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In modern Ireland, Scotland, Mann and Wales, the festival includedmummingandguising,[43]

the latter of

which goes back at least as far as the 16th century.[44]

This involved people going house-to-house in

costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food .[43]

It may have come from

the Christian custom ofsouling(seebelow) or it may have a Gaelic folk origin, with the costumes being a

means of imitating, or disguising oneself from, theAos S. In Scotland, youths went house-to-house on 31

October with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were notwelcomed.

[43]F. Marian McNeillsuggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the

spirits, and that faces were marked (or blackened) with ashes taken from the sacred bonfire.[44]

In parts of

Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[43]

In the late 19th and early 20th

century, young people inGlamorganandOrkneydressed as the opposite gender.[43]

In parts of southern

Ireland, the guisers included ahobby horse. A man dressed as a Lir Bhn(white mare) led youths

house-to-house reciting versessome of which had pagan overtonesin exchange for food. If the

household donated food it could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'; not doing so would bring

misfortune.[45][46]

Elsewhere in Europe, mumming and hobby horses were part of other yearly festivals.

However, in the Celtic-speaking regions they were "particularly appropriate to a night upon which

supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human

wanderers".

[43]

As early as the 18th century, "imitating malignant spirits" led to playing pranks in Irelandand the Scottish Highlands.

[43]Wearing costumes at Halloween spread to England in the 20th century, as

did the custom of playing pranks.[43]

The "traditional illumination for guisers or pranksters abroad on the

night in some places was provided byturnipsormangel wurzels, hollowed out to act as lanterns and

often carved with grotesque faces to represent spirits or goblins".[43]

These were common in parts of

Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in 19th century,[43]

as well as inSomerset(seePunkie Night). In the

20th century they spread to other parts of England and became generally known as jack-o'-lanterns.[43]

Symbols

Jack-o'-lanterns inKobe,Japan

Development ofartifactsandsymbolsassociated with Halloween formed over time.Jack-o'-lanternsare

traditionally carried byguiserson All Hallows' Eve in order to frightenevil spirits.[62][78]

There is a

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popularIrish Christianfolktale associated with the jack-o'-lantern,[79]

which inlore, is said to represent a

"soulwho has been denied entry into bothheavenandhell":[80]

On route home after a night's drinking, Jack encounters theDevilwho tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking

Jack etches thesign of the crossinto the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain thatSatancan never

claim his soul. After a life ofsin,drink, and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his

promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from thefires of hellat him. It was a cold

night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern

have been roaming looking for a place to rest.[81]

In Ireland and Scotland, theturniphas traditionally been carved during Halloween,[82][83]

but immigrants

toNorth Americaused the nativepumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger making it easier

to carve than a turnip.[82]

Subsequently, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both

the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. The American

tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[84]

and was originally associated with harvest time in

general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.

[85]

The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including Christian eschatology, national

customs, works ofGothicandhorrorliterature (such as the novelsFrankensteinandDracula) and classic

horror films (such asFrankensteinandThe Mummy).[86][87]

Imagery of theskull, a reference toGolgotha,

in the Christian tradition, serves as "a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life" and is

consequently found inmemento moriandvanitascompositions;[88]

skulls have therefore been

commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.[89]

Traditionally, the back walls ofchurchesare

"decorated with a depiction of theLast Judgment, complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with

a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils," a motif that has permeated the observance of this

triduum.[90]

One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who,

in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural

associated with the night, "Bogies"(ghosts), influencingRobert Burns'Halloween1785.[91]

Elements of

the autumn season, such as pumpkins, cornhusksandscarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often

decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes

ofdeath,evil, and mythicalmonsters.[92]

Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween's traditional

colors.

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