C.S. Report 2015 Editted One

8/9/2019 C.S. Report 2015 Editted One

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe a deep sense of gratitude to my Computer

science teacer Mr! "i#e$ %ri#asta#a wose

#a&ua'&e ad#ice( guidance e&ped me in doing tis

pro)ect from conception to comp&etion!

At te same time I can*t forget to e+press mytan$fu&ness to ,rincipa& of our %coo& for e+tending

is generous patronage and constant

encouragement!

-ina&&y( I.m tan$fu& to my parents for e&ping me

economica&&y and my friends for gi#ing me a e&pingand at e#ery step of te pro)ect!

Dated/ 0anuary 1234 ,art %arma 5 Nites

,andya


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6II

123781234

CE9TI-ICATE

Tis is to certify tat Master ,art %arma of c&ass

6II of tis "idya&aya a#e successfu&&y comp&eted

te pro)ect entit&ed :ANK MANAGEMENT %;%TEM!

Te pro)ect as accomp&ised te satisfaction of

facu&ty concerned!

Dated/ 0anuary 1234

Mr! "i#e$ %ri#asta#a Mr! %!K!

Catur#edi


3/52

E+terna&.s signature

CE9TI-ICATE

Tis is to certify tat Master Nites ,andya of

c&ass 6II of tis "idya&aya a#e successfu&&y

comp&eted te pro)ect entit&ed :ANK

MANAGEMENT %;%TEM! Te pro)ect as

accomp&ised te satisfaction of facu&ty

concerned!

Dated/ 0anuary 1234

Mr! "i#e$ %ri#asta#a Mr! %!K!

Catur#edi


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many oter conte+ts( inc&uding des$top

app&ications( ser#ers


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Many oter programming &anguages a#e 'een

inuenced 'y C??( inc&uding C( 0a#a( and newer

#ersions of C


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A programming &anguage sou&d ser#e two re&ated

purposes/

3!It sou&d pro#ide a #eic&e for te programmer

to specify actions to 'e e+ecuted!

1!It sou&d pro#ide a set of concepts for te

programmer to use wen tin$ing a'out wat

can 'e done!

,rogramming ,aradigms/A paradigm means organiing princip&e of a

program! It is an approac to programming!

%ince te in#ention of te computer( many

programming approaces a#e 'een tried suc asprocedura& programming( modu&ar programming(

structura& programming etc! Te primary

moti#ation in eac case as 'een te concern to

and&e te increasing comp&e+ity of programs tat

are re&ia'&e and maintaina'&e!

,rocedura& ,rogramming/A program in a procedura& &anguage is a &ist of

instructions were eac statement te&&s te

computer to do someting! Te focus is on te


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processin( te a&goritm needed to perform

te desired computation! Languages support

tis paradigm 'y pro#iding faci&ities for passin

aruments to functions


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Te OO, as 'een de#e&oped wit a #iew to

o#ercome te draw'ac$s of con#entiona&

programming approaces! Te OO, approac is

'ased on certain concepts tat e&p in attaining

its goa&! Tese genera& concepts of OO, are gi#en

'e&ow/

• Encapsu&ation

• ,o&ymorpism

•

Modu&arity

Encapsu&ation

Encapsu&ation is te iding of information to

ensure tat data structures and operators are

used as intended and to ma$e te usage mode&

more o'#ious to te de#e&oper! C?? pro#ides te

a'i&ity to dene c&asses and functions as its

primary encapsu&ation mecanisms! Witin a

c&ass( mem'ers can 'e dec&ared as eiter pu'&ic(

protected( or pri#ate to e+p&icit&y enforce

encapsu&ation! A pu'&ic mem'er of te c&ass is

accessi'&e to any function! A pri#ate mem'er is

accessi'&e on&y to functions tat are mem'ers of

tat c&ass and to functions and c&asses e+p&icit&y

granted access permission 'y te c&ass


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%;NTA6

%uppose te c&ass I discussed ear&ier( te c&ass wou&d 'eca&&ed emp&oyee! A c&ass name is dened 'y te $eywordc&ass and ten te name! -or our emp&oyee c&ass tat wou&d'e/

c&ass emp&oyee

Notice tat tere is no semico&on fo&&owing emp&oyee! Tis is

'ecause after te c&ass name comes te c&ass denition!ere*s our c&ass denition


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$eywords pu'&ic and pri#ate are access speci"ers( wic I*&&e+p&ain in a minute! name is a mem'er of te c&asswi&e setYname and disp&ayYname are mem'er functions of te c&ass! Tis is te :A%IC c&ass synta+( c&asses can andoften wi&& do more tan tis( tis is )ust to e+p&ain te 'asic

synta+! I*&& get on to constructors and teinline#outline part&ater!

O')ects

Instances of c&asses are ca&&ed o$jects! ;ou can create aninstance of a c&ass 'y doing te fo&&owing/

classname o$jectname%

Tis wi&& a&&ocate te memory needed for a c&ass to e+ist'ecause wen te c&ass is dened it will not $e created &et !It wi&& 'e created wen you dec&are an instance of te c&ass(tus te name o$ject ! To create an o')ect of emp&oyee wewou&d do tis/

emp&oyee mecanicU

Creating o')ects is done in main( WinMain( or any oterfunction tat is non8re&ated to te c&ass!

>sing o')ects

Te e+amp&e a'o#e sowed us ow to create an o')ect! Tispart of te artic&e wi&& sow you ow to use an o')ect! Wedec&ared te o')ect mecanic( now we want to use it toset name in our c&ass! We can access a mem'er or mem'er

function in te c&ass 'y using te class mem$er accessoperator or a&so ca&&ed te dot operator ' ! (! owe#er( wecannot get direct access to pri#ate data( I*&& e+p&ain morea'out tat &ater on! %o we*&& a#e to use a mem'er function!>sing te dot operator we can in#o$e tis! Te synta+ is asfo&&ows/

mecanic!setYname


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Tis wi&& ca&& setYname of te o')ect mecanic wit teargument R0on DoeR! Te fo&&owing owe#er


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%ynta+ of access speciers

Te synta+ of access speciers is as fo&&ows/

access)speci"er /

##access)speci"er datanew)access)speci"er / ##new)access)speci"er data

*ote a$out newYaccessYspecier new must not $e treatedas the standard ke&word new in C++. Wy did I put twoaccess speciers tereQ We&&( it*s &i$e tis/after newYaccessYspecier( te data tat fo&&ows it as teaccess ru&es of newYaccessYspecier! Wat I*m trying to say

is/ te access ru&es of te access specier go for te datatat follows it $efore a new access specier is stated! %o tefo&&owing access ru&es go inour emp&oyeec&ass/ name is pri#ate data( setYname and disp&ayYname are pu'&ic data!

Tips on wen wic access speciers touse

Wen to use pri#ate/ FFOn c&ass #aria'&es to $eep tem from a&teration outsidete c&ass!

Wen to use protected/ FFOn pri#ate data return functions in com'ination witineritance! Wen to use pu'&ic/

FFOn genera& mem'er functions!

CON%T9>CTO9% ANDDE%T9>CTO9%


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Constructors

One of te many cases in wic te constructor wi&& 'e usedis wen it is preferred to a#e te mem'ers of te c&ass'eing initia&ied to certain #a&ues immediate&y wen te

o')ect is dec&ared! Constructors are functions tat a#e noreturn types and a#e e+act&y te same name as tec&ass( this must always be how a constructor isdefned! Wy you as$Q :ecause a constructor as no needto return a #a&ue( and 'y gi#ing it te same name as tec&ass te compi&er can direct&y see if it is a constructor ornot! owe#er( tere is a&ways a constructor( e#en if you notdene one! One of te constructor*s functions


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pu'&ic/ ##constructor note, wron initiali-tion list 'arra& as strin( emp&oyee


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%ynta+ of te initia&iation &ist

/ mem$er' !alue ( mem$er' !alue ( etc.

Te mem$er wi&& 'e initia&ied wit !alue( tis can of course

a&so 'e a #aria'&e or te return #a&ue of a function! Te 'asicpoint is tat te mem'er wi&& 'e initia&ied wit te #a&ue'etween parenteses!

Te destructor

Te destructor destroys e#eryting created 'y te c&assautomatica&&y( you can say it was a &ast wi&& of te c&ass! ;oudo not a#e to put any de&ete $eywords in it( e+cept if you

a&&ocated any memory wit te new $eyword! -or e#erytinge&se it does te wor$ for you! It as te same name as tec&ass preceded 'y a ti&de n&i$e te constructor( tedestructor ta$es no arguments! Tat sounds &ogica& 'ecauseyou wou&d ne#er need arguments wen e#eryting isdestroyed! owe#er( te function 'ody does not a#e to 'eempty in a destructor! Wy you as$Q We&& tere is one goodreason wy( for e+amp&e wen you want to de'ug yourprogram you cou&d state someting &i$e tis/

_emp&oyee


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emp&oyee


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disad#antage if you a#e a sort mem'er function tat isca&&ed many times( or a #ery comp&e+ mem'er function!

Tere is owe#er one so&ution to tis( using te scoperesolutionoperator! Consider our emp&oyee c&ass/ temem'er function disp&ayYname may 'e ca&&ed many times! It

is not crucia& wen tis mem'er function is dened insidete c&ass( 'ut it ta$es up a &ot of memory 'ecause it*sautomatica&&y dened as in&ine 'y te compi&er! ere*s owwe soe tis/

const int %ISE 72U

c&ass emp&oyeeV

pri#ate/ car name%ISEXUpu'&ic/ emp&oyee


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dec&ared inside te c&ass using te $eyword in&ine anddened outside te c&ass( te function sti&& is in&ine( 'ut doingtis is wasting time 'ecause tis is te same as dec&aringand dening te function inside te c&ass!

Te scope reso&ution operator Te scope reso&ution operator is used to incorporate temem'er function*s name wit te c&ass name( or e&se tecompi&er won*t a#e a sing&e c&ue of wic c&ass te functionwas a mem'er of! %o it uses te scope reso&ution operator to'ind tese names( tis way te compi&er $nows in wicc&ass to &oo$ for te dec&aration of te mem'er function!owe#er( from witin main( WinMain( or any oter non8

re&ated function of te c&ass( te scope reso&utionoperator cannot 'e used to ca&& upon te mem'er function of a c&ass! -or our emp&oyee e+amp&e/

emp&oyee//disp&ayYname


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I%TO9; O- C??

:)arne %troustrup( a Danis computer scientist('egan is wor$ on C??*s predecessor RC wit

C&assesR in 3HJH! Te moti#ation for creating a

new &anguage originated from %troustrup*s

e+perience in programming for is ,!D! tesis!

%troustrup found tat %imu&a ad features tat

were #ery e&pfu& for &arge software de#e&opment('ut te &anguage was too s&ow for practica& use(

wi&e :C,L was fast 'ut too &ow8&e#e& to 'e

suita'&e for &arge software de#e&opment! Wen

%troustrup started wor$ing in AT5T :e&& La's( e

ad te pro'&em of ana&ying te >NI6 $erne& wit

respect to distri'uted computing! 9emem'ering

is ,!D! e+perience( %troustrup set out to

enance te C &anguage wit %imu&a8&i$e features!

C was cosen 'ecause it was genera&8purpose(

fast( porta'&e and wide&y used! As we&& as C and

%imu&a*s inuences( oter &anguages a&so

inuenced C??( inc&uding( ALGOL ( Ada( CL>

and ML!

Initia&&y( te c&ass( deri#ed c&ass( strong typing(

in&ining( and defau&t argument features were


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added to C #ia %troustrup*s RC wit C&assesR to C

compi&er( Cpre!

In 3H( it was renamed from C wit C&asses to

C??


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mem'er functions( const mem'er functions( and

protected mem'ers! In 3HH2( Te Annotated C??

9eference Manua& was pu'&ised! Tis wor$

'ecame te 'asis for te future standard! Late

feature additions inc&uded temp&ates( e+ceptions(

namespaces( new casts( and a 'oo&ean type!

In 1233( C??33 was re&eased wic added more

features and en&arged te standard &i'rary furter


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using R?R to indicate an enanced computer

program! A )o$e goes tat te name itse&f as a

'ug/ due to te use of post8increment( wic

increments te #a&ue of te #aria'&e 'ut e#a&uates

to te incremented #a&ue( so C?? is no 'etter

tan C( and te pre8increment ??C form sou&d

a#e 'een used instead( so tat C?? is 'etter

tan C!

During C??*s de#e&opment period( te &anguagead 'een referred to as Rnew CR( ten RC wit

C&assesR( 'efore acBuiring its na& name!

,i&osopy

Trougout C??*s &ife( its de#e&opment and

e#o&ution as 'een informa&&y go#erned 'y a set

of ru&es tat its e#o&ution sou&d fo&&ow/

It must 'e dri#en 'y actua& pro'&ems and its

features sou&d 'e usefu& immediate&y in rea&

wor&d programs!

E#ery feature sou&d 'e imp&ementa'&e


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,rogrammers sou&d 'e free to pic$ teir own

programming sty&e( and tat sty&e sou&d 'e fu&&y

supported 'y C??!

A&&owing a usefu& feature is more important tanpre#enting e#ery possi'&e misuse of C??!

It sou&d pro#ide faci&ities for organising programs

into we&&8dened separate parts( and pro#ide

faci&ities for com'ining separate&y de#e&oped

parts!

No imp&icit #io&ations of te type system


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%tandardiation

C?? is standardied 'y an I%O wor$ing group(

0TC3F%C11FWG13! %o far it as seen tree #ersionsof C?? re&eased and is current&y wor$ing on

re&easing C??37!

In 3HH( it standardied C?? for te rst time as

I%OFIEC 371/3HH


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A sma&& e+tension to C??33( C??37 nti& 1233( tree tecnica& reports on C?? were

pu'&ised/ T9 3HJ/122J( a&so $nown as te C?

? Tecnica& 9eport 3( on &i'rary e+tensions most&y

integrated into C??33( T9 1H317/1232 on specia&matematica& functions( and T9 17J/1233 on

oating point aritmetic! Te tecnica&

specication DT% 311/1237


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tecnica& specications are in de#e&opment and

pending!

CON%T9>CTO9%


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A constructor is a `specia& mem'er function

wose tas$ is to initia&ie te o')ects of its

c&ass! It is specia& 'ecause its name is same

as te c&ass name! Te constructor is in#o$ed

wene#er an o')ect of its associated c&ass is

created! It is ca&&ed constructor 'ecause it

construct te #a&ue data mem'ers of te c&ass!

FFc&ass wit a constructor

c&ass Integer

V

int m( nU

pu'&ic/

Integer


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not on&y creates te o')ect int3 of type

Integer 'ut a&so initia&ies its data mem'ers m

and n to 2!Tere is no need to write any

statement to in#o$e te constructor function! ,df

Macine 8 is a pdf writer tat produces Bua&ity ,D-

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Get yours now^

Tan$ you #ery muc^ I can use Acro'at Disti&&er

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A constructor tat accepts no parameters is

ca&&ed te defau&t constructor! Te defau&t

constructor for c&ass A is A//A


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• Tey do not a#e return types( not e#en

#oid and terefore( tey cannot return

#a&ues!

• Tey cannot 'e inerited( toug aderi#ed c&ass can ca&& te 'asec&ass

constructor!

Li$e oter C?? functions( tey can a#e defau&t

arguments!

Constructors cannot 'e #irtua&! We cannot refer

to teir addresses! An o')ect wit a constructor


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te o')ects are created! Te constructors tat

can ta$e arguments are ca&&ed parameteried

constructors!

Te constructor integer%A

ZU

integer / / integer int +( int y=

V

m +U n yU

Z

Wen a constructor as 'een parameteried(

te o')ect dec&aration statement suc as integer


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int3U may not wor$! We must pass te initia&

#a&ues as arguments to te constructor

function wen an o')ect is dec&ared! Tis can

'e done in two waysU

• :y ca&&ing te constructor e+p&icit&y!

• :y ca&&ing te constructor imp&icit&y!

Integer Int3 Integer


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:ENE-IT% O- OO,%

OO, obers se#era& 'enets to 'ot te programdesigner and te user! Te principa& ad#antages are!

i=

ii=

iii=

i#=

#=

#i=

#ii=

#iii=


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Troug

ineritance(weca

ne&iminateredund

antcodeande+tendteuseof e+isting

c&asses

We can 'ui&d program fromte standard wor$ing modu&etat communicate wit oneanoter( rater tan a#ing to

start writing te code fromscratc! Tis &eads to sa#ingof de#e&opment time andiger producti#ity!

Te principa& of data idinge&ps te programmer to'ui&d secure programs tatcannot 'e in#aded 'y codein oter part of teprogram!

It is possi'&e to a#e mu&tip&einstance of an o')ect to co8e+ist witout any interference

It is easy to partition tewor$ in a pro)ect( 'ased ono')ects! O')ect orientedsystems can 'e easi&yupgraded from sma&& to &argesystems!

Message passingtecniBues forcommunication 'etweeno')ects ma$es te interfacedescription wit e+terna&systems muc simp&er!

%oftwarecomp&e+ity can 'eeasi&y managed!


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7H

%u'mitted 'y/ ,art 5 Nites

LANG>AGE

Operators and operator o#er&oading

C?? pro#ides more tan 4 operators( co#ering

'asic aritmetic( 'it manipu&ation( indirection(

comparisons( &ogica& operations and oters!

A&most a&& operators can 'e o#er&oaded for user8

dened types( wit a few nota'&e e+ceptions

suc as mem'er access

conditiona& operator! Te ric set of

o#er&oada'&e operators is centra& to ma$ing

user8dened types in C?? seem &i$e 'ui&t8in

types! O#er&oada'&e operators are a&so an

essentia& part of many ad#anced C??

programming tecniBues( suc as smart

pointers! O#er&oading an operator does not

cange te precedence of ca&cu&ations in#oing

te operator( nor does it cange te num'er of

operands tat te operator uses


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7H


O:0ECT %TO9AGE

C?? supports four types of memorymanagement/

• %tatic storage duration o')ects

• Tread storage duration o')ects

• Automatic storage duration o')ects

• Dynamic storage duration o')ects


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7H


W; O:0ECT

O9IENTED,9OG9AMMINGQ

Wit te rapid&y canging wor&d and te ig&y

competiti#e and #ersati&e industry( te

operations are 'ecoming more and morecomp&e+! In #iew of increasing comp&e+ity of

software systems( te software industry and

software engineering continuous&y &oo$ for te

new approaces to software design and

de#e&opment! Te increased comp&e+ity ad

'ecome te cief pro'&em wit computerprograms in traditiona& &anguages! Large

programs due to comp&e+ity are more prone to

errors and software errors can 'e e+pensi#e and

e#en &ife treatening! Te most adopted and

popu&ar programming approac( structured

programming approac( fai&ed to sow tedesired resu&ts in terms of 'ug8free( easy8to8

maintain( and reusa'&e programs! Te &atest

programming approac O')ect Oriented

,rogramming


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7H


programs! Tis concept inc&udes genera& OO,

concepts tat te traditiona& &anguages &i$e C(

,asca&( CO:OL and :A%IC &ac$ in and new

generation &anguages


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7H


• Assigns an account num'er to te user!

• >ser can eiter witdraw or deposit money in

is F er account!

• >ser can do is 'a&ance enBuiry eiter 'y is

name or is account num'er!

• ,rogram ta$es a password wi&e going in 'an$

data'ase for te purpose tat on&y o@cia&s

can see te 'an$ data'ase!• In 'an$ data'ase( it gi#es a&& te detai&s of te

user eiter 'y is name or account num'er!

• It remo#es te account from te 'an$

data'ase wene#er user wises!


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7H


%C9EEN%OT% -9OM TE ,9OG9AM

Main %creen /


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7H



New Account %creen/


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7H



Deposit Money %creen/


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7H



Witdraw Money %creen/


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7H



"iew Detai&s of a %pecic Account/


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7H



:an$ Data'ase %creen


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7H



C&ose An Account %creen/


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7H


YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY


Modify an Account/


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7H



E+it from te ,rogram/


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7H


LIMITATION%• Tis ,rogram cannot perform a&& te functions

of a 'an$!

• It does not a#e I= ‘Graphical User

Interace’!


51/52

7H


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• Mr! "i#e$ %ri#asta#a

Documents

C.S. Report 2015 Editted One