Data Generation

7/25/2019 Data Generation

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DATA GENERATION TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCH METHODS

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES--------------------------------------3

Using available inf!"a#in---------------------------------------------------------------3

Obse!va#in----------------------------------------------------------------------------------$

In#e!vie%s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&Q'es#innai!es-------------------------------------------------------------------------------(

F)'s g!'* +is)'ssins ,FD.-----------------------------------------------------------/

0!1e)#ive #e)ni'es----------------------------------------------------------------------456a**ing an+ s)aling----------------------------------------------------------------------45

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DATA COLLECTION---------------------------------44

CONCLUSION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42

REFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43

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DATA GENERATION TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCH METHODS

INTRODUCTION

Da#a-)lle)#in #e)ni'es all% 's # s7s#e"a#i)all7 )lle)# inf!"a#in ab'# '! b1e)#s f

s#'+7 ,*e*le8 b1e)#s8 *en"ena. an+ ab'# #e se##ings in %i) #e7 ))'!9 Da#a Clle)#in is

an i"*!#an# as*e)# f an7 #7*e f !esea!) s#'+79 Ina))'!a#e +a#a )lle)#in )an i"*a)# #e

!es'l#s f a s#'+7 an+ 'l#i"a#el7 lea+ # invali+ !es'l#s9 Da#a )lle)#in "e#+s f! i"*a)#

eval'a#in va!7 alng a )n#in''"9 A# #e ne en+ f #is )n#in''" a!e Q'an#i#a#ive "e#+s

an+ a# #e #e! en+ f #e )n#in''" a!e Q'ali#a#ive "e#+s f! +a#a )lle)#in9

Te Q'an#i#a#ive +a#a )lle)#in "e#+s8 !el7 n !an+" sa"*ling an+ s#!')#'!e+ +a#a

)lle)#in ins#!'"en#s #a# fi# +ive!se e:*e!ien)es in# *!e+e#e!"ine+ !es*nse )a#eg!ies9 Te7

*!+')e !es'l#s #a# a!e eas7 # s'""a!i;e8 )"*a!e8 an+ gene!ali;e9 Q'an#i#a#ive !esea!) is

)n)e!ne+ %i# #es#ing 7*#eses +e!ive+ f!" #e!7 an+


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). #e7 'se #!iang'la#in # in)!ease #e )!e+ibili#7 f #ei! fin+ings ,i9e98 !esea!)e!s !el7 n

"'l#i*le +a#a )lle)#in "e#+s # )e)@ #e a'#en#i)i#7 f #ei! !es'l#s.

+. gene!all78 #ei! fin+ings a!e n# gene!ali;able # an7 s*e)ifi) **'la#in8 !a#e! ea) )ase

s#'+7 *!+')es a single *ie)e f evi+en)e #a# )an be 'se+ # see@ gene!al *a##e!ns a"ng

+iffe!en# s#'+ies f #e sa"e iss'e

Rega!+less f #e @in+s f +a#a invlve+8 +a#a )lle)#in in a 'ali#a#ive s#'+7 #a@es a g!ea# +eal

f #i"e9 Te !esea!)e! nee+s # !e)!+ an7 *#en#iall7 'sef'l +a#a #!'gl78 a))'!a#el78 an+

s7s#e"a#i)all78 'sing fiel+ n#es8 s@e#)es8 a'+i#a*es8 *#g!a*s an+ #e! s'i#able "eans9

Te +a#a )lle)#in "e#+s "'s# bse!ve #e e#i)al *!in)i*les f !esea!)9

OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Va!i's +a#a )lle)#in #e)ni'es )an be 'se+ s') as?

a. Using available inf!"a#in

b. Obse!ving

). In#e!vie%ing ,fa)e-#-fa)e.

+. A+"inis#e!ing %!i##en 'es#innai!es

e. F)'s g!'* +is)'ssins

f. 0!1e)#ive #e)ni'es8 "a**ing8 s)aling

a) Using available in!"#a$i!n

Us'all7 #e!e is a la!ge a"'n# f +a#a #a# as al!ea+7 been )lle)#e+ b7 #e!s8 al#'g i# "a7

n# ne)essa!il7 ave been anal7se+ ! *'blise+9 L)a#ing #ese s'!)es an+ !e#!ieving #e

inf!"a#in is a g+ s#a!#ing *in# in an7 +a#a )lle)#in eff!#9 In !+e! # !e#!ieve #e +a#a

f!" available s'!)es8 #e !esea!)e! %ill ave # +esign an ins#!'"en# s') as a )e)@lis# !

)"*ila#in see#9 In +esigning s') ins#!'"en#s8 i# is i"*!#an# # ins*e)# #e la7'# f #e

s'!)e +)'"en#s f!" %i) #e +a#a is # be e:#!a)#e+9 Te a+van#age f 'sing e:is#ing +a#a is

#a# )lle)#in is ine:*ensive9 H%eve!8 i# is s"e#i"es +iffi)'l# # gain a))ess # #e !e)!+s !

!e*!#s !e'i!e+8 an+ #e +a#a "a7 n# al%a7s be )"*le#e an+ *!e)ise en'g8 ! #

+is!ganise+9 e9g9

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D!%en$ S$&'ies

E:is#ing !e)!+s f#en *!vi+e insig#s in# a se##ing an+


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i9 (a"$i%i,an$ !bse"va$i!n-Te bse!ve! #a@es *a!# in #e si#'a#in e ! se bse!ves9

,F! e:a"*le8 a +)#! s*i#alise+ %i# a b!@en i*8 % n% bse!ves s*i#al

*!)e+'!es f!" %i#in=9.

ii9 N!n.,a"$i%i,an$ !bse"va$i!n-Te bse!ve! %a#)es #e si#'a#in8 *enl7 ! )n)eale+8

b'# +es n# *a!#i)i*a#e9

Obse!va#ins )an be !,en,e9g98 sa+%ing= a se!ve! %i# is


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ans%e!s an+ %en a**!*!ia#e8 see@ fll%-'* inf!"a#in9 Disa+van#ages in)l'+e i"*!a)#i)al

%en la!ge sa"*les a!e invlve+ #i"e )ns'"ing an+ e:*ensive9 ,Lee+7 an+ O!"!+8 2554.

Tele,+!ne in$e"vie0sa!e less #i"e )ns'"ing an+ less e:*ensive an+ #e !esea!)e! as !ea+7

a))ess # an7ne n #e *lane# % as a #ele*ne9 Disa+van#ages a!e #a# #e !es*nse !a#e is

n# as ig as #e fa)e-#- fa)e in#e!vie% b'# )nsi+e!abl7 ige! #an #e "aile+ 'es#innai!e9

Te sa"*le "a7 be biase+ # #e e:#en# #a# *e*le %i#'# *nes a!e *a!# f #e **'la#in

ab'# %" #e !esea!)e! %an#s # +!a% infe!en)es9

C!#,&$e" Assis$e' (e"s!nal In$e"vie0ing 1CA(I)- is a f!" f *e!snal in#e!vie%ing8 b'#

ins#ea+ f )"*le#ing a 'es#innai!e8 #e in#e!vie%e! b!ings alng a la*#* ! an+-el+

)"*'#e! # en#e! #e inf!"a#in +i!e)#l7 in# #e +a#abase9 Tis "e#+ saves #i"e invlve+ in

*!)essing #e +a#a8 as %ell as saving #e in#e!vie%e! f!" )a!!7ing a!'n+ 'n+!e+s f

'es#innai!es9 H%eve!8 #is #7*e f +a#a )lle)#in "e#+ )an be e:*ensive # se# '* an+

!e'i!es #a# in#e!vie%e!s ave )"*'#e! an+ #7*ing s@ills9

') Q&es$i!nnai"es

A 2&es$i!nnai"e is a !esea!) ins#!'"en# )nsis#ing f a se!ies f 'es#ins an+ #e! *!"*#s

f! #e *'!*se f ga#e!ing inf!"a#in f!" !es*n+en#s9 Al#'g #e7 a!e f#en +esigne+ f!

s#a#is#i)al anal7sis f #e !es*nses8 #is is n# al%a7s #e )ase9 Q'es#innai!es ave a+van#ages

ve! s"e #e! #7*es f s'!ve7s in #a# #e7 a!e )ea*8 + n# !e'i!e as "') eff!# f!" #e

'es#ine! as ve!bal ! #ele*ne s'!ve7s8 an+ f#en ave s#an+a!+i;e+ ans%e!s #a# "a@e i#

si"*le # )"*ile +a#a9 H%eve!8 s') s#an+a!+i;e+ ans%e!s "a7 f!'s#!a#e 'se!s9 Q'es#innai!es

a!e als sa!*l7 li"i#e+ b7 #e fa)# #a# !es*n+en#s "'s# be able # !ea+ #e 'es#ins an+

!es*n+ # #e"9 T's8 f! s"e +e"g!a*i) g!'*s )n+')#ing a s'!ve7 b7 'es#innai!e "a7

n# be *!a)#i)al9

As a #7*e f s'!ve78 'es#innai!es als ave "an7 f #e sa"e *!ble"s !ela#ing # 'es#in

)ns#!')#in an+ %!+ing #a# e:is# in #e! #7*es f *inin *lls9

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Q&es$i!nnai"e %!ns$"&%$i!n

Q&es$i!n $*,es

Us'all78 a 'es#innai!e )nsis#s f a n'"be! f 'es#ins #a# #e !es*n+en# as # ans%e! in a

se# f!"a#9 A +is#in)#in is "a+e be#%een *en-en+e+ an+ )lse+-en+e+ 'es#ins9 An *en-

en+e+ 'es#in as@s #e !es*n+en# # f!"'la#e is %n ans%e!8 %e!eas a )lse+-en+e+

'es#in as #e !es*n+en# *i)@ an ans%e! f!" a given n'"be! f *#ins9 Te !es*nse

*#ins f! a )lse+-en+e+ 'es#in s'l+ be e:a's#ive an+ "'#'all7 e:)l'sive9 F'! #7*es f

!es*nse s)ales f! )lse+-en+e+ 'es#ins a!e +is#ing'ise+?

a. Di)#"'s8 %e!e #e !es*n+en# as #% *#ins

b. N"inal-*l7#"'s8 %e!e #e !es*n+en# as "!e #an #% 'n!+e!e+ *#ins

). O!+inal-*l7#"'s8 %e!e #e !es*n+en# as "!e #an #% !+e!e+ *#ins

+. ,'n+e+.Cn#in''s8 %e!e #e !es*n+en# is *!esen#e+ %i# a )n#in''s s)ale

A !es*n+en#s ans%e! # an *en-en+e+ 'es#in is )+e+ in# a !es*nse s)ale af#e!%a!+s9 An

e:a"*le f an *en-en+e+ 'es#in is a 'es#in %e!e #e #es#ee as # )"*le#e a sen#en)e

,sen#en)e )"*le#in i#e".9

Q&es$i!n se2&en%e

In gene!al8 'es#ins s'l+ fl% lgi)all7 f!" ne # #e ne:#9 T a)ieve #e bes# !es*nse

!a#es8 'es#ins s'l+ fl% f!" #e leas# sensi#ive # #e "s# sensi#ive8 f!" #e fa)#'al an+

beavi'!al # #e a##i#'+inal8 an+ f!" #e "!e gene!al # #e "!e s*e)ifi)9

Q&es$i!nnai"e a'#inis$"a$i!n #!'es

6ain "+es f 'es#innai!e a+"inis#!a#in a!e?

a. Fa)e-#-fa)e 'es#innai!e a+"inis#!a#in8 B%e!e an in#e!vie%e! *!esen#s #e i#e"s

!all79B

b. 0a*e!-an+-*en)il 'es#innai!e a+"inis#!a#in8 B%e!e #e i#e"s a!e *!esen#e+ n *a*e!9B

). C"*'#e!i;e+ 'es#innai!e a+"inis#!a#in8 B%e!e #e i#e"s a!e *!esen#e+ n #e

)"*'#e!9B

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+. A+a*#ive )"*'#e!i;e+ 'es#innai!e a+"inis#!a#in8 B%e!e a sele)#in f i#e"s is

*!esen#e+ n #e )"*'#e!8 an+ base+ n #e ans%e!s n #se i#e"s8 #e )"*'#e! sele)#s

fll%ing i#e"s *#i"i;e+ f! #e #es#ees es#i"a#e+ abili#7 ! #!ai#9B

e) F!%&s g"!&, 'is%&ssi!ns 1FGD)

A f)'s g!'* +is)'ssin all%s a g!'* f - 42 inf!"an#s # f!eel7 +is)'ss a )e!#ain s'b1e)#

%i# #e g'i+an)e f a fa)ili#a#! ! !e*!#e!9 F)'s g!'*s )"bine ele"en#s f b#

in#e!vie%ing an+ *a!#i)i*an# bse!va#in9 Te f)'s g!'* sessin is8 in+ee+8 an in#e!vie%

,0a##n8 4//5. n# a +is)'ssin g!'*8 *!ble"-slving sessin8 ! +e)isin-"a@ing g!'*9 A# #e

sa"e #i"e8 f)'s g!'*s )a*i#ali;e n g!'* +7na"i)s9 Te all"a!@ f f)'s g!'*s is #e

e:*li)i# 'se f #e g!'* in#e!a)#in # gene!a#e +a#a an+ insig#s #a# %'l+ be 'nli@el7 #

e"e!ge %i#'# #e in#e!a)#in f'n+ in a g!'*9 Te #e)ni'e ine!en#l7 all%s bse!va#in f

g!'* +7na"i)s8 +is)'ssin8 an+ fi!s#an+ insig#s in# #e !es*n+en#s= beavi!s8 a##i#'+es8

lang'age8 e#)9

F)'s g!'*s a!e a ga#e!ing f # 42 *e*le % sa!e s"e )a!a)#e!is#i)s !elevan# # #e

eval'a#in9 O!iginall7 'se+ as a "a!@e# !esea!) #l # inves#iga#e #e a**eal f va!i's

*!+')#s8 #e f)'s g!'* #e)ni'e as been a+*#e+ b7 #e! fiel+s8 s') as e+')a#in8 as a #l

f! +a#a ga#e!ing n a given #*i)9 F)'s g!'*s )n+')#e+ b7 e:*e!#s #a@e *la)e in a f)'s

g!'* fa)ili#7 #a# in)l'+es !e)!+ing a**a!a#'s ,a'+i an+

i+en#if7ing *!1e)# s#!eng#s8 %ea@nesses8 an+ !e)""en+a#ins>

assis#ing %i# in#e!*!e#a#in f 'an#i#a#ive fin+ings> $

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b#aining *e!)e*#ins f *!1e)# '#)"es an+ i"*a)#s> an+

gene!a#ing ne% i+eas9

Re%!"'ing !%&s g"!&, 'a$a.

Te *!)e+'!es f! !e)!+ing a f)'s g!'* sessin a!e basi)all7 #e sa"e as #se 'se+ f! in-

+e*# in#e!vie%s9 H%eve!8 #e f)'s g!'* a**!a) len+s i#self # "!e )!ea#ive an+ effi)ien#

*!)e+'!es9 If #e eval'a#in #ea" +es 'se a f)'s g!'* !" %i# a ne-%a7 "i!!!8 a

)lleag'e )an #a@e n#es an+ !e)!+ bse!va#ins9 An a+van#age f #is a**!a) is #a# #e e:#!a

in+ivi+'al is n# in #e vie% f *a!#i)i*an#s an+8 #e!ef!e8 n# in#e!fe!ing %i# #e g!'* *!)ess9

If a ne-%a7 "i!!! is n# a *ssibili#78 #e "+e!a#! "a7 ave a )lleag'e *!esen# in #e !"

# #a@e n#es an+ # !e)!+ bse!va#ins9 A "a1! a+van#age f #ese a**!a)es is #a# #e

!e)!+e! f)'ses n bse!ving an+ #a@ing n#es8 %ile #e "+e!a#! )n)en#!a#es n as@ing

'es#ins8 fa)ili#a#ing #e g!'* in#e!a)#in8 fll%ing '* n i+eas8 an+ "a@ing s"#

#!ansi#ins f!" iss'e # iss'e9 F'!#e!"!e8 li@e bse!va#ins8 f)'s g!'*s )an be vi+e#a*e+9

Tese a**!a)es all% f! )nfi!"a#in f %a# %as seen an+ ea!+9 Wa#eve! #e a**!a) #

ga#e!ing +e#aile+ +a#a8 inf!"e+ )nsen# is ne)essa!7 an+ )nfi+en#iali#7 s'l+ be ass'!e+9

Having iglig#e+ #e si"ila!i#ies be#%een in#e!vie%s an+ f)'s g!'*s8 i# is i"*!#an# # als

*in# '# ne )!i#i)al +iffe!en)e9 In f)'s g!'*s8 g!'* +7na"i)s a!e es*e)iall7 i"*!#an#9 Ten#es8 an+ !es'l#an# !e*!#8 s'l+ in)l'+e )""en#s n g!'* in#e!a)#in an+ +7na"i)s as #e7

inf!" #e 'es#ins 'n+e! s#'+79

) ("!/e%$ive $e%+ni2&es

Wen a !esea!)e! 'ses *!1e)#ive #e)ni'es8 ,s.e as@s an inf!"an# # !ea)# # s"e @in+ f

vis'al ! ve!bal s#i"'l's9 F!" e3a#,le-An inf!"an# "a7 be *!vi+e+ %i# a !'g '#line f

#e b+7 an+ be as@e+ # +!a% e! ! is *e!)e*#in f #e )n)e*#in ! nse# f an illness9

An#e! e:a"*le f a *!1e)#ive #e)ni'e is #e *!esen#a#in f a 7*#e#i)al 'es#in ! an

in)"*le#e sen#en)e ! )ase


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Ma,,ingis a val'able #e)ni'e f! vis'all7 +is*la7ing !ela#insi*s an+ !es'!)es9 In a %a#e!

s'**l7 *!1e)#8 !" e3a#,le8 "a**ing is inval'able9 I# )an be 'se+ # *!esen# #e *la)e"en# f

%ells8 +is#an)e f #e "es f!" #e %ells8 #e! %a#e! s7s#e"s8 e#)9 I# gives !esea!)e!s a g+

ve!vie% f #e *7si)al si#'a#in an+ "a7 el* # iglig# !ela#insi*s i#e!# 'n!e)gnise+9

6a**ing a )""'ni#7 is als ve!7 'sef'l an+ f#en in+is*ensable as a *!e-s#age # sa"*ling9

S%alingis a #e)ni'e #a# all%s !esea!)e!s #!'g #ei! !es*n+en#s # )a#eg!ise )e!#ain

va!iables #a# #e7 %'l+ n# be able # !an@ #e"selves9

F!" e3a#,le8 #e7 "a7 as@ #ei! inf!"an#,s. # b!ing )e!#ain #7*es f e!bal "e+i)ine an+ as@

#e" # a!!ange #ese in# *iles a))!+ing # #ei! 'sef'lness9 Te inf!"an#s %'l+ #en be

as@e+ # e:*lain #e lgi) f #ei! !an@ing9 6a**ing an+ s)aling "a7 be 'se+ as *a!#i)i*a#!7

#e)ni'es in !a*i+ a**!aisals ! si#'a#in anal7ses9

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DATA COLLECTION

As %e +evel* '! +a#a )lle)#in #e)ni'es8 %e nee+ # )nsi+e! %e#e! '! !esea!)

*!)e+'!es a!e li@el7 # )a'se an7 *7si)al ! e"#inal a!"9 Ha!" "a7 be )a'se+8 f!

e:a"*le8 b7?

i9 vila#ing inf!"an#s= !ig# # *!iva)7 b7 *sing sensi#ive 'es#ins ! b7 gaining a))ess

# !e)!+s %i) "a7 )n#ain *e!snal +a#a>

ii9 bse!ving #e beavi'! f inf!"an#s %i#'# #ei! being a%a!e ,)n)eale+ bse!va#in

s'l+ #e!ef!e al%a7s be )!ss)e)@e+ ! +is)'sse+ %i# #e! !esea!)e!s %i# !es*e)#

# e#i)al a+"issibili#7.>

iii9 all%ing *e!snal inf!"a#in # be "a+e *'bli) %i) inf!"an#s %'l+ %an# # be @e*#

*!iva#e8 an+

iv9 failing # bse!ve

ii9 n# e:*l!ing sensi#ive iss'es bef!e a g+ !ela#insi* as been es#ablise+ %i# #e

inf!"an#>

iii9 ens'!ing #e )nfi+en#iali#7 f #e +a#a b#aine+> an+

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iv9 lea!ning en'g ab'# #e )'l#'!e f inf!"an#s # ens'!e i# is !es*e)#e+ +'!ing #e +a#a

)lle)#in *!)ess9

If sensi#ive 'es#ins a!e as@e+8 f! e:a"*le8 ab'# fa"il7 *lanning ! se:'al *!a)#i)es8 i# "a7 be

a+visable # "i# na"es an+ a++!esses f!" #e 'es#innai!es9

CONCLUSION

Wen +is)'ssing +iffe!en# +a#a )lle)#in #e)ni'es an+ #ei! a+van#ages an+ +isa+van#ages8 i#

be)"es )lea! #a# #e7 )an )"*le"en# ea) #e!9 A s@ilf'l 'se f a )"bina#in f +iffe!en#

#e)ni'es )an !e+')e #e )an)e f bias an+ %ill give a "!e )"*!eensive 'n+e!s#an+ing f

#e #*i) 'n+e! s#'+79 Resea!)e!s f#en 'se a )"bina#in f fle:ible an+ less fle:ible !esea!)

#e)ni'es9 Fle:ible #e)ni'es8 s') as> lsel7 s#!')#'!e+ in#e!vie%s 'sing *en-en+e+

'es#ins8 f)'s g!'* +is)'ssins8 an+ *a!#i)i*an# bse!va#in a!e als )alle+ 'ali#a#ive

!esea!) #e)ni'es9 Te7 *!+')e 'ali#a#ive +a#a #a# is f#en !e)!+e+ in na!!a#ive f!"9

Q'ali#a#ive Resea!) Te)ni'es invlve #e i+en#ifi)a#in an+ e:*l!a#in f a n'"be! f f#en

"'#'all7 !ela#e+ va!iables #a# give insig# in '"an beavi'! ,"#iva#ins8 *inins8

a##i#'+es.8 in #e na#'!e an+ )a'ses f )e!#ain *!ble"s an+ in #e )nse'en)es f #e *!ble"s

f! #se affe)#e+9 W7=8 Wa#= an+ H%= a!e i"*!#an# 'es#ins9

S#!')#'!e+ 'es#innai!es #a# enable #e !esea!)e! # 'an#if7 *!e- ! *s#-)a#eg!ise+ ans%e!s

# 'es#ins a!e an e:a"*le f 'an#i#a#ive !esea!) #e)ni'es9 Te ans%e!s # 'es#ins )an be

)'n#e+ an+ e:*!esse+ n'"e!i)all79

Q'an#i#a#ive !esea!) #e)ni'es a!e 'se+ # 'an#if7 #e si;e8 +is#!ib'#in8 an+ ass)ia#in f

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REFERENCES

Fe##e!"an8 D969 ,4//.9Ethnography: Step by Step. A**lie+ S)ial Resea!) 6e#+s Se!ies8

Vl9 4(9 Ne%b'!7 0a!@8 CA? Sage9

'ba8 E998 an+ Lin)ln8 9S9 ,4/4.9Effective Evaluation.San F!an)is)? sse7-ass9

Lin)ln8 9S98 an+ 'ba8 E99 ,4/$.9Naturalistic Inquiry9 eve!l7 Hills8 CA? Sage9

Lflan+8 98 an+ Lflan+8 L9H9 ,4//$.9 Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to ualitative

!bservation and Analysis"3!+ E+9 el"n#8 CA? Wa+s%!#9

0a##n8 69Q9 ,4//5.9 ualitative Evaluation and #esearch $ethods" 2n+ E+.Ne%b'!7 0a!@8 CA?

Sage9

S)al)@8 H9D98 S)al)@8 69D98 an+ i!a+8 9R9 ,In *!ess.9 Tea)e! %!@ sa"*le "e#+lg78

as 'se+ a# Wes#e!n O!egn S#a#e Cllege9 In 9 6ill"an8 E+98 Assuring Accountability% &sing

Gains in Student 'earning to Evaluate (eachers and Schools9 Ne%b'!7 0a!@8 CA? C!%in9

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