Data Communication and Networks

Lecture 2

Data Transmission and Encoding Concepts

September 12, 2002

Joseph Conron

Computer Science Department

New York University

conron@cs.nyu.edu

Simplified Data Communications Model

Terminology (1)Direct link

No intermediate devices

Point-to-point Direct link Only 2 devices share link

Multi-point More than two devices share the link

Terminology (2)Simplex

One directione.g. Television

Half duplex Either direction, but only one way at a time

e.g. police radio

Full duplex Both directions at the same time

e.g. telephone

Analog and Digital Data TransmissionData

Entities that convey meaning

Signals Electric or electromagnetic representations of

data

Transmission Communication of data by propagation and

processing of signals

DataAnalog

Continuous values within some interval e.g. sound, video

Digital Discrete values e.g. text, integers

Continuous & Discrete Signals

SignalsMeans by which data are propagatedAnalog

Continuously variable Various media

wire, fiber optic, space

Speech bandwidth 100Hz to 7kHz Telephone bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz Video bandwidth 4MHz

Digital Use two DC components

Data and SignalsUsually use digital signals for digital data

and analog signals for analog dataCan use analog signal to carry digital data

Modem

Can use digital signal to carry analog data Compact Disc audio

Analog Signals Carrying Analog and Digital Data

Digital Signals Carrying Analog and Digital Data

Analog TransmissionAnalog signal transmitted without regard

to contentMay be analog or digital dataAttenuated over distance Use amplifiers to boost signalAlso amplifies noise

Digital TransmissionConcerned with contentIntegrity endangered by noise,

attenuation etc.Repeaters usedRepeater receives signalExtracts bit patternRetransmitsAttenuation is overcomeNoise is not amplified

Advantages of Digital Transmission Digital technology

Low cost LSI/VLSI technology Data integrity

Longer distances over lower quality lines Capacity utilization

High bandwidth links economical High degree of multiplexing easier with digital

techniques Security & Privacy

Encryption Integration

Can treat analog and digital data similarly

Transmission ImpairmentsSignal received may differ from signal

transmittedAnalog - degradation of signal qualityDigital - bit errorsCaused by

Attenuation and attenuation distortion Delay distortion Noise

Encoding TechniquesDigital data, digital signalAnalog data, digital signalDigital data, analog signalAnalog data, analog signal

Interpreting SignalsNeed to know

Timing of bits - when they start and end Signal levels

Factors affecting successful interpreting of signals Signal to noise ratio Data rate Bandwidth

Encoding SchemesNonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)Bipolar -AMIPseudoternaryManchesterDifferential ManchesterB8ZSHDB3

Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bitsVoltage constant during bit interval

no transition I.e. no return to zero voltage

e.g. Absence of voltage for zero, constant positive voltage for one

More often, negative voltage for one value and positive for the other

This is NRZ-L

Nonreturn to Zero InvertedNonreturn to zero inverted on onesConstant voltage pulse for duration of bitData encoded as presence or absence of

signal transition at beginning of bit timeTransition (low to high or high to low)

denotes a binary 1No transition denotes binary 0An example of differential encoding

NRZ

Differential EncodingData represented by changes rather than

levelsMore reliable detection of transition rather

than levelIn complex transmission layouts it is easy

to lose sense of polarity

NRZ pros and consPros

Easy to engineer Make good use of bandwidth

Cons dc component Lack of synchronization capability

Used for magnetic recordingNot often used for signal transmission

Biphase Manchester

Transition in middle of each bit period Transition serves as clock and data Low to high represents one High to low represents zero Used by IEEE 802.3

Differential Manchester Midbit transition is clocking only Transition at start of a bit period represents zero No transition at start of a bit period represents one Note: this is a differential encoding scheme Used by IEEE 802.5

Biphase Pros and ConsCon

At least one transition per bit time and possibly two

Maximum modulation rate is twice NRZ Requires more bandwidth

Pros Synchronization on mid bit transition (self

clocking) No dc component Error detection

Absence of expected transition

Digital Data, Analog SignalPublic telephone system

300Hz to 3400Hz Use modem (modulator-demodulator)

Amplitude shift keying (ASK)Frequency shift keying (FSK)Phase shift keying (PK)

Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Shift KeyingValues represented by different

amplitudes of carrierUsually, one amplitude is zero

i.e. presence and absence of carrier is used

Susceptible to sudden gain changesInefficientUp to 1200bps on voice grade linesUsed over optical fiber

Frequency Shift KeyingValues represented by different

frequencies (near carrier)Less susceptible to error than ASKUp to 1200bps on voice grade linesHigh frequency radioEven higher frequency on LANs using co-

ax

FSK on Voice Grade Line

Phase Shift KeyingPhase of carrier signal is shifted to

represent dataDifferential PSK

Phase shifted relative to previous transmission rather than some reference signal

Quadrature PSKMore efficient use by each signal element

representing more than one bit e.g. shifts of /2 (90o) Each element represents two bits Can use 8 phase angles and have more than

one amplitude 9600bps modem use 12 angles , four of which

have two amplitudes

Asynchronous and Synchronous TransmissionTiming problems require a mechanism to

synchronize the transmitter and receiverTwo solutions

Asynchronous Synchronous

AsynchronousData transmitted on character at a time

5 to 8 bits

Timing only needs maintaining within each character

Resync with each character

Asynchronous (diagram)

Asynchronous - Behavior In a steady stream, interval between

characters is uniform (length of stop element) In idle state, receiver looks for transition 1 to 0Then samples next seven intervals (char

length)Then looks for next 1 to 0 for next char

SimpleCheapOverhead of 2 or 3 bits per char (~20%)Good for data with large gaps (keyboard)

Synchronous - Bit LevelBlock of data transmitted without start or

stop bitsClocks must be synchronizedCan use separate clock line

Good over short distances Subject to impairments

Embed clock signal in data Manchester encoding Carrier frequency (analog)

Synchronous - Block LevelNeed to indicate start and end of blockUse preamble and postamble

e.g. series of SYN (hex 16) characters e.g. block of 11111111 patterns ending in

11111110

More efficient (lower overhead) than async

Synchronous (diagram)