CULTURE IN SOCIAL CONTEXT Week 2 Matakuliah: V0052 Tahun : 2008

CULTURE IN SOCIAL CONTEXTWeek 2

Matakuliah : V0052Tahun : 2008

Bina Nusantara HO 0708 3

Learning Outcomes

On completion of this unit, the students should be able to explain the impact and roles of culture in the social contexts and they will be able to give examples of culture shock, multiculturalism, asimilation, cultural identity, imigration and acculturation.

Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan pengaruh dan peran budaya dalam konteks sosial serta dapat memberikan contoh dari kejutan budaya (culture shock), multikulturisme (multiculturalism), asimilasi, identitas budaya, imigrasi dan akulturasi


Subjects

•Cultural Iceberg• Imigration and Acculturation (Imigrasi

dan Akulturasi)•Assimilation (Asimilasi)•Cultural Identity (Identitas Budaya)•Multiculturalism (Multikulturalisme)•Culture Shock (Gegar Budaya)


Week 2

Cultural Iceberg

Visible Culture

Hidden Culture


(Modified from Gary R. Weaver, "Understanding and Coping with Cross-cultural Adjustment Stress" in Gary R. Weaver, editor, Culture, Communication and Conflict: Readings in Intercultural Relations, second edition (Simon & Schuster Publishing, 1998)

Week 2

Weaver’s Iceberg Analogy of Culture


• Immigration: the movement of people of one country to another country– Why people migrate?

• to survive• to enhance the quality of life

Week 2

Immigration


• Brazil is home to the largest Japanese community outside Japan. Some 1.5 million people of Japanese origin now live in Brazil

• Most Japanese arrive in Brazil work on coffee plantations

• Japanese migration to Peru began in 1899 when contract workers began to arrive to work on large haciendas

• Half of the Japanese-Peruvians are of mixed origin and most do not speak Japanese.

Week 2

Migration from Japan to Brazil and Peru


• Acculturation or Culture adaptation refers to an immigrant learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.

Week 2

Acculturation


• Young Yun Kim (1986, 1988) identified background characteristics that are accurate predictors of an immigrant’s success on acculturation:– Similarity of culture Similarity of the origin culture to the new culture is one of the

most important factors in successful acculturation.E..g. Immigrant from Canada to the US finds acculturation easier than an Indonesian immigrant from Southeast Asia

– Personal characteristics and experience Younger immigrants adapt more easily than older ones.

Educational background and contact with overseas friends or family also play a part.

– Effect of media and transportation advance Today’s immigrants are able to visit their family and friends

and contact them easier than those immigrants of the 1900s (airplane, telephone, internet, etc)

Week 2

Acculturation


• Results from giving up one’s original cultural identity and moving into full participation in the new culture

• Assimilation is a long-term and sometimes multigenerational process

Week 2

Assimilation


Week 2Cultural Identity

• The identification with and perceived acceptance into a group that has shared system of symbols, meanings and norms for conduct (Collier and Thomas, 1988)


Week 2Multiculturalism

• Multiculturalism is simply the term which describe the culture and ethnic diversity in a country

• Multiculturalism is the state in which one has mastered the knowledge and developed the skills necessary to feel comfortable and communicate effectively with people of any culture and in any situation involving a group of people of diverse cultural background

• The multicultural person is one who has acquired skills which will enable them to learn culture rapidly and effectively


Week 2

What is Culture Shock?

• A problem due to a lack of necessary cultural knowledge about the host culture

• The reaction people have to being suddenly immersed in an environment which is radically different or new

• The term Culture Shock was originally coined by Dr. Oberg (1960)


Week 2

What are the Causes of Culture Shock?

• The abrupt loss of the familiar signs and symbols of social interaction such as customs, gestures, facial expressions, words


Week 2

Types of Culture Shock

• ROLE SHOCK (Byrnes, 1966)– Occurs due to lack of knowledge about the rules of behavior

• LANGUAGE SHOCK (Smalley, 1963)– Occurs due to problems with an unfamiliar language and an

inability to communicate properly

• CULTURE FATIGUE (Guthrie, 1975 and Taft, 1977)– Occurs due to constant adjustment to a new culture

environment

• TRANSITION SHOCK (Bennett, 1977)– Negative reaction to change and adjustment to a new

cultural environment


Week 2

Recognition of Culture Shock• Confusion• Feeling overwhelmed by overload information• Feeling anger and hostility towards people in host culture• Over-reaction to minor irritation with excessive anger or

tears• Lack of concentration• Faulty decision-making and bad judgments• Excessive tiredness• Disorientation, nervousness, insomnia, apathy,

depression or withdrawal• Over dependence on others from their home country• Failure to act or immobilization• Wish to return home• Phobic behavior• Inability to make decisions


Patterns of Culture Shock and Adjustment

1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 stage

5 stage 6 stage

Oberg (1960)

Honey-moon

Hostility Recovery

Adjust-ment

Gullahorn & Gullahorn (1963)

Honey-moon

Hostility Humour At Home

Reverse Culture Shock

Readjustment

Brein & David (1971)

Optimism

Experience of difficulties, frustration

Learningto cope

Feeling lost at home

Hofstede (1997)

Euphoria

Culture Shock

Acculturation

Stable State

Jandt (1998)

Initial Euphoria

Irritation and Hostility

Gradual Adjust-ment

Adaptation

Source: Reisinger, 2003, p. 62


Week 2

Culture Shock Stages

UExciteme

nt

Resistance

Withdrawal

Rapid Learning

Adaptation


Week 2

Culture Shock StagesEnjoyment

Low

Medium

High

During Trip Back Home

Time

Optimism

Honeymoon

AdaptationHumour

DissappointmentHostility

Recovery

At Home

Reverse Shock

Readjustment

Source: Reisinger (2003, p. 60)


Week 2

Culture Shock Stages

• Excitement and Optimism• Resistance and frustration -- Often angry or

complaining• Withdrawal -- Illness, reluctance to join in• Rapid learning -- Going native, loss of own

culture• Adaptation -- Return of confidence, balance of

own culture and new culture


Week 2What Should You Do When It Happens to You?

• Don’t think you’re strange or abnormal• Don’t sit around being negative and

critical; try to keep busy and arrange something pleasant

• Try not to be judgmental• Force yourself to look for the best, not

the worst


Week 2Culture Shock in Tourism

• Many tourists experience culture shock when they travel to a foreign culture

• Tourists do not know what to expect from their hosts and hosts often behave in ways that are strange to tourists

• Tourists might experience a situation that is confusing and make the trip difficult


QUESTIONS?


Review Questions 2

1. State 6 important symptoms which may be recognized in a colleague or guest who suffers from culture shock

2. State 6 ways in which you could help a hotel guest who suffers from culture shock

3. What is multiculturalism?4. Explain cultural iceberg.

Documents

CULTURE IN SOCIAL CONTEXT Week 2 Matakuliah: V0052 Tahun : 2008