Firsttime 275 90.10

Secondtime 21 6.90

Islanders 07 2.30

Thirdtime 02 0.70

Total 305 100

Table4.Informationsourcesoftourists.

Sources No. %

Friends 131 43.00

Relatives 56 18.40

Books 50 16.40

Media 34 11.10

Internet 13 4.30

Tourismdept. 12 3.90

Islander 08 2.60

Employment 01 0.30

Total 305 100

Table5.MeetingexpectationoftouristsExpectation No. %

True 257 84.30

Real 48 15.70Total 305 100

Table6.Agecompositionoftourists.

Age (Years) No. %Upto20 33 10.80

21-30 49 16.10

31-40 93 30.50

41-50 80 26.20

51-60 47 15.40Above60 03 1.00

Total 305 100

Table7.Educationofthetourists.

Education No. %Elementary 02 0.70Secondary &Seniorsecondary

21 6.80

Collegiate 65 21.40

University 227 71.00

Total 305 100


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relatives.Asregardstheexpectationsofthetourists,84%of the visitors said that their expectations were fulfilledandtheyindeedfoundwhattheyexpectedtogetfromtheislands.Inregardtoagecomposition,57%ofthetouristsvisitingtheAndamanswereinthegroupof31-50years.For a majority, their educational level was of theUniversity (71%) and 21% were of the collegiate.Accordingly, 92% of the tourists were highly educatedand none of them was illiterate. The occupational

structure of the touristswasmixed: 70% of the touristscomprised of technicians, government servants, privatesector employees, students and teachers. Occupationwise, money spent by the tourists indicated that thegovernment sector tourists earned a mean monthlyincomeofRs.28,000andspentanaverageofRs.72,000.Their sources of funding for the tour were: 32%government and semi-government where the moneycamefromtheleavetravelconcessions(LTC)schemes.

References1. Andrews HV and Sankaran V (2002) SustainablemanagementofprotectedareasintheAndamanandNicobarislands,ANET,IIPA,FFI,NewDelhi.

2. Brayman A and Cramer D (1997) Quantitative dataanalysiswithSPSSforwindows,Routledge,London&NY.

3. Kulkarni S (2000) Ecological assessment of corareefs in Mahatma Gandhi marine national parkWandoor, Andaman and Nicobar islandsConservation implications, Wildlife Instt. of IndiaDehradun.

4. MieczkowskiZ(1995)Environmentalissuesoftourismand recreation, University press of America, NewYork.

5. Miller MJ (2007) Understanding the impact oindividual and organizational factors on ethica

awareness and behaviour.Consortium J. HospitalityTourism.12(1),25-35.6. RoeD,LeaderWNandDalalClaytonDB(1997)Takeonly photographs, leave only footprints: theenvironmentalimpactsofwildlifetourism,IIEDwildlife&developmentseries,London.p:10.

7. Turner JR, VousdenD,KlausR,SutryanarayanaCFennerD,VenkataramanK,RajanPTandSubbaRaoNV(2001)Remotesensingandrapidsiteassessmentsurvey,reportofphaseI-April2001.GOI/UNDPGEFCoral reefecosystemsof theAndamanislands,NewDelhi.

8. Vousden D (2000) The management of coral reefsecosystems of the Andaman and Nicobar islands

mission report-GOI-UNDPGEF,PDF-Bphase,NewDelhi.

9. William F and Theobald (1998) Global tourism.Thenext generation, business economic. Elsevier SciBurlington,MA.

10.WTO (World tourism organization) (1995) UNWTOtechnical manual. Collection of tourism expenditurestatistics,http://pub.unwto.org.

11.WTO (World Tourism Organization) (2008) Worldtourismbarometer,http://www.tourismroi.com.

Table8.Occupationalstructures.

Occupation Frequency %Banking 25 8.2

Business 2 0.7

Defense 6 2Doctor 6 2

Engineer 24 7.9Government 51 16.7

Homemaker 15 4.9

IT 8 2.6Medicos 3 1.0

Private 40 13.1

Student 44 14.4

Teacher 29 9.5Technician 52 17

Total 305 100

Table9.Incomebyagesoftourists&moneyspent.

Age(Years) MonthlymeanincomeMoneymean

spentUpto20 4,788 68,083

21-30 18,827 39,828

31-40 30,120 62,692

41-50 26,875 69,16251-60 29,585 77,848

Above60 20,333 67,333

Total 24,517 63,725

Table10.Incomebytypesofeducation&moneyspent.

EducationaltypeMeanmonthly

incomeAveragemoney

spent

Liberal 14,079 45,088

Professional 22,545 64,007

Students 1,923 51,000Technical 37,028 69,761

Total 24,517 63,725

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