Curriculum Vitae, Marc Sprenger MD PhD

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Profile

Name Marc Sprenger

Nationality Dutch

Date of Birth 30 July 1962

Marital Status Married

Marc Sprenger, a medical doctor and expert in infectious diseases and health systems is Director andChief Executive of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and legalrepresentative of the agency. Tasked with further developing the fast-growing ECDC, he ensured thatthe organisation met the strict requirements of an EU agency, and improved its scientific credibility.Under his leadership, ECDC has been recognised as a leading organisation in the provision ofindependent scientific advice; according to the Second External Evaluation published October 2014.

Partnering with national health protection bodies across Europe he has committed to reinforcing anddeveloping state of the art and continent-wide disease surveillance and early warning systems.Collaborating with experts throughout Europe, ECDC pools Europe’s health knowledge to developauthoritative scientific opinions concerning risks posed by current and emerging infectious diseases.

In his previous leadership role as CEO of the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and theEnvironment (RIVM) Dr Sprenger initiated the organisation’s transformation from a research-dominated to a results-based agency, with solid governmental commissioning relationships. General andpublic health programmes were well executed and he focused on making RIVM’s research moreaccessible and applicable to professionals, politicians and citizens in order to create substantial value.This was achieved through his thought leadership and commitment to have clear and effectivecommunication throughout RIVM’s 1500 employee organization.

As Director of Health of the Dutch National Healthcare Insurance Board, Dr Sprenger was at the heartof successful efforts to reform the health insurance system in the Netherlands. The new system waslauded for treating all citizens fairly and equally, while ensuring affordable health care for theforeseeable future. Dr Sprenger and his team contributed to quality accessibility and affordability ofhealth care with minimal regulation. His role was pivotal devising and implementing a comprehensivereform and building consensus with stakeholders, patient groups and professional organisations.

Dr Sprenger understands how to leverage science for the benefit of society. Besides his academicbackground and extensive, hands-on experience, Dr Sprenger is a passionate advocate for bridgingscience to society and strongly believes that public health improves greatly when available scientificexpertise is translated into action plans that are successfully implemented and aligned with the supportof the appropriate political levels within the Member States. He has extensive experience navigatingthese areas as well performing risk assessment, risk management and risk communication.

Having developed a reputation as a highly competent leader able to handle complex administrativeresponsibility Dr Sprenger continues to drive his efforts on what he believes to be of great importance:primary health and serving the needs of citizens to effectively deal with today’s major health problemsand concerns.

Dr Sprenger has been a National Delegate to the World Health Assembly (WHO) and to its regionalCommittee for Europe on a number of occasions. He remains closely involved with several countriesserving as a trusted advisor and respected co-author on the framework for the development andenhancement of national public health institutes. He has authored, co-authored and contributed to asignificant number of peer-reviewed publications on epidemiology, influenza, virology, healtheconomics and antimicrobial resistance.

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Professional experience

2010 – present European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm,SwedenDirector and Chief ExecutiveLegal representative, public face of Agency and accountable to ManagementBoard. Free to perform duties independently, without prejudice to respectivecompetencies of Commission and Management Board.

• Tasked with day-to-day administration. Budget: €+60. Staff: 300• Draws up draft work programmes, implements work programmes and

decisions adopted by Management Board• Ensures provision of appropriate scientific, technical and administrative

support to ECDC staff, Member States and European Commission• Ensures Agency carries out tasks in accordance with requirements of

users, in particular with regard to scientific excellence and independenceof activities and opinions, the adequacy of services provided and timetaken

• Focuses mainly on consolidation of centre after start-up phase and furtherdevelopment to respected world leading network organisation in charge ofsupporting infectious disease control in EU, with keen eye on needs anddiversity of EU member states:- Leads and motivates large team in European, multicultural and

multilingual environment- Possess thorough understanding of operation, interaction of EU

Institutions, and of EU policies and international activities ofrelevance to activities of Agency

- Communicates with public and cooperates with stakeholders(European, international, national and local authorities, internationalorganisations etc.)

- Acts at interface of risk assessment (ECDC) and risk management(Member States and Commission) during outbreaks and crisis.

2012– 2013AdditionalTask

Chair of Network of European Union Agencies- Strengthened identity of Network. Promoted teambuilding and

oversaw development of corporate logo, newsletter and smallsecretariat in Brussels. Took initiative vis-à-vis European Parliamentto renew discharge procedure.

2003 – 2010 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven,the NetherlandsDirector General

• CEO of institute with over 1,500 staff. Yearly budget: approx. €200 m.• Held responsibility for HR, financial and quality management,

communication and international affairs• Chaired Board of Directors• Liaised between government and institute• Member of National Steering Group on Bioterrorism (NCTB) reporting to

Minister• Focused mainly on transformation of RIVM from somewhat inward-

looking research organisation into an agency with a mature governmentaland intergovernmental commissioning relationship, while maintainingscientific independence. Predominant research focused on widerinvolvement in executive programmes for public health. Broadeningrepresented major cultural changes in attitude, operational managementand social orientation.

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1999 – 2003 National Healthcare Insurance Board (CVZ), Diemen, the NetherlandsDirector of Health

• Tasked with advice on health care system and insurance issues, includingreimbursement and health-planning details. Assessment of newpharmaceutical health informatics. Semi-governmental organisation. StaffMembers: 125

• Present at heart of national health care reform to create new healthinsurance system with clear social preconditions

• Commitment to ensuring basic health care for all. Guided leadership indecision and policy-making processes

• Implemented reforms in open dialogue with all stakeholders• Collaborated with all stakeholders, including patient groups and

professional organisations to build support and consensus.

1993 – 1999 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven,the NetherlandsHead of Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, RIVM

• Set up new centre of national coordination of infectious diseasesepidemiology

• Managed 55 experts and 20 temporary staff• Member of National Outbreak Management Team for Infectious Diseases

Control. Representative of the Netherlands in EU expert committees• Focused on establishment of new department and developed long-term

research-strategy• Established European Antimicrobial resistance surveillance system

(EARSS) and Dutch Infectious Diseases Surveillance Information System(ISIS)

1990 – 1993 Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the NetherlandsAssistant Professor of Virology

1988 – 1990 Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, the NetherlandsMedical doctor specialising in Medical Microbiology

1985 – 1986 University of Maastricht / Ministry of Social Affairs, Maastricht, the NetherlandsScientific Assistant, Department of Health Economics

Education

1988 – 1992

1986 – 1990

1982 – 1988

Erasmus University Rotterdam, the NetherlandsMedical Specialist in Medical Microbiology

Erasmus University Rotterdam, the NetherlandsPhD in Epidemiology

Maastricht University, the NetherlandsGeneral Medicine

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Training20071997 – 1998

1992

Centre for Creative Leadership, Davos, Brussels, BelgiumNetherlands School of Public Administration (NSOB), The Hague, theNetherlandsTrainee at the Influenza Branch, Centres for Disease Control (CDC),Atlanta, USA

LanguagesDutch: native speakerEnglish: fluentGerman: understanding A1French: understanding A1

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Activity report Marc Sprenger 2010-2014 (301014)

Committees & Membership (selection)

2013 – present Member of Independent Advisory Committee, Global Burden ofDisease, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University ofWashington, Seattle, funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

2004 – 2008 Chair of Management Board of European Centre for Disease Prevention andControl (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden

2007 – 2010 Member of National Security Think-Tank of The Hague Centre for StrategicStudies, reporting to Minister of Interior and Kingdom Relations

2005 – 2010 Member of the Netherlands Steering Group on Bioterrorism, reporting toMinisters of Justice and Interior and Kingdom Relations

2002 – 2003 Chair of Committee on Knowledge Infrastructure for Communicable Diseasesof the Medical Research Council, The Hague, the Netherlands

Member of the Netherlands Steering Committee Diagnosis RelatedGroup(DBCs)

Member of Council Implementation Indication for long-term care

2001 – 2002 Member of Committee Reduction Bureaucracy Health Care (cie. De Beer)

2000 – 2003 Member of the Netherlands Medical Research Council (RGO), The Hague

2000 – 2010 Member of the Jury for Health Innovation Award (Paludanus Award)

Member of working group of CEOs of Hospitals of Dutch Society of Hospitals

Annex : List of publications

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Marc Sprenger 301014

Marc Sprenger: list of publications Annex

1: Sprenger M, Coulombier D. Preparedness is crucial for safe care of Ebolapatients and to prevent onward transmission in Europe - outbreak control measuresare needed at its roots in West Africa. Euro Surveill. 2014 Oct 9;19(40). pii:20925. PubMed PMID: 25323074.

2: Sprenger M, Coulombier D. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus - twoyears into the epidemic. Euro Surveill. 2014 Apr 24;19(16):20783. Erratum in:Euro Surveill. 2014;19(17):pii/20785. PubMed PMID: 24786257.

3: van der Werf MJ, Sprenger M. Drug-resistance--a challenge for tuberculosiscontrol in the European Union and European Economic Area. Euro Surveill. 2014 Mar20;19(11). pii: 20737. PubMed PMID: 24679718.

4: Sprenger M. Foreword: networking and strengthening health communication in theEuropean Union. J Health Commun. 2013;18(12):1492-3. doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.840700. PubMed PMID: 24298883.

5: van der Werf MJ, Sprenger M. Joint efforts needed to stop transmission oftuberculosis in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2013 Mar 21;18(12). pii: 20435. PubMedPMID: 23557941.

6: Nicoll A, Sprenger M. Low effectiveness undermines promotion of seasonalinfluenza vaccine. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 Jan;13(1):7-9. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70313-4. PubMed PMID: 23257219.

7: Monnet DL, Sprenger M. Hand hygiene practices in healthcare: measure andimprove. Euro Surveill. 2012 May 3;17(18). pii: 20166. PubMed PMID: 22587954.

8: van der Werf M, Giesecke J, Sprenger M. Can the economic crisis have an impacton tuberculosis in the EU/EEA? Euro Surveill. 2012 Mar 22;17(12). pii: 20122.PubMed PMID: 22490306.

9: Lopalco P, Sprenger M. Do European doctors support measles, mumps, rubellavaccination programmes enough? Euro Surveill. 2011 Sep 29;16(39). pii: 19979.PubMed PMID: 21968421.

10: Sprenger M. ECDC and the Escherichia coli outbreak in Germany. Lancet. 2011Jun 25;377(9784):2180. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60963-X. PubMed PMID: 21704870.

11: Sprenger M. Know, treat, prevent--HIV testing, a key strategy in theprevention and control of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Euro Surveill. 2010 Dec2;15(48). pii: 19736. PubMed PMID: 21144451.

12: Nicoll A, Sprenger M. Learning lessons from the 2009 pandemic: puttinginfections in their proper place. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011 Mar;26(3):191-4. doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9575-4. Epub 2011 Apr 13. PubMed PMID: 21487957; PubMedCentral PMCID: PMC3079088.

13: Nicoll A, Sprenger M. The end of the pandemic - what will be the pattern ofinfluenza in the 2010-11 European winter and beyond? Euro Surveill. 2010 Aug12;15(32). pii: 19637. PubMed PMID: 20738997.

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14: Sprenger M. Visions for the next five years: ECDC as a sustainable andservice-oriented organisation. Euro Surveill. 2010 May 13;15(19):pii/19564.PubMed PMID: 20483110.

15: Tsouros A, Bertollini R, Jakab Z, Menabde N, Sprenger M. Five candidatescompete for regional director of WHO EURO. Interview by Clare Kapp and UdaniSamarasekera. Lancet. 2009 Sep 12;374(9693):865-7. PubMed PMID: 19757510.

16: Thijs C, Beyer WE, Govaert PM, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ, Knottnerus A.Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people. Lancet Infect Dis.2008 Aug;8(8):460-1; author reply 463-5. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70161-0.PubMed PMID: 18652989.

17: Sprenger M. [Dr. Marc Sprenger, Director-General RIVM. Interview by PaulOvergaauw]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2005 Apr 1;130(7):216-8. Dutch. PubMed PMID:15822448.

18: Bronzwaer SL, Goettsch W, Olsson-Liljequist B, Wale MC, Vatopoulos AC,Sprenger MJ. European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS):objectives and organisation. Euro Surveill. 1999 Apr;4(4):41-44. PubMed PMID:12631906.

19: Heijnen ML, Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Bartelds AI, Wilbrink B, Sprenger MJ.Surveillance of respiratory pathogens and influenza-like illnesses in generalpractices - The Netherlands, winter 1997-98. Euro Surveill. 1999 Jul;4(7):81-84.PubMed PMID: 12631895.

20: Delwel GO, Sprenger MJ. [Pharmaco-economic evaluations of new drugs:potential key to a more efficient allocation of the health care budget]. NedTijdschr Geneeskd. 2002 Jun 8;146(23):1068-71. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 12085554.

21: Bronzwaer SL, Cars O, Buchholz U, Mölstad S, Goettsch W, Veldhuijzen IK, KoolJL, Sprenger MJ, Degener JE; European Antimicrobial Resistance SurveillanceSystem. A European study on the relationship between antimicrobial use andantimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002 Mar;8(3):278-82. PubMed PMID:11927025; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2732471.

22: Goettsch W, Bronzwaer SL, de Neeling AJ, Wale MC, Aubry-Damon H,Olsson-Liljequist B, Sprenger MJ, Degener JE. Standardization and qualityassurance for antimicrobial resistance surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniaeand Staphylococcus aureus within the European Antimicrobial ResistanceSurveillance System (EARSS). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2000 Feb;6(2):59-63. PubMedPMID: 11168073.

23: de Wit MA, Hoogenboom-Verdegaal AM, Goosen ES, Sprenger MJ, Borgdorff MW. Apopulation-based longitudinal study on the incidence and disease burden ofgastroenteritis and Campylobacter and Salmonella infection in four regions of TheNetherlands. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000;16(8):713-8. PubMed PMID: 11142498.

24: Houweling H, Wiessing LG, Hamers FF, Termorshuizen F, Gill ON, Sprenger MJ.An age-period-cohort analysis of 50,875 AIDS cases among injecting drug users inEurope. Int J Epidemiol. 1999 Dec;28(6):1141-8. PubMed PMID: 10661660.

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25: Postma MJ, Bos JM, van Gennep M, Jager JC, Baltussen R, Sprenger MJ. Economicevaluation of influenza vaccination. Assessment for The Netherlands.Pharmacoeconomics. 1999;16 Suppl 1:33-40. Review. PubMed PMID: 10623374.

26: Talsma E, Goettsch WG, Nieste HL, Schrijnemakers PM, Sprenger MJ. Resistancein Campylobacter species: increased resistance to fluoroquinolones and seasonalvariation. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Oct;29(4):845-8. PubMed PMID: 10589901.

27: Sprenger MJ, Degener JE, Kullberg BJ, van der Meer JW, Mevius DJ, StobberinghEE. [European strategy for control of resistance to antibiotics]. Ned TijdschrGeneeskd. 1999 Jun 19;143(25):1322-5. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 10416488.

28: Goettsch WG, Goossens H, de Neeling AJ, Sprenger MJ. [Infections andbacterial resistance in the community]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1999 Jun19;143(25):1296-9. Review. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 10416482.

29: Mevius DJ, Sprenger MJ, Wegener HC. EU conference 'The Microbial Threat'. IntJ Antimicrob Agents. 1999 Feb;11(2):101-5. PubMed PMID: 10221412.

30: Sprenger MJ, Bootsma PA, Reintjes R. [Surveillance of communicable diseasesin the European Union]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Oct 31;142(44):2418-23.Dutch. PubMed PMID: 9864541.

31: Baltussen RM, Reinders A, Sprenger MJ, Postma MJ, Jager JC, Ament AJ, LeidlRM. Estimating influenza-related hospitalization in The Netherlands. EpidemiolInfect. 1998 Aug;121(1):129-38. PubMed PMID: 9747764; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC2809483.

32: Sprenger MJ, Schrijnemakers PM. [More information on infectious diseasesprovided by a national information system]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Aug22;142(34):1923-6. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 9856180.

33: Goossens H, Sprenger MJ. Community acquired infections and bacterialresistance. BMJ. 1998 Sep 5;317(7159):654-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 9727998; PubMedCentral PMCID: PMC1113837.

34: Wise R, Hart T, Cars O, Streulens M, Helmuth R, Huovinen P, Sprenger M.Antimicrobial resistance. Is a major threat to public health. BMJ. 1998 Sep5;317(7159):609-10. PubMed PMID: 9727981; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1113826.

35: van Asperen IA, Medema G, Borgdorff MW, Sprenger MJ, Havelaar AH. Risk ofgastroenteritis among triathletes in relation to faecal pollution of freshwaters. Int J Epidemiol. 1998 Apr;27(2):309-15. PubMed PMID: 9602415.

36: Heijnen ML, Dorigo-Zetsma JW, de Jong JW, Sprenger MJ. [Influenza A(H5N1):current status]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1998 Feb 1;123(3):86-7. Dutch. PubMedPMID: 9599174.

37: van Duynhoven YT, van de Laar MJ, Schop WA, Rothbarth PH, van der Meijden WI,van Loon AM, Sprenger MJ. Prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B virusinfections among visitors to an STD clinic. Genitourin Med. 1997Dec;73(6):488-92. PubMed PMID: 9582467; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1195931.

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38: Neijens HJ, Rothbarth PH, Sprenger MJ. [Indications for influenza vaccinationin children with lung disorders. Dutch Association for Pediatric Medicine]. NedTijdschr Geneeskd. 1997 Nov 15;141(46):2213-7. Review. Dutch. PubMed PMID:9550781.

39: Van Duynhoven YT, van de Laar MJ, Schop WA, Mouton JW, van der Meijden WI,Sprenger MJ. Different demographic and sexual correlates for chlamydial infectionand gonorrhoea in Rotterdam. Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Dec;26(6):1373-85. PubMedPMID: 9447420.

40: Fedson DS, Hirota Y, Shin HK, Cambillard PE, Kiely J, Ambrosch F, Hannoun C,Leese J, Sprenger MJ, Hampson AW, Bro-Jørgensen K, Ahlbom AM, Nøkleby H, Valle M,Olafsson O, Salmerón F, Cloetta J, Rebelo de Andrade H, Snacken R, Donatelli I,Jennings LC, Strikas RA. Influenza vaccination in 22 developed countries: anupdate to 1995. Vaccine. 1997 Oct;15(14):1506-11. PubMed PMID: 9330460.

41: Reinders A, Postma MJ, Govaert TM, Sprenger MJ. [Cost-effectiveness ofinfluenza vaccination The Netherlands]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1997 Jan11;141(2):93-7. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 9036354.

42: Rombouts SA, Barkhof F, Sprenger M, Valk J, Scheltens P. The functional basisof ocular dominance: functional MRI (fMRI) findings. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Dec27;221(1):1-4. Erratum in: Neurosci Lett 1997 Mar 14; 224(2):147. PubMed PMID:9014166.

43: Beyer WE, Palache AM, Sprenger MJ, Hendriksen E, Tukker JJ, Darioli R, vander Water GL, Masurel N, Osterhaus AD. Effects of repeated annual influenzavaccination on vaccine sero-response in young and elderly adults. Vaccine. 1996Oct;14(14):1331-9. PubMed PMID: 9004442.

44: Schneider MM, Sprenger MJ, Hoepelman IM, van der Graaf Y, Borleffs JC.Antibody response to tetravalent influenza subunit vaccine in patients infectedwith human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1996Apr;6(4):195-200. PubMed PMID: 18611709.

45: van Asperen IA, de Rover CM, Schijven JF, Oetomo SB, Schellekens JF, vanLeeuwen NJ, Collé C, Havelaar AH, Kromhout D, Sprenger MW. Risk of otitis externaafter swimming in recreational fresh water lakes containing Pseudomonasaeruginosa. BMJ. 1995 Nov 25;311(7017):1407-10. PubMed PMID: 8520277; PubMedCentral PMCID: PMC2544405.

46: Borgdorff MW, Koopmans MP, Goosen ES, Sprenger MJ. Surveillance ofgastroenteritis. Lancet. 1995 Sep 23;346(8978):842-3. PubMed PMID: 7674765.

47: Wiessing LG, Houweling H, Meulders WA, Cerdá E, Jansen M, Sprenger MJ.[Prevalence of HIV infection among drug users in Zuid-Limburg]. Ned TijdschrGeneeskd. 1995 Sep 23;139(38):1936-40. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 7477534.

48: de Melker HE, Conyn-van Spaendonck MA, Rümke HC, Sprenger MJ, Schellekens JF.[Whooping cough in The Netherlands, 1989-1994]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1995 Jun24;139(25):1280-6. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 7609803.

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49: Rothbarth PH, Kempen BM, Sprenger MJ. Sense and nonsense of influenzavaccination in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir CritCare Med. 1995 May;151(5):1682-5; discussion 1685-6. PubMed PMID: 7735634.

50: Fedson DS, Hannoun C, Leese J, Sprenger MJ, Hampson AW, Bro-Jørgensen K,Ahlbom AM, Nøkelby H, Valle M, Olafsson O, et al. Influenza vaccination in 18developed countries, 1980-1992. Vaccine. 1995 May;13(7):623-7. PubMed PMID:7668032.

51: Govaert TM, Thijs CT, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ, Knottnerus JA. Theefficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. A randomizeddouble-blind placebo-controlled trial. JAMA. 1994 Dec 7;272(21):1661-5. PubMedPMID: 7966893.

52: Govaert TM, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ, Aretz K, Masurel N, Knottnerus JA. Immuneresponse to influenza vaccination of elderly people. A randomized double-blindplacebo-controlled trial. Vaccine. 1994 Oct;12(13):1185-9. PubMed PMID: 7839722.

53: van Milaan AJ, Sprenger MJ, Rothbarth PH, Brandenburg AH, Masurel N, ClaasEC. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus by RNA-polymerase chain reaction anddifferentiation of subgroups with oligonucleotide probes. J Med Virol. 1994Sep;44(1):80-7. PubMed PMID: 7798890.

54: Govaert TM, Dinant GJ, Aretz K, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ, Knottnerus JA.Adverse reactions to influenza vaccine in elderly people: randomised double blindplacebo controlled trial. BMJ. 1993 Oct 16;307(6910):988-90. PubMed PMID:8241913; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1679213.

55: Claas EC, van Milaan AJ, Sprenger MJ, Ruiten-Stuiver M, Arron GI, RothbarthPH, Masurel N. Prospective application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chainreaction for diagnosing influenza infections in respiratory samples from achildren's hospital. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Aug;31(8):2218-21. PubMed PMID:8370755; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC265728.

56: Sprenger MJ, Mulder PG, Beyer WE, Van Strik R, Masurel N. Impact of influenzaon mortality in relation to age and underlying disease, 1967-1989. Int JEpidemiol. 1993 Apr;22(2):334-40. PubMed PMID: 8505193.

57: Beijer WE, Sprenger MJ, Masurel N. [Polymyalgia rheumatica and influenzavaccination]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1993 Feb 5;118(5):164-5. German. PubMed PMID:8432239.

58: Palache AM, Beyer WE, Sprenger MJ, Masurel N, de Jonge S, Vardy A,Charpentier B, Noury J, van Beek WC, Borst RJ, et al. Antibody response afterinfluenza immunization with various vaccine doses: a double-blind,placebo-controlled, multi-centre, dose-response study in elderly nursing-homeresidents and young volunteers. Vaccine. 1993;11(1):3-9. PubMed PMID: 8427034.

59: Remarque EJ, van Beek WC, Ligthart GJ, Borst RJ, Nagelkerken L, Palache AM,Sprenger MJ, Masurel N. Improvement of the immunoglobulin subclass response toinfluenza vaccine in elderly nursing-home residents by the use of high-dosevaccines. Vaccine. 1993;11(6):649-54. PubMed PMID: 8322488.

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60: Palache AM, Beyer WE, Lüchters G, Völker R, Sprenger MJ, Masurel N. Influenzavaccines: the effect of vaccine dose on antibody response in primed populationsduring the ongoing interpandemic period. A review of the literature. Vaccine.1993;11(9):892-908. Review. PubMed PMID: 8212834.

61: Sprenger MJ, Masurel N. [Influenza vaccination and Postal Box 51-campaign].Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1992 Oct 3;136(40):1968-70. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 1407180.

62: Claas EC, Sprenger MJ, Kleter GE, van Beek R, Quint WG, Masurel N. Type-specific identification of influenza viruses A, B and C by the polymerase chainreaction. J Virol Methods. 1992 Sep;39(1-2):1-13. PubMed PMID: 1430057.

63: Bouter KP, Diepersloot RJ, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ. [Influenza vaccination;encourage or wait and see?]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1992 Jun 27;136(26):1271.Dutch. PubMed PMID: 1620261.

64: Sprenger MJ, Kempen BM, Hannoun C, Masurel N. Electronic influenzasurveillance. Lancet. 1992 Apr 4;339(8797):874. PubMed PMID: 1347885.

65: van Daal GJ, Eijking EP, So KL, Fievez RB, Sprenger MJ, van Dam DW, ErdmannW, Lachmann B. Acute respiratory failure during pneumonia induced by Sendaivirus. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1992;316:319-26. PubMed PMID: 1337653.

66: Sprenger MJ, Mulder PG, Beyer WE, Masurel N. Influenza: relation of mortalityto morbidity parameters--Netherlands, 1970-1989. Int J Epidemiol. 1991Dec;20(4):1118-24. PubMed PMID: 1800412.

67: Sprenger MJ, Desmyter J, Masurel N. [Minority viewpoint on influenzavaccination in the elderly]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1991 Nov 23;135(47):2208-10.Dutch. PubMed PMID: 1956453.

68: Sprenger MJ, Diepersloot RJ, Janssen J, Arron GI, Claas E, Masurel N.[Influenza in the 1990/'91 season; composition of vaccine for the 1991/'92season]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1991 Sep 21;135(38):1767-9. Dutch. PubMed PMID:1922538.

69: van Daal GJ, So KL, Gommers D, Eijking EP, Fiévez RB, Sprenger MJ, van DamDW, Lachmann B. Intratracheal surfactant administration restores gas exchange inexperimental adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with viral pneumonia.Anesth Analg. 1991 May;72(5):589-95. PubMed PMID: 1850209.

70: Van Daal GJ, Beusenberg FD, So KL, Fiévez RB, Sprenger MJ, Mouton JW, Van 'tVeen A, Lachmann B. Protection against influenza A virus infection in mice byoral immunization with a polyvalent bacterial lysate. Int J Immunopharmacol.1991;13(7):831-40. PubMed PMID: 1662185.

71: Sprenger MJ, Diepersloot RJ, Beyer WE, Masurel N. Influenza-related excessmortality in The Netherlands 1989/90. Lancet. 1990 Aug 11;336(8711):382. PubMedPMID: 1975365.

72: Sprenger MJ, Diepersloot RJ, Stuiver M, Postema CA, Masurel N. [Influenza1989/'90: A-H3N2 virus related to the vaccine virus]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1990Mar 31;134(13):663-4. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 2320171.

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73: Sprenger MJ, Van Naelten MA, Mulder PG, Masurel N. Influenza mortality andexcess deaths in the elderly, 1967-82. Epidemiol Infect. 1989 Dec;103(3):633-41.PubMed PMID: 2606165; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2249522.

74: Ament AJ, Sprenger M, Botman MJ, Sasburg RH, de Waard J. [Cost-benefitanalysis of vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd.1986 Mar 1;130(9):407-10. Dutch. PubMed PMID: 3083271.

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