Cummings Otolaryngology. Head and Neck Surgery (5th ed.)Cummings Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery FIFTH EDITION
Paul W. Flint, M.D. Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon
Bruce H. Haughey, M.B.Ch.B., F.A.C.S., F.R.A.C.S. Professor and Director Head and Neck Surgical Oncology Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
Valerie J. Lund, C.B.E., M.S., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.S.Ed. Professor of Rhinology University College London Honorary Consultant ENT Surgeon Royal National Throat, Nose, and Ear Hospital Royal Free Hospital Moorfields Eye Hospital London, United Kingdom
John K. Niparko, M.D. George T. Nager Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director Divisions of Otology, Neurotology, Skull Base Surgery, and
Audiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Mark A. Richardson, M.D. Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Dean School of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Portland, Oregon
K. Thomas Robbins, M.D. Director SimmonsCooper Cancer Institute at Southern Illinois University Professor Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois
J. Regan Thomas, M.D. Francis L. Lederer Professor and Chairman Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois
Illustrator: Tim Phelps, M.S., F.A.M.I. Associate Professor and Medical Illustrator Art as Applied to Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
VOLUME ONE
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CUMMINGS OTOLARYNGOLOGY–HEAD AND NECK SURGERY FIFTH EDITION
ISBN: 978-0-323-05283-2 IE ISBN: 978-0-8089-2434-0
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With the exception of any borrowed figures or tables, all material in Chapter 152 by Larry E. Davis is in the public domain.
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cummings otolaryngology–head & neck surgery / [edited by] Paul W. Flint … [et al.] ; illustrator, Tim Phelps.–5th ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Otolaryngology–head & neck surgery / edited by Charles W. Cummings … [et al.]. 4th ed. c2005. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-05283-2 1. Otolaryngology, Operative. I. Flint, Paul W. II Cummings, Charles W. (Charles William). III. Otolaryngology–head & neck surgery. IV. Title: Otolaryngology–head & neck surgery. [DNLM: 1. Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures. WV 168 C971 2010] RF51.086 2010 617.5′1059—dc22 2009010493
Acquisitions Editor: Rebecca S. Gaertner Developmental Editor: Roxanne Halpine Publishing Services Manager: Frank Polizzano Project Management: Rachel Miller, Robin E. Hayward Design Direction: Lou Forgione Marketing Manager: Radha Mawrie
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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Contributors Waleed M. Abuzeid, M.B.B.S.
Resident Department of Surgery University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan
Meredith E. Adams, M.D. Fellow Division of Otology and Neurotology Department of Otolaryngology University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan
Peter A. Adamson, M.D., F.R.C.S.C., F.A.C.S. Professor and Head Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Staff Surgeon University Health Network Toronto General Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Antoine Adenis, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Medical Oncology Catholic University Chief Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Centre Oscar Lambret Lille, France
Seth Akst, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine George Washington University School of Medicine and Health
Sciences Washington, D.C.
Sheri L. Albers, D.O. Fellow Pain Management and Spinal Interventional Neuroradiology University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine UC San Diego Medical Center La Jolla, California VA San Diego Medical Center San Diego, California
David Albert, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.S. Honorary Senior Lecturer University College London Institute of Child Health Lead Clinician ENT Department Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London, United Kingdom
Ronda E. Alexander, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, Texas
Sue Archbold, M.Phil. CEO The Ear Foundation Nottingham, United Kingdom
William B. Armstrong, M.D. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine Irvine, California
Moisés A. Arriaga, M.D., F.A.C.S. Clinical Professor and Director Division of Otology and Neuro-otology Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of
Medicine at New Orleans New Orleans, Louisiana Director Hearing and Balance Center Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana Director Department of Cochlear Implants and Neurotology Children’s Hospital New Orleans New Orleans, Louisiana
H. Alexander Arts, M.D. Professor Department of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
Yasmine A. Ashram, M.D., D.A.B.N.M. Assistant Professor Department of Physiology University of Alexandria School of Medicine Surgical Neurophysiologist Alexandria University Hospital Alexandria, Egypt
Jonathan E. Aviv, M.D., F.A.C.S. Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology Mount Sinai School of Medicine Clinical Director Voice and Swallowing Center ENT and Allergy Associates New York, New York
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Nafi Aygun, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Radiology Neuroradiology Division Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Douglas D. Backous, M.D., F.A.C.S. Director Listen For Life Center Virginia Mason Medical Center Seattle, Washington Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Madigan Army Medical Center Fort Lewis, Washington
Shan R. Baker, M.D. Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan Chief Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Michigan Center for Facial Cosmetic Surgery Livonia, Michigan
Thomas J. Balkany, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P. Hotchkiss Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology Professor of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Chief of Service Division of Otology Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, Florida
Robert W. Baloh, M.D. Professor Department of Neurology and Otolaryngology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Director Neuro-otology Program Department of Neurology Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center Los Angeles, California
Julie Barkmeier-Kraemer, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Arizona
Fuad M. Baroody, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Department of Pediatrics University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
Nancy L. Bartlett, M.D. Professor Department of Medicine Division of Oncology Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Medical Oncologist Siteman Cancer Center St. Louis, Missouri
Jonathan Z. Baskin, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Section Chief Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Cleveland VA Medical Center Attending Physician Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital Cleveland, Ohio
Robert W. Bastian, M.D. Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology Loyola University School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Founder and Director Bastian Voice Institute Downers Grove, Illinois
Carol A. Bauer, M.D. Professor of Surgery Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield, Illinois
Michael S. Benninger, M.D. Professor Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University Chairman Head and Neck Institute The Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Prabhat K. Bhama, M.D. Resident and Research Fellow University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, Washington
Nasir Islam Bhatti, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.R.C.S. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Andrew Blitzer, M.D., D.D.S. Professor Department of Clinical Otolaryngology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Director New York Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders Attending Department of Otolaryngology St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center New York, New York
Simone Boardman, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.S.(OHNS) Great Ormond Street Hospital London, United Kingdom
Emily F. Boss, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
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Contributors vii
Derald E. Brackmann, M.D. Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Clinical Professor Department of Neurological Surgery University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine President House Ear Clinic Los Angeles, California
Carol R. Bradford, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
Barton F. Branstetter, IV, M.D. Associate Professor Departments of Radiology, Otolaryngology, and Biomedical
Informatics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Director Head and Neck Imaging University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Edward B. Braun, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology University of Kansas School of Medicine University of Kansas Hospital Kansas City, Kansas
Robert J. S. Briggs, M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.S. Clinical Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Melbourne, Australia
Hilary A. Brodie, M.D., Ph.D. Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology University of California, Davis, School of Medicine UC Davis Medical Center Sacramento, California
Carolyn J. Brown, Ph.D. Professor Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, Iowa
David J. Brown, M.D. Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology Medical College of Wisconsin Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Kevin D. Brown, M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology Weill Cornell Medical College Assistant Attending Otorhinolaryngologist NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York
J. Dale Browne, M.D, F.A.C.S. Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina
John M. Buatti, M.D. Professor and Head Department of Radiation Oncology University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa
Luke Buchmann, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah
Patrick J. Byrne, M.D. Associate Professor Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and
Dermatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Director Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland
Gabriel G. Galzada, M.D. Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology Kaiser Permanente Downey, California
John P. Carey, M.D. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Margaretha L. Casselbrant, M.D., Ph.D. Eberly Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Director Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Paolo Castelnuovo, M.D. Professor University of Insubria Chairman Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi Varese, Italy
Steven Chang, M.D. Resident Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, Maryland
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viii Contributors
Burke E. Chegar, M.D. Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Dermatology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Director Center for Facial Plastic Surgery–Head and Neck Surgery Fayette Regional Health System Connersville, Indiana
Amy Chen, M.D., M.P.H. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Emory School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia
Eunice Y. Chen, M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor Dartmouth Medical School Hanover, New Hampshire Pediatric Otolaryngologist Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon, New Hampshire
Theodore Chen, M.D. Department of Head and Neck Surgery Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center Los Angeles, California
Douglas B. Chepeha, M.D., M.P.H. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Michigan Medical School Director Microvascular Program A. Alfred Taubman Health Care Center Ann Arbor, Michigan
Alice Cheuk, M.D. Resident Physician Los Angeles County Hospital and USC Medical Center Los Angeles, California
Neil N. Chheda, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology Division of Laryngology University of Florida College of Medicine Shands at the University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
Wade Chien, M.D. Clinical Fellow Department of Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland
Sukgi S. Choi, M.D. Professor Departments of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics George Washington University School of Medicine and Health
Sciences Vice Chief Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children’s National Medical Center Washington, D.C.
Richard A. Chole, M.D., Ph.D. Lindburg Professor and Head Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine Chief of Staff Department of Otolaryngology Barnes-Jewish Hospital St. Louis, Missouri
James M. Christian, D.D.S., M.B.A. Visiting Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Director Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland
Eugene A. Chu, M.D. Clinical Instructor in Rhinology and Sinus Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Martin J. Citardi, M.D. Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Texas Medical School at Houston Chief Otorhinolaryngology Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center Houston, Texas
Marc A. Cohen, M.D. Resident Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Savita Collins, M.D. Physician Departments of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and
Audiology South Bend Clinic South Bend, Indiana
Nancy A. Collop, M.D. Professor Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Medical Director Sleep Disorders Center Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland
Philippe Contencin, M.D., Ph.D. Senior Consultant Department of Otorhinolaryngology Hôpital Necker Paris, France
Raymond Cook, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina WakeMed Health and Hospitals Raleigh, North Carolina
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Contributors ix
Jacquelynne Corey, M.D. Professor of Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine Director ENT Allergy Program University of Chicago Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
Robin T. Cotton, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.R.C.S.C Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Director Pediatric Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Cincinnati, Ohio
Marion Everett Couch, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Mark S. Courey, M.D. Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Director Division of Laryngology University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Director UCSF Voice and Swallowing Center San Francisco, California
Benjamin T. Crane, M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Otolaryngology Strong Memorial Hospital Rochester, New York
Roger L. Crumley, M.D. Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine Orange, California
Oswaldo Laércio M. Cruz, M.D. Associate Professor and Chief Division of Otology-Neurotology Department of Otolaryngology Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
Frank Culicchia, M.D. Professor and Chair Department of Neurosurgery Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, Louisiana
Charles W. Cummings, M.D. Distinguished Professor Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Executive Medical Director Johns Hopkins International Baltimore, Maryland
Calhoun D. Cunningham, III, M.D. Assistant Consulting Professor of Surgery Division of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Duke University School of Medicine Durham, North Carolina Associate Physician Carolina Ear and Hearing Clinic Raleigh, North Carolina
Greg E. Davis, M.D., M.P.H. Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington
Larry E. Davis, M.D. Distinguished Professor of Neurology Research Professor Departments of Neuroscience and Molecular Genetics and
Microbiology University of New Mexico School of Medicine Chief Neurology Service New Mexico VA Health Care System Albuquerque, New Mexico
Terry A. Day, M.D. Professor and Clinical Vice Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina
Antonio De la Cruz, M.D. Clinical Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Director of Education House Ear Clinic Los Angeles, California
Charles C. Della Santina, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Departments of Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surgery and
Biomedical Engineering Director Vestibular NeuroEngineering Laboratory Division of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Chadrick Denlinger, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, South Carolina
Craig S. Derkay, M.D., F.A.A.P., F.A.C.S. Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics Vice Chair Department of Otolaryngology Eastern Virginia Medical School Director of Pediatric Otolaryngology Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters Norfolk, Virginia
Rodney C. Diaz, M.D. Assistant Professor of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base
Surgery Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, Davis, School of Medicine Sacramento, California
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Robert A. Dobie, M.D. Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, Davis, School of Medicine Sacramento, California
Suzanne K. Doud Galli, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Otolaryngology Inova Fairfax Hospital Washington, D.C.
Newton O. Duncan, M.D. Clinical Assistant Professor Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Attending Surgeon Texas Children’s Hospital Houston, Texas
Scott D. Z. Eggers, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Neurology Mayo Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan Associate Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
Avraham Eisbruch, M.D. Professor Department of Radiation Oncology University of Michigan Medical School Associate Chair of Clinical Research University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan
David W. Eisele, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor and Chair Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine San Francisco, California
Hussam K. El-Kashlan, M.D. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology University of Michigan Medical School Medical Director Vestibular Testing Center University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ravindhra G. Elluru, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Cincinnati, Ohio
Kevin H. Ende, M.D. Clinical Instructor Plastic Surgery and Facial Surgery University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine San Francisco, California
Audrey B. Erman, M.D. Resident Department of Otolaryngology University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan
Samer Fakhri, M.D. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston, Texas
Carole Fakhry, M.D., M.P.H. Resident Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland
Edward H. Farrior, M.D. Visiting Clinical Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, Virginia Founder and Physician Farrior Facial Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center Tampa, Florida
Richard T. Farrior, M.D. Boca Grande, Florida
Russell A. Faust, M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine Department of Oral Triology, College of Dentistry The Ohio State University Staff Attending Physician Department of Otolaryngology Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio
Berrylin J. Ferguson, M.D. Associate Professor Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh School…