CRITERIA FOR RANKING EVALUATIONS OF IR-4 ...ir4.rutgers.edu/Biopesticides/Proposals/7A.pdfReviewer’s Initials CRITERIA FOR RANKING EVALUATIONS OF IR-4 ADVANCED STAGE BIOPESTICIDE

Reviewer’s Initials

CRITERIA FOR RANKING EVALUATIONS OF IR-4

ADVANCED STAGE BIOPESTICIDE PROPOSALS-2014 Proposal number/Title/PI: 7A, Organic Management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Advanced Stage, Wick

The following criteria were established to assist the reviewers in selecting biopesticide projects for funding that: (1) are either in a more advanced stage of development (as opposed to exploratory or early stage of development) or involve expansion of the label; (2) have a high probability of being registered/marketed in a reasonable period of time; and (3) will be useful in meeting pest control needs involving minor crops (uses), including minor uses on major crops.

Criteria Score

(0 to 10 or 20)

1. Adequacy of investigators and facilities. of 10

2. Experimental design, work plan and preliminary research. of 10

3. Does experimental design allow to determine performance relative to conventional control practices and how the biopesticide might fit into IPM programs.

of 10

4. Evaluation of Budget of 10

5. Relevance of the proposal toward the development of data for

registration or label expansion of the biopesticide. of 10

6. Evidence of Efficacy. Positive supporting data provided. of 20

7. Probability of biopesticide being used by growers (factors such as effectiveness and economics of use rates should be considered). of 10

8. Other control measures currently available to control target pest. of 10

9. Probability of biopesticide being registered, time to registration,

and if label expansion, time to market. of 10 TOTAL* of 100

Funding Recommendation YES ____________ (Check appropriate line) NO ____________

MAYBE ____________ Note: Attach a comment page, should you have specific comments related to the proposal not covered in the above criteria. * There is a possibility of 10 points per criteria (except efficacy=20) for a total of 100 points. A rating of 0 means that the proposal does not meet the criteria at all, while a rating of 10 means it is ideal.

IR-4 BIOPESTICIDE GRANTS COVER PAGE

2014

Enter each biopesticide /crop/ pest combination

No.

Biopesticide and/or Conventional Product TRADE Name

Active Ingredient Crop

Pest (Weeds, Diseases, Insects)

1 Untreated Deionized Water Ocimum basilicum

Peronospora belbahrii

2 Regalia Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis Ocimum basilicum


3 Basic Copper 53 Copper sulfate Ocimum basilicum


4 Badge X2 Copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide

Ocimum basilicum


5 NuCop HB Copper hydroxide Ocimum basilicum


6 Cueva Copper octanoate Ocimum basilicum


7 Regalia / Basic Copper 53 Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis / Copper sulfate

Ocimum basilicum


Proposal Number(For IR-4 Use): Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert L. Wick

Proposal Title: Organic Management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Advanced Stage

Institution: University of Massachusetts-Extension Vegetable Program

Total dollars Requested (Year 1 only)

$8735

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8 Regalia / Badge X2

Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis / Copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide

Ocimum basilicum


9 Regalia / NuCop HB Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis / Copper hydroxide

Ocimum basilicum


10 Regalia / Cueva Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis / copper octanoate

Ocimum basilicum


11 Ranman Cyazofamid Ocimum basilicum


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Biopesticide Grants Contact Information Form

NOTE: THIS IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. THIS IS NOT MEANT TO BE SIGNED. DO NOT DELAY SUBMITTING YOUR PROPOSAL BY ATTEMPTING TO GET THIS SIGNED. THIS IS NOT MEANT AS A REPLACEMENT FOR ANY INSTITUTIONAL APPROVAL PAGES.

Proposal Title: Organic Management of Basil Downy

Mildew at the Advanced Stage

Name

Address

Phone Number &

Fax

E-mail Address

Street

City/State

Zip+4

Project Director (Principal Investigator): Dr. Robert L. Wick Stockbridge School of Agriculture

109 Fernald Hall University of Massachusetts

Amherst, MA 01003

Amherst, MA 01003-9246 413-545-1045 [email protected]

Administrative Contact: Donna Asher College of Natural Sciences

315 Stockbridge Hall University of Massachusetts

Amherst, MA 01003 413-545-2320 [email protected]

Financial Grant Officer: Sam Killings Controller’s Office

Goodell Bldg, Rm. 405 University of Mass.


Authorized Grant Official: Jim Ayres Grant & Contract Admin.

Research Admin. Bldg. University of Mass.


Individual Responsible for Invoicing: Dazid Gazzillo Controller’s Office

Goodell Bldg. Rm. 405 University of Mass.


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mailto:[email protected]

I. Grant Stage What is the grant Stage to which you are applying? Early or Advanced (Check appropriate line)

___ Early – Biopesticide not yet registered and has not completed the Tier I toxicology data requirements.

_X_Advanced – the biopesticide is registered or at least has completed the Tier I toxicology data requirements.

If you are applying for any Advanced Stage Proposal, and the product is not currently registered with EPA, provide a list of the toxicology work that has been completed. Ask registrant or have company provide information to IR-4. II. Introduction (Limit 1 page) Include the objective, description of the pest problem and justification.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is the most commercially important culinary herb grown in the United States (Wyenandt et al., 2010). It is a high value crop which adds diversity to direct-market, small-scale farms in Massachusetts and across New England. Basil is also greenhouse-grown throughout the winter, providing important winter income for some larger wholesale producers. Basil Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii) is a serious threat to basil production in the Northeast region. It is an emerging disease which has occurred every year since it was first reported in MA in 2008 (Wick, R.L. and N. Brazee, 2009). The oomycete pathogen is an obligate biotroph which requires living host tissue to survive. As an emerging disease, little is known about its epidemiology or control, but a monitoring project in 2009 confirmed that long-distance, aerial dispersal transports spores of the pathogen across large geographic areas (Wyenandt et al., 2010). It is likely that the pathogen is dispersed to New England from southern states such as Florida, where basil is grown year round, similar to the cucurbit downy mildew pathosystem. Therefore, it is likely that basil downy mildew (BDM) will continue to be a serious challenge to basil production in New England for the foreseeable future.

BDM causes chlorosis of adaxial leaf surfaces which often resembles nutrient deficiency and therefore, infection may go unnoticed or misdiagnosed. Under favorable environmental conditions, dark gray sporulation occurs on abaxial leaf surfaces. Even a

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small amount of chlorotic tissue or sporulation render the crop unsaleable and severe infections cause leaf necrosis and eventual plant death and growers in the northeast have reported losses up to 100% (Wyenandt et al., 2010).

Support for organic basil growers is critical in New England, where basil is often sold at farmer’s markets, or as a “pick your own” crop at many community supported agriculture (CSA) farms in the region and consumer preference in these markets is for organically grown produce. Pesticides must be approved by the organic materials review institute (OMRI) before they can be used by certified organic producers. Copper based fungicides are among the most effective OMRI-approved treatments available for organic growers to use against similar pathogens such as Cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Brassica downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica) and late blight (Phytophthora infestans). While these materials have the potential to be the most effective control for BDM in organic systems, most OMRI-approved copper products are not labeled for the pest. However, copper products tend to have long re-entry periods, persists on leaf surfaces for one-two weeks, and at high levels can be toxic to plants and other organisms including humans and fish, and copper can build up in soil. Therefore, alternating coppers with less harmful materials with lower re-entry periods is highly desirable. Regalia is an OMRI-approved plant defense activator with a 4 hour re-entry period and zero hour pre-harvest interval that has shown positive efficacy against basil downy mildew (Raid, 2010) that could be used in rotation with copper materials. A synthetic fungicide, Ranman, will be included in order to compare the experimental treatments to an industry standard which has been proven effective.

The goals of this project are to determine efficacy of OMRI-approved coppers alone and in rotations with the OMRI-approved plant defense activator, Regalia, to control BDM. Expanding labels and demonstrating efficacy of materials approved for use in organic cropping systems is imperative in order to support the region’s organic basil growers.

Wick, R.L. and N.J. Brazee. 2009. First report of downy mildew caused by a Peronospora species on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Massachusetts. Plant Disease. 93(3): 318. Wyenandt, C.A. and J.E. Simon, M.T. McGrath, D.L. Ward. 2010. Susceptibility of basil cultivars and breeding lines to downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii). HortScience. 45(9): 1416-1419.

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III. Experimental Plan (Please limit this section to 10 pages)

1. Provide a numerical list of all treatments including the products(Trade names and active ingredients, rate (units), application timing, etc.

Treatment Active Ingredient Rate (/A)

Spray Interval (days)

1 Untreated Deionized H2O

10 2 Regalia extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis 4 qt 10 3 Basic Copper 53 Copper sulfate 2 lb 10 4 Badge X2 Copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide 1.5 lb 10 5 NuCop HB Copper hydroxide (MCE 50%) 2 lb 10 6 Cueva copper octanoate 1% v/v 10

7 Regalia / Basic Copper 53

extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis / Copper sulfate 4 qt / 2 lb 10

8 Regalia / Badge X2 extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis / Copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide 4 qt / 1.5 lb 10

9 Regalia / NuCop HB extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis / Copper hydroxide 4 qt / 2 lb 10

10 Regalia / Cueva extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis / copper octanoate 4 qt / 1% v/v 10

11 Ranman Cyazofamid 3 fl oz 10

A nonionic surfactant (Induce) will be added to each treatment at a rate of 0.125% (v/v) in order to improve spray efficiency. Chemical treatments will be applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer using a hand-held boom equipped with three Tee-Jet 11003 flat-fan nozzles. Foliar sprays will be applied at 30 psi, delivering a final spray volume of 62 gal/A. Four applications (two applications of each product in the case of rotations) per experimental replicate will be made at approximately ten day intervals.

2. What crops or sites will this study be conducted on?

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) cultivar Genovese (Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Maine) will be used, as it is one of the more popular Italian large-leaf types and has been shown to be susceptible to basil downy mildew (Wyendandt, 2010).

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3. What experimental design will be utilized? (Such as Randomized Complete Block. Will

there be a complete factorial arrangement of treatments? Also include plot size, statistical tests, etc. Please see section Treatment lists and design of biopesticide studies on page 40).

A randomized complete block design with four replicates of 10 treatments will be used. Replicate plots will consist of six foot sections of bed with two rows of transplanted basil seedlings at 10-in. in-row and between row spacing. Raised beds will be on 3 ft. centers with black polyethylene plastic underlain with two lines of drip irrigation tape. Replicate plots will be separated by 3 bed-feet of planted and unsprayed basil plants and unsprayed guard rows will be planted around the perimeter of the experimental area. The total experiment area will be 0.032 acres. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA using the PROC GLM procedure with SAS Version 9.4 (Version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) will be used to determine any significant differences in basil downy mildew severity or crop yield between treatments. Treatment means will be separated using Tukey’s honestly significant difference at a 0.05 significance level. Disease rating time-points will be analyzed individually, as will marketable weight and yield.

4. How many locations (field or greenhouse)? How many replications?

The experiment will be carried out under field conditions at the University of Massachusetts Research and Education Center in South Deerfield, MA. The experiment will be replicated once during the 2014 growing season.

5. Describe how this proposal is designed to provide information on how it fits into an integrated pest management program. (Note: We favor proposals that determine the utility of biopesticides as early season treatments or in rotation with conventional products, rather than only a direct comparison of conventional products versus Biopesticides). Please see section: Treatment lists and design of biopesticide studies begin on page 40. Keep in mind that the data need to be sufficient to determine the value of the biopesticide product to the pest control program.

The first line of defense in any integrated pest management program is using cultural practices to lower the impact of pests on crop yield and quality. In our study, plants will be grown on raised, plastic-mulched beds, will be drip irrigated as opposed to overhead, and we will use a wide in-row spacing to lower relative humidity, increase airflow around plants, and increase pesticide coverage. All of these cultural practices will lower the conduciveness of the microenvironment for disease development and will also increase efficacy of pesticide applications. All pesticides will be evaluated individually in order to assess their efficacy on their own and to determine their potential contributions to disease control within rotations. Rotations

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between a plant defense activator (Regalia) and copper formulations will be included in order to assess the potential to induce plant systemic defenses early in the crop’s life cycle and reduce the number of sprays of copper used per season.

6. Data collection – (Describe what data will be collected such as crop yields, crop quality, etc. If visual efficacy evaluations will be collected, describe the rating scale used and the evaluation timings).

Disease severity will be assessed by visually estimating percentage of symptomatic leaf area on three randomly selected plants, and on ten randomly selected leaves per replicate plot at two or more time-points. Ratings will take place between the second and third treatment applications and a final disease rating will take place ten days after the last treatments are applied. More frequent ratings will be done if necessary to adequately evaluate disease progress. If three or more disease severity ratings are conducted that data will be used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) in order to compare the spread of disease over time between treatments Fresh biomass will be recorded by clipping at the base five randomly selected plants per replicate plot and measuring the aggregated weight. These cut stems will then be used to assess marketable yield by calculating the percentage of basil tips at least 6 inches in length with no symptoms.

Copper residues on crop foliage will be visually assessed at the time of harvest and one pooled plant tissue sample will be submitted to the UMass Soil and Plant Tissue Testing Laboratory for analysis of copper concentration.

7. Describe the pests to be controlled, the degree to which they are a problem in your state or region and the frequency that they occur (season long problem, every year, every few years).

Basil downy mildew was first reported in MA in 2008 (Wick and Brazee, 2009) and has been a serious concern for basil growers in the state every year since its arrival. It is wind dispersed from the Southern US and arrives in MA as early as July and continues to occur as long as susceptible plants are present—usually through September until the plants are killed by the first frost in October. Growers in the Northeast region have reported losses up to 100% (Wyenandt et al., 2010). Wick, R.L. and N.J. Brazee. 2009. First report of downy mildew caused by a Peronospora species on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Massachusetts. Plant Disease. 93(3): 318. Wyenandt, C.A. and J.E. Simon, M.T. McGrath, D.L. Ward. 2010. Susceptibility of basil cultivars and breeding lines to downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii). HortScience. 45(9): 1416-1419.

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8. Will the crop be inoculated with the target pest or otherwise be brought into the test system to ensure that it will be available for evaluation? If not, describe the frequency of occurrence.

The crop will not be inoculated. Natural inoculum has been present every year since the disease was first reported in 2008, though the timing of disease onset can be variable. Furthermore, artificial inoculation is difficult to achieve in this pathosystem, as Peronospora belbahrii is an obligate parasite and cannot be cultured easily in the lab. In the past few years basil downy mildew has been reported as early as late-June, so setting up the experiment in mid-August should ensure that the pathogen is present at sufficient density to observe disease symptoms during the experiment.

9. What is the proposed start date and completion date? Also describe this in chronological order in the context of the experimental plan.

Seeds will be sown in 128-celled plastic seedling trays on 16 July and maintained under greenhouse conditions until 06 August. Plants will be transplanted on 13 August into beds prepared as described in question 3 and will be scouted weekly for disease symptoms. Foliar sprays will be initiated on 20 August or at the onset of disease, whichever comes first. Four fungicide applications will be applied on approximately a 10 day spray interval and disease ratings will occur between the second and third treatments and 10 days after the final application. Harvest and analysis of yield will also occur ten days after the last treatment (09 October).

10. Describe the test facilities where these studies will be conducted.

The experiment will be conducted at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Transplants will be grown in plastic houses located on the main campus in Amherst, MA. The rest of the experiment will be conducted at the UMass Research and Education Center in South Deerfield, MA. Soil at this site is a Hadley silt loam with a pH of 6.7. The research farm is equipped with tractors, tools, and dedicated professional staff to carry out field preparation, cultivation, any additional pesticide sprays (herbicides or insecticides) that may be necessary to preserve crop quality. The research farm operates a Network for Environment and Weather Applications (NEWA) weather station which continuously measures and records temperature, rainfall, and leaf wetness.

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11. Budget: Provide an itemized budget, with categories such as labor, supplies, travel, etc.

Funds Requested

Matching Funds

Totals ($) Totals ($) A. Senior/Key Person

1185 0

Salary

1165 0 Fringe

20 0

B. Other Personnel 6410 0 Senior Technical Staff

1200 0

Fringe

330 0 Technical Staff

4000 0

Fringe

70 0 Student Hourly

800 0

Fringe

10 0 Total Number, Other Personnel 3

C. Fringe Benefits 430 0 Total Salary, Wages and Fringe Benefits

7595 0

D. Equipment 0 0 E. Travel

0 0

1. Domestic

0 0 F. Participant Support Costs 0 0 1. Travel

0 0

2. Other

0 0 G. All Other Direct Costs 1140 0 1. Materials and Supplies

800 0

Plant Material (seeds, trays, potting soil)

200 0 Field Supplies (irrigation supplies,

plastic, fertilizer, sprayer equipment)

600 0 2. Publication Costs

40 0

PDMR Submission Fee

40 0 3. Consultation Services

0 0

4. Computer Services

0 0 5. Subawards/Consortium/Contractual Costs

0 0

6. Equipment or Facility Rental/User Fees

0 0 7. Alterations and Renovations

0 0

8. Other

300 0 Disease Diagnostics

200 0

Plant Tissue Tests

100 0 9. Other

0 0

10. Other

0 0 Total Direct Costs 8735

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12. Describe why this product is needed and why growers are likely to use this product. (Also list alternative conventional and alternative biopesticide treatments)

Since basil downy mildew arrived in New England, basil production in both conventional and organic markets has been threatened. More and more basil growers have become familiar with BDM symptoms and many have experienced complete crop losses. Increasingly growers are contacting the UMass extension team and requesting recommendations for chemical control of BDM, but there are few labeled products and little data available to extension personnel to give sound recommendations. Organic growers across the region depend on having basil available for U-Pick and at farmer’s markets and are beginning to understand that chemical control will be necessary for continued basil production. Furthermore, organic wholesale basil producers have struggled so much with BDM that they are now unable to grow basil in the field. Development of integrated management of the disease in the field may reopen these markets.

In the face of 100% susceptibility of the crop and the yearly recurrence of disease,

chemical control options are necessary in order to preserve this high value crop. Currently, recommendations for control of BDM in organic systems are unavailable, as the few studies on OMRI-listed products have shown inconsistent efficacy and the list of products tested is incomplete. Copper products are likely to be the most effective materials available to organic growers to control BDM, based on our knowledge of similar pathosystems. Organic growers have expressed interest in this study and if copper were the only effective product, many of them have communicated with extension they would consider using it. The lengthy re-entry period of many copper formulations poses a challenge to managing U-pick basil crops and, as such, rotations with other materials with shorter REIs (eg. Regalia alt. with Cueva) is highly desirable.

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IR-4 Minor Use Biopesticide (*Required Fields) Project ClearanceRequest (PCR) Form

1. *Requestor: Dr. Robert L. Wick

____

*Address: 109 Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts*City:

Amherst

________ ______

*Telephone: (413) 545-1045

_____________

*Email address: r1wickumassedu; sscheufele(umext.umass.edu

2. *pest Control Product (Active Ingredient {a.i.}): Copper sulfate*Trade Name/Formulation: Basic Copper 53Registrant (manufacturer): Albaugh, Inc.Method of Production (Fermentation, in vivo, extraction from plants):_______

3. *Commodity (one crop or crop group per form): Basil*Use Site (e.g., field, greenhouse, post-harvest): field or greenhouseParts Consumed: foliage Animal Feed By-Products: Yes_NoPlanting Season: year round Harvest Season: year roundState/Territory Acreage: % National: Average Field Size: <1 acre

4. I nsectlDisease!Weed: Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii)Damage caused by pest: Leaf chlorosis and necrosis

5. Why is this use needed?: Limited options in organic production

6. *Proposed Label Instructions*Rate per Application (lbs a.i. per acre or 1000 linear ft):1 .0-2.0 lbs product/AType of sprayers that may be used: fixed wing, ground boom sprayer, chemigation, air blast,ULVRange of Spray Volume (if applicable):________________________________________________Maximum Acreage Treated per Day: TBD*Crop Stage during Application(s): established*Maximum no. of applications: TBD Minimum interval betw. applications: TBDMaximum lbs active ingredient per acre per year/season: TBD *PHI: 0

7. *Availability of Supporting Data1: *phytotoxicity(P) *Efficacy(E)1Supporting data may be required before a residue study will be initiated.

*Signatul

*Yield(Y)

Affiliation: UMass Extension

*State/Territory: MA *Zip: 01003FAX:(

8. *Submitted By (print

nd this coiireted form to:IR-4 Project Headquarters, 500 College Road East; Suite 201 W; Princeton, NJ 08540-6635;Telephone (732)932-9575 ext 4610 (Michael Braverman) FAX (609) 514-2612

or e-mail:

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1. *Requestor: Dr. Robert L. Wick Affiliation: UMass Extension*Address: 109 Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts*City: Amherst *State[ferritory. MA *Zip: 01003*Telephone:(413)545 1045 FAX:(*Email address: riwck(umass.edu; sscheufeleumext.umass.edu

2. *pest Control Product (Active Ingredient {a.i.}): Copper hydroxide*Trade Name/Formulation: NuCop HBRegistrant (manufacturer): Albaucih, Inc.Method of Production (Fermentation, in vivo, extraction from plants): formulated

3• *Commodity (one crop or crop group per form): Basil*Use Site (e.g., field, greenhouse, post-harvest): field or greenhouseParts Consumed: foliage Animal Feed By-Products: YesNoXPlanting Season: year round Harvest Season: year roundState/Territory Acreage: % National: Average Field Size: <1 acre

4. InsectlDisease/Weed: Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii)Damage caused by pest: Leaf chlorosis and necrosis

5 *wy is this use needed?: Limited options in organic production

6. *Proposed Label Instructions*Rate per Application (lbs a.i. per acre or 1000 linear ft):1.0-2.0 lbs product/AType of sprayers that may be used: fixed wing, ground boom sprayer, chemigation, air blast,ULVRange of Spray Volume (if applicable):______________________________________________Maximum Acreage Treated per Day: TBD*Crop Stage during Application(s): established*Maximum no. of applications: TBD Minimum interval betw. applications: 7 daysMaximum lbs active ingredient per acre per year/season: TBD *pHl: 48 hr

*Availability of Supporting Data1:*phytotoxicity(p) na *Efficacy(E) na*Yield(Y)na1Supporting data may be required before a residue study will be initiated.

8. *Submitted By (print name): Susan Scheufele

( \‘ A I.*sig nature *Date 1 /,>

Send this comnleted form to:IR-4 Project Headquarters, 500 College Road East; Suite 201 W; Princeton, NJ 08540-6635;Telephone (732)932-9575 ext 4610 (Michael Braverman) FAX (609) 514-2612

ore-mail

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1. *Requestor: Dr. Robert L. Wick Affiliation: UMass Extension*Address: 109 Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts*City: Amherst *State/Territory: MA *Zip: 01003*Telephone:(413)545 1045 FAX:(*Email address: Mwck(äumass.edu; sscheufele(umext.umass.edu

2. *pest Control Product (Active Ingredient {a.i.}): Copper octanoate*Trade Name/Formulation: CuevaRegistrant (manufacturer): CertisMethod of Production (Fermentation, in vivo, extraction from plants):______________________

3 *Commodity (one crop or crop group per form): Basil*Use Site (e.g., field, greenhouse, post-harvest): field or greenhouseParts Consumed: foliage Animal Feed By-Products: Yes_NoPlanting Season: year round Harvest Season: year roundState/Territory Acreage: % National: Average Field Size: <1 acre

4. I nsectlDisease/Weed: Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii)Damage caused by pest: Leaf chlorosis and necrosis


6. *Proposed Label Instructions*Rate per Application (lbs ai. per acre or 1000 linear ft): 0.5-1% vol/volType of sprayers that may be used (e.g., fixed wing, ground boom sprayer,chemigation, air blast, ULV, granular spreader): fixed wing, ground boom sprayer, chemigation,air blast, ULV ground boom sprayerRange of Spray Volume (if applicable):NA____________________________________________Maximum Acreage Treated per Day:NA______________________________________________*Crop Stage during Application(s): established*Maximum no. of applications: NA Minimum interval betw. applications:7 daysMaximum lbs active ingredient per acre per year/season: NA *PHl:0 days

7 *Availability of Supporting Data1:*phytotoxicity(p) *Efficacy(E) *yield(y)1Supporting data may be required before a residue study will be initiated.

8. *Submitted By (print n e): Susan Scheufele

*Signature: *Date: /j-i

end this comoleted form to:IR-4 Project Headquarters, 500 College Road East; Suite 201 W; Princeton, NJ 08540-6635;Telephone (732)932-9575 ext 4610 (Michael Braverman) FAX (609) 514-2612

or e-mail; braverrnançaesrutaers.edu.

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lR-4 Minor Use Biopesticide (*Required Fields) Project ClearanceRequest (PCR) Form

I *Requestor: Dr. Robert L. Wick Affiliation: UMass Extension*Address: 109 Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts*City: Amherst *State/Territory: MA *Zip: 01003*Telephone: (413) 545-1045 FAX:___________________________*Email address: sscheufele(umext.umass.edu

2. *pest Control Product (Active Ingredient {a.i.}): copper hydroxide and copperoxychioride*Trade Name/Formulation: Badge X2Registrant (manufacturer): Isagro-USAMethod of Production (Fermentation, in vivo, extraction from plants): formulated

*Commodity (one crop or crop group per form): basil*Use Site (e.g., field, greenhouse, post-harvest): field or greenhouseParts Consumed: foliage Animal Feed By-Products: Yes_NoPlanting Season: spring/fall Harvest Season: summer/fallState/Territory Acreage: % National: Average Field Size: <1 acre

4. lnsectlDiseaselWeed: downy mildewDamage caused by pest: foliar pathogen

5 *Jy is this use needed?: limited options in organic production

6. *Proposed Label Instructions*Rate per Application (lbs a.i. per acre or 1000 linear ft): 0.5 — 1.5 lb product/A or 0.14 — 0.42 lbai/AType of sprayers that may be used (e.g., fixed wing, ground boom sprayer,chemigation, air blast, ULV, granular spreader): fixed wing, ground boom sprayer, chemigation,air blast, ULVRange of Spray Volume (if applicable): NAMaximum Acreage Treated per Day: unlimited*Crop Stage during Application(s): after establishment*Maximum no, of applications: TBD Minimum interval betw. applications: 7 daysMaximum lbs active ingredient per acre per year/season: TBD *PHI: 0 day

7. *Availability of Supporting Data1:*phytotoxicity(p) *Efficacy(E) *Yield(Y)1Supporting data may be required before a residue study will be initiated.

8. *Subj1ed By (print aie): Susan Scheufele

*Slgnature *Date ,-: / i /i 3Send this corn pleted form tc

IR-4 Project Headquarters, 500 College Road East; Suite 201 W; Princeton, NJ 08540-6635;Telephone (732)932-9575 ext 4610 (Michael Braverman) FAX (609) 514-2612

or e-mail: biaermanescp.rutqersed.

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1. *Requestor: Dr. Robert L. Wick Affiliation: UMass Extension*Address: 109 Fernald Hall, University of Massachusetts*City: Amherst *StatelTerritory: MA *Zip: 01003*Telephone: (413) 545-1045 FAX: (*Email address: rIwickumassedu; sscheufele(umextumass.edu

2. *pest Control Product (Active Ingredient {ai.}): extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis*Trade Name/Formulation: RegaliaRegistrant (manufacturer): Marrone Bio InnovationsMethod of Production (Fermentation, in vivo, extraction from plants): extraction

3, *Commodity (one crop or crop group per form): Basil*Use Site (e.g., field, greenhouse, post-harvest): field or greenhouseParts Consumed: foliage Animal Feed By-Products: Yes_NoPlanting Season: year round Harvest Season: year roundState/Territory Acreage: % National: Average Field Size: <1 acre

4. InsectlDiseaselWeed: Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii)Damage caused by pest: Leaf chlorosis and necrosis


6. *Proposed Label Instructions*Rate per Application (lbs a,i. per acre or 1000 linear ft): 1-4 gt/AType of sprayers that may be used (e.g., fixed wing, ground boom sprayer,chemigation, air blast, ULV, granular spreader): fixed wing, ground boom sprayer, chemigation,air blast, ULV ground boom sprayerRange of Spray Volume (if applicable):NA >=50 gallonsMaximum Acreage Treated per Day:NA______________________________________________*Crop Stage during Application(s): established*Maximum no, of applications: NA Minimum interval betw. applications:7 daysMaximum lbs active ingredient per acre per year/season: NA *PHI:0 days

7, *Availability of Supporting Data1: *phytotoxicity(P) *Efficacy(E) _*Yield(Y),,,_,_1Supporting data may be required before a residue study will be initiated.

8. *Subn)ittd By (print na e): Susan Scheufele

*sig nature:,

____________

IR-4 Project Headquarters, 500 College Road East; Suite 201 W; Princeton, NJ 08540-6635;Telephone (732)932-9575 ext 4610 (Michael Braverman) FAX (609) 514-2612

or e-mail: vermaespruaersedu

7A

Manufactured by Isagro SpA for:Isagro USA, Inc. - 430 Davis Drive, Suite 240 - Morrisville, NC 27560

EPA Registration No.: 80289-12 EPA Establishment No.: 79558-ITA-1

ACTIVE INGREDIENT:Copper Oxychloride (CAS No. 1332-40-7)* .................................................................... 24.6%Copper Hydroxide (CAS No. 20427-59-2)*...................................................................…. 22.9%

OTHER INGREDIENTS: ..................................................................................................... 52.5%TOTAL: ................................................................................................................................ 100.0%*Metallic Copper (Cu2+) Equivalent is 28% by weight

See Attached Label (back) for Additional Precautions

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

WARNING - AVISO

Si usted no entiende la etiqueta, busque a alguien para que se la explique a usted en detalle.(If you do not understand the label find someone to explain it to you in detail.)

FIRST AID

NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Possible mucosal damage may contraindicate use of gastric lavage.

Have the product container or label with you when calling a poison control center or doctor, or going for treatment.You may also contact 1-800-222-1222 for emergency medical treatment information.

For Chemical Emergency Spill Leak Fire Exposure or Accident Call CHEMTREC Day or NightDomestic North America 800-424-9300 International 703-527-3883 (collect calls accepted)

• Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice.• Have person sip a glass of water if unable to swallow.• Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by a poison control center or doctor.• Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

• Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15 to 20 minutes. • Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye.• Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.

• Take off contaminated clothing.• Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15 to 20 minutes.• Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.

• Move person to fresh air.• If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferably

mouth-to-mouth, if possible.• Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.

IF SWALLOWED

IF IN EYES

IF ON SKIN

IF INHALED

®

DRY FLOWABLE

FUNGICIDE/BACTERICIDEFOR AGRICULTURAL USE

LIBRETTO_BADGEX2:LIBRETTO_BADGEX2 10-03-2009 17:51 Pagina 1

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AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTSUse this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. This Standard con-tains requirements for protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses and handlers of agriculturalpesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontamination, notification and emergency assistance. It also contains specificinstructions and exceptions pertaining to the statements on this label about personal protective equipment (PPE), and restricted-entryintervals. The requirements in this box only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard.Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted-entry interval (REI) of 48 hours without required PPE.PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with any-thing that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water, is:– Coveralls over long-sleeved shirt and long pants– Chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material– Chemical-resistant footwear plus socks– Chemical-resistant headgear if overhead exposure– Protective eyewear (goggles, safety glasses, or face shield)– Chemical-resistant apron when mixing, loading, cleaning equipment or spills, or otherwise exposed to the concentrate

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS

WARNING – AVISOSi usted no entiende la etiqueta, busque a alguien para que se la explique a usted en detalle.

(If you do not understand the label find someone to explain it to you in detail.)

HAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALSMay be fatal if swallowed. Causes substantial but temporary eye injury. Harmful if absorbed through skin. Harmful if inhaled. Wash thor-oughly with soap and water after handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum, or using tobacco. Do not get in eyes or on cloth-ing. Wear protective eyewear (goggles, face shield, or safety glasses). Remove and wash contaminated clothing before reuse. Avoidcontact with skin, eyes or clothing. Wear long-sleeved shirt and long pants, socks, shoes, and chemical-resistant gloves (such as Nat-ural Rubber, Selection Category A). Avoid breathing dust.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)Some materials that are chemical-resistant to this product are listed below. If you want more options, follow the instructions for cate-gory A on an EPA chemical-resistance category selection chart.Mixers, loaders, applicators, and other handlers must wear the following:- long-sleeved shirt and long pants- shoes plus socks- protective eyewear (goggles, safety glasses, or face shield)- chemical-resistant gloves such as Natural Rubber

Follow manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hotwater. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. Discard clothing and other absorbent material that have been drenched orheavily contaminated with the product’s concentrate. Do not reuse them.

USER SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONSUsers should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet. Users should remove clothing/PPEimmediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Users should remove PPE immediately after han-dling this product. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing. Wash the outside of gloves before removing.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS This pesticide is toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates and may contaminate water through runoff. Do not discharge effluent contain-ing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a Nation-al Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has been notified in writing prior to discharge.Do not discharge effluent containing this product to sewer systems without previously notifying the local sewage treatment plant author-ity. For guidance contact your State Water Board or Regional Office of the EPA. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equip-ment washwaters or rinsate. For terrestrial uses: Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean highwater mark. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment washwaters or rinsate.This product may contaminate water through runoff. This product has a potential for runoff for several months or more after applica-tion. Poorly draining soils and soils with shallow water tables are more prone to produce runoff that contains this product. Drift andrunoff may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in water adjacent to treated areas. Certain water conditions including low pH (≤6.5),low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels (3.0 mg/L or lower), and “soft” waters (i.e. alkalinity less than 50 mg/L), increases the poten-tial acute toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms.

DIRECTIONS FOR USEIt is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.

Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers, adults, children or pets, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlersmay be in the area during application. For any requirements specific to your State or Tribe, consult the State or Tribal agency responsiblefor pesticide regulation.


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FROST INJURY PROTECTION (Bacterial Ice Nucleation Inhibitor)

Application of BADGE X2 made to all crops listed on this label at the rates and stages of growth indicated, at least 24 hours prior to antic-ipated frost conditions, will afford control of ice nucleating bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae, Erwinia herbicola and Pseudomonas fluo-rescens) and may therefore provide some protection against light frost. Not recommended for those geographical areas where weatherconditions favor severe frost.

RECOMMENDED CROP USES

CITRUS: Grapefruit, Kumquat, Lemon, Lime, Orange, Pummelo, Tangelo and Tangerine.FIELD CROPS: Alfalfa, Barley, Corn*, Oats, Peanut, Potato, Sugar Beet and Wheat.SMALL FRUITS: Blackberry, Blueberry*, Cranberry, Currant, Gooseberry, Raspberry and Strawberry.TREE CROPS: Almond, Apple, Apricot, Avocado, Banana, Cacao, Cherry, Coffee, Filbert, Mango*, Nectarine, Olive, Peach, Pear, Pecan,Pistachio, Plum, Prune, Quince* and Walnut.VEGETABLES: Bean, Beet, Beet Greens, Broccoli, Brussels Sprout, Cabbage, Cantaloupe, Carrot, Cauliflower, Celeriac*, Celery, Cucum-ber, Eggplant, Greens (Collard, Mustard and Turnip), Honeydew, Muskmelon, Onion/Garlic, Pea, Pepper, Pumpkin, Spinach, Squash,Tomato, Watercress* and Watermelon.VINES: Grape, Hops and Kiwi.MISCELLANEOUS: Atemoya*, Carambola*, Chives*, Dill*, Ginseng, Guava, Litchi*, Live Oak*, Macadamia, Mamey Sapote*, Papaya*,Parsley*, Passion Fruit*, Sugar Apple* and Sycamore.

NONAGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTSThe requirements in this box apply to uses of this product that are not within the scope of the Worker Protection Standard for agricul-tural pesticides 40 CFR part 170. The WPS applies when this product is used to produce agricultural plants on farms, forests, nurse-ries or greenhouses.Do not allow adults, children, or pets to enter until dusts have settled.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONSBADGE X2 may be applied as an aerial, ground dilute or ground concentrate spray unless specifically directed otherwise in the specificcrop use directions.The per acre use rate of BADGE X2 is applicable for both dilute and concentrate spraying. Depending upon the equipment used and thespecific crop, the spray volume applied per acre will differ. Refer to Minimum Recommended Spray Volume Table. Complete spray cove-rage is essential to assure optimum performance from BADGE X2. When treating by aerial application or with low volume application equip-ment, unless you have had specific previous experience, it is advisable to test for compatibility and tolerance to crop injury prior to full scalecommercial utilization.Consult the BADGE X2 label for specific rates and timing of application by crop. Where application rates and intervals are provided ina range (e.g. 4 to 12 pounds and 7 to 10 days), the higher rates and shorter spray intervals are recommended when rainfall isheavy and/or disease pressure high. Use the higher rates for large mature tree crops.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS• BADGE X2 should not be applied in a spray solution having a pH of less than 6.5 as phytotoxicity may occur.• Do not tank mix BADGE X2 with Aliette® fungicide for use on any registered crops or ornamentals unless appropriate precautions havebeen taken to buffer the spray solution because severe phytotoxicity may result. Use in accordance with the most restrictive of label limi-tations and precautions. Do not exceed label dosage rates. This product cannot be mixed with any product containing a label prohibitionagainst such mixing.• This product may be reactive on masonry and metal surfaces such as galvanized roofing. Avoid contact with metal surfaces. Do not sprayon cars, houses, lawn furniture, etc.• Environmental conditions such as extended periods of wet weather, acid rain, etc. which alter the pH of the leaf surface may affect theperformance of BADGE X2 resulting in possible phytotoxicity or loss of effectiveness.• Agricultural chemicals may perform in an unpredictable manner when tank mixed, especially where several products are involved. Redu-ced effect on pests or crop injury may occur. Unless recommended on this label or by a state/local expert, it is advisable to test for com-patibility and potential crop injury prior to commercial use of a new tank mix; otherwise tank mixing should not be undertaken.• It must be determined if proper application equipment is available and if waste associated with its use can be properly handled. Agricul-tural chemicals are often reactive with the materials used in the construction of application equipment such as aluminum, rubber and somesynthetic materials. This factor should be taken into consideration when selecting proper application equipment. It is necessary that allapplication equipment be thoroughly flushed with clean water after each day’s use.• Do not apply this product through any irrigation (chemigation) system using aluminum parts or components as damage to the systemmay occur. Such application is prohibited regardless of whether the irrigation system is flushed with water after use of this product.• Apply this product only through one or more of the following types of systems: sprinkler, including center pivot, lateral move, traveler, biggun, or plastic pipe solid set system(s) which contain no aluminum parts or components. Do not apply this product through any other typeof irrigation system.• While volume is important in obtaining full spray coverage, often factors such as foliage density, environmental conditions and sprayercalibration have a greater impact. Always be sure that sprayers are calibrated to spray equipment manufacturer’s specifications and envi-ronmental conditions are within those recommended by State and local regulatory authorities.• When mixing, fill the spray tank one-half full with water. Add BADGE X2 slowly to tank while hydraulic or mechanical agitation is opera-ting and continue filling with water. DO NOT PREMIX or SLURRY BADGE X2. Spreaders, stickers, insecticides, nutrients, etc. should beadded last. If compatibility is in question, use the Compatibility Jar Test before mixing a whole tank or contact your chemical supplier.Observe all precautions and limitations on the labels of all products used in mixtures.


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CITRUS

BADGE X2 may be mixed with dry foliar nutritionals (micronutrients) to create “Shot Bag” mixes to meet the various nutritional require-ments of citrus and provide disease protection as described on this label. BADGE X2 per acre rates in these mixes must not exceed themaximum recommended label rates for disease control. Adding foliar nutritionals or other products to spray mixtures containing BADGEX2 and applying to citrus during the post-bloom period when young fruit are present may result in spray burn.

DISEASE

Algal Spot,Melanose, Scab

Grasy Spot,Pink Pitting

Alternaria Brown Spot

Phytophthora BrownRot, Septoria Spot

APP. RATE(LBS

PRODUCT/A)

1.75-5

0.75-2.5

1.75-3.5

1.75-3.5

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

3.15

2.4

3.15

3.15

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

12.6

12.6

12.6

12.6

MIN.RETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

7

7

21

7

COMMENTS

Apply as pre-bloom and post-bloom sprays.Use the higher rates when conditions favordisease development.

Apply in summer on expanded new flush.Repeat on subsequent flushes where diseasepressure is severe. Use the higher rates whenconditions favor disease development.

On susceptible varieties apply when the firstspring flush appears and each flush there-after. Application to fruit should start aftertwo thirds of the petals have fallen and berepeated on a 21 day schedule. Use thehigher rates when conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

Begin application in fall before or just afterthe first rain and continue as needed. Forbrown rot only, apply to skirts of trees to aheight of at least 4 feet. For control of septo-ria spot or where fruit have already beeninfected with brown rot, apply to entire tree.Apply also to bare ground 1 foot beyond skirt.Use the higher rates when conditions favordisease development. NOTE: In California, inareas subject to copper injury, add 1/3 to 1pound of high quality lime per pound ofBadge X2.

GENERAL USE RECOMMENDATIONS

The following specific instructions are based on general application procedures. The recommendations of your local State AgriculturalExtension Service should be closely followed as to timing, frequency and number of sprays per season.

GREENHOUSE AND SHADEHOUSE CROPS: BADGE X2 may be used in greenhouses and shadehouses to control diseases on anycrop on this label where physiology allows greenhouse or shadehouse culture. While specific directions are presented for Citrus, Cucum-ber, Eggplant, Pepper, and Tomato; general use may occur for any crop on this label where physiology allows greenhouse or shadehouseculture.

ORNAMENTALS: Specified as listed.

*Except California

MINIMUM RECOMMENDED SPRAY VOLUME (GALLON PER ACRE) WHEN APPLYING BADGE X2

Use

Vegetables

Field Crops

Small Fruits

Vines

Tree Crops

Miscellaneous crops

Citrus

Ornamentals

AERIAL

3

3

5

5

10

10

10

10

DILUTE

20

20

150

150

400

150

800

100

CONCENTRATE

–

–

50

50

50

50

100*

50

*When using pesticide application equipment such as Curtec® or other similar sprayers which are capable of obtaining thorough coverageat low volumes, application rates as low as 20 gallons per acre of spray volume may be used.


7A

NOTE: Phytotoxicity may occur on young tender flush when BADGE X2 is applied to citrus seedlings grown in greenhouses or shadehouses.

CITRUS (FIELD NURSERY GROWN)

To control Melanose, Scab, Pink Pitting, Greasy Spot and Brown Rot and for suppression of Citrus Canker, apply 1.75 to 3.5 pounds ofproduct per acre. Apply BADGE X2 at 28 day intervals or as needed depending on disease severity and rainfall. The maximum single appli-cation rate is 3.15 pounds of Cu2+ per acre. The maximum annual application rate is 12.6 pounds of Cu2+ per acre. The minimum retreat-ment interval is 7 days.

DISEASECROP APP. RATE(LBS

PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MIN.RETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Cercospora LeafSpot, Leptosphaerulina Leaf Spot

Bacterial StalkRot

Cercospora LeafSpot

Early Blight,Late Blight

Alfalfa

Corn*(Field Corn,Popcorn,Sweet Corn)

Peanut

Potato

0.75

0.5-1.75

0.75-1.25

0.5-1.75

0.53

1.05

0.79

1.6

1.12

4.2

4.74

25

30

7

7

5

Apply 10 to 14 days before eachharvest or earlier if disease threat-ens. NOTE: Spray injury may occurwith sensitive varieties such asLahontan.

Begin treatment when disease firstappears and repeat every 7 to10days or as needed. Use the higherrates and shorter spray intervalswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

Begin spraying at 35 to 40 daysafter planting or when diseasesymptoms first appear and repeatat 10 to 14 day intervals or asneeded. Reduce sprays to 7 dayintervals during humid weather.Use the higher rates when condi-tions favor disease development.Flowable sulfur may be added.

Apply 0.5 to 1.75 pounds at 7 to 10day intervals or as needed startingwhen plants are 2 to 6 inches highin locations where disease is light.Apply up to 1.75 pounds per acrewhen disease is more severe.Under conditions of severe dis-ease, control with BADGE X2 willbe improved by tank mixing withother compatible fungicides regis-tered for use on potatoes. Readand follow all label instructions oftank mix partners. Use the higherrates when conditions favor dis-ease development.

DISEASE APP. RATE(LBS

PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MIN.RETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Phytophthora FootRot

Citrus Canker(Suppression)

0.5

2-5

0.4

3.15

12.6

12.6

7

7

Mix with 1 quart of water, Tre-Hold® or latexpaint. Paint trunks of trees from the soil surfaceto the lowest scaffold limbs. Apply in May prior tosummer rains and/or in the fall prior to wrappingtrees for freeze protection. Treatment serves asprotection for up to 1 year, but does not cureexisting infections. NOTE: Areas where microjetor low volume irrigation hit the tree trunk mayrequire retreatment due to wash off.

Spray flushes 7 to 14 days after shoots beginto grow. Young fruit may require an additionalapplication. Number and timing of applica-tions will be dependent upon disease pres-sure. Under heavy pressure, each flush ofnew growth should be sprayed.

FIELD CROPS


7A


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MIN.RETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Cercospora LeafSpot

HelminthosporiumSpot Blotch,Septoria LeafBlotch

Sugar Beet

Wheat,Barley, Oats

0.75-2

0.5-0.75

1.31

0.53

7.86

1.06

10

10

Begin applications when conditionsfirst favor disease developmentand repeat at 10 to 14 day intervalsor as needed. Use the higher rateswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment. Addition of a spread-er/sticker is recommended.

Make first application at early head-ing and follow with second spray 10days later. Use the higher rateswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment. BADGE X2 can beapplied as a foliar application forearly season disease control andagain at early heading and followedwith another application 10 dayslater.

*Except California


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Anthracnose,Cane Spot, LeafSpot,PseudomonasBlight, PurpleBlotch, YellowRust

Anthracnose,Cane Spot, LeafSpot, PurpleBlotch, YellowRust

Bacterial Canker

Fruit Rot,Phomopsis TwigBlight

Fruit Rot

Brambles(Aurora,Blackberry,Boysen,Cascade,Chehalem,Logan,Marion,Raspberry,Santiam,ThornlessEvergreen)

Blueberry*

Cranberry

1.75

0.75

1.75-3.5

1.0-2.25

3.5

2.0

0.8

2.1

2

2.1

10

10

8.4

8.4

6.3

7

7

28

7

7

Make fall application after harvest.Apply delayed dormant spray afterpruning/training in the spring. Ifneeded, agricultural-type spray oilmay be added.

Apply when leaf buds begin to openand repeat when flower buds showwhite. If needed, agricultural-typespray oil may be added. NOTE:Crop injury may occur if applied tofoliage under certain environmentalconditions such as hot or prolongedmoist periods. Discontinue applica-tion if signs of crop injury appear.

Make first application before rainfalls and a second application 4weeks later. Use the higher rateswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

Dormant Application: Begin appli-cations when bloom buds begin toswell. Make additional applicationsat 10 to 14 day intervals or asneeded before blooms open. Usethe higher rates when conditionsfavor disease development

Make first application in late bloom.Apply one or two additional applica-tions at 10 to 14 day intervals or asneeded depending on diseaseseverity.

SMALL FRUITS


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*Except California


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Rose Bloom

Bacterial StemCanker

Leaf Blight, RedLeaf Spot, StemBlight, Tip Blight(Monilinia)

Anthracnose, Leaf Spot

Angular LeafSpot,(Xanthomonas),Leaf Blight, LeafScorch, Leaf Spot

Cranberry

Currant,Gooseberry

Strawberry

3.5

3.5

3.5

4.25

0.75-1.25

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.5

1.2

6.3

6.3

6.3

10

8.19

7

7

7

10

7

Apply three sprays on 10 to 14 dayschedule or as needed as soon assymptoms are observed.

Apply postharvest and again inspring at bud swell. Apply one ortwo additional applications at 10 to14 day intervals or as neededdepending on disease severity.

Apply delayed dormant spray in thespring. Repeat at 10 to 14 dayintervals or as needed through pre-bloom.

Make initial application after firstleaves have expanded. Continueon a 10 to 14 day schedule or asneeded during wet conditions in thespring. Make an additional applica-tion after harvest.

Begin application when plants areestablished and continue on aweekly schedule throughout theseason. Apply in at least 20 gallonsof water. Use the higher rates whenconditions favor disease develop-ment. NOTE: Discontinue applica-tions if signs of crop injury appear.


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Bacterial Blast(Pseudomonas),Bacterial Canker,Coryneum Blight(Shot Hole)

Blossom BrownRot, CoryneumBlight (Shot Hole)

Almond,Apricot,Cherry, Plum, Prune

3.5-7.0

2.5-3.5(Almond)

3.5-5.0 (allothers)

6.4

1.5

18

18

7

5

Make first application before fallrains and a second at late dormant.Use the higher rates when condi-tions favor disease development. Ifneeded, agricultural-type spray oilmay be added. For cherries: Where disease issevere, an additional applicationshortly after harvest may berequired. Use the higher rateswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

Almond only: For bacterial blastcontrol in sprinkler irrigatedorchards or where disease issevere, apply 0.5 pounds per acrepost-bloom at 2 week intervals oras needed or just before sprinkling.NOTE: Foliar injury may occur frompost-bloom sprays on almonds,especially on NePlus varieties.

Apply during early bloom. Do notapply after full bloom or injury mayoccur. Use the higher rates whenrainfall is heavy and disease pres-sure is high.

TREE CROPS


7A


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Black Knot (Plum)

Cherry Leaf Spot(Sour CherriesOnly)

Anthracnose,Blossom Blast,European Canker(Nectria), ShootBlast(Pseudomonas)

Apple Scab, Fire Blight

Apple Scab

Fire Blight

Collar Rot, CrownRot

Almond,Apricot,Cherry, Plum, Prune

Apple

1.75-3.5

2.25-3.5

5.25-7

1.75

1.25

1-1.25

1.75

1.5

1.5

6.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

18

18

16

16

16

16

16

5

5

n/a

5

5

5

5

Make an application at bud swell upto early bloom for early season dis-ease suppression. Apply before fullbloom. Use the higher rates whenrainfall is heavy and disease pres-sure is high. NOTE: To avoid plantinjury, do not use after full bloom.Use the higher rates when condi-tions favor disease development.

Apply at petal fall as well as one totwo times after petal fall. Use thelower rates where disease infectionis light and use the higher rates fora dormant application or where dis-ease infection is moderate toheavy. Do not apply to sweet cher-ry or the English Morello variety assevere injury will result. The addi-tion of 1 to 3 pounds of hydratedlime per pound of BADGE X2may reduce crop injury.NOTE: Moderate to severe injurysuch as leaf spotting and defolia-tion may occur from post-bloomapplications.

Apply before fall rains. Use thehigher rate when conditions favordisease development. NOTE: Useon yellow varieties may cause dis-coloration. To avoid discoloration,pick before spraying.

Make application between silver-tipand green-tip. Apply as a full-coverspray for early season disease sup-pression. NOTE: Moderate tosevere crop injury may occur fromlate application; discontinue usewhen green-tip reaches ½ inch.

Extended spray schedule wherefruit finish is not a concern: Contin-ued application may be made at 5to 7 day intervals or as neededbetween ½ inch green-tip and firstcover spray. NOTE: Moderate tosevere crop injury may result fromthis extended spray schedule. It isnot intended for fresh marketapples or fresh apples where fruitfinish is a concern as it is likely tocause fruit russetting. The additionof 1 to 3 pounds of hydrated limeper pound of BADGE X2 mayreduce crop injury.

Mix in 100 gallons of water. Apply 4gallons of suspension as a drenchon the lower trunk area of eachtree. Apply in early spring or in fallafter harvest for best results. Donot apply to foliage or fruit. NOTE:Do not use if soil pH is below 5.5since copper toxicity may result.


7A


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Anthracnose, Blotch, Scab

Sigatoka (Black and Yellow)

Black Pitting

Black Pod

Coffee BerryDisease(Colletotrichumcoffeanum)

Bacterial Blight(Pseudomonassyringae)

Leaf Rust (Hemileiavastatrix)

Iron Spot(Cercosporacoffeicola), PinkDisease(Corticiumsalmonicolor)

Avocado

Banana

Cacao

Coffee

3.5-5.25

0.75

1.75

0.75-3.75

2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5

0.75-1.75

0.75

3.15

0.8

1.05

2.25

2.1

2.1

1.6

0.8

18.9

18.9

18.9

15.75

12.6

12.6

12.6

2.4

14

7

7

14

14

14

14

28

Apply when bloom buds begin toswell and continue application atmonthly intervals for five to sixapplications. Use the higher rateswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

Apply by air in 3 gallons of water. Ifneeded, agricultural-type spray oilmay be added. Apply on a 14 dayschedule or as needed throughoutthe wet season. Apply at 21 dayintervals or as needed during dryperiods.

Mix in 100 gallons of water. Apply tothe fruit stem and the basal portionof the leaf crown. Apply during thefirst and second weeks after fruitemergence.

Begin applications at the start ofthe rainy season and continuewhile infection conditions persist.Apply 0.75 to 2 pounds at 14 to 21day intervals or as needed depend-ing on disease severity. For drierareas, make two to four applica-tions using 2.5 to 3.75 pounds peracre according to disease inci-dence and planting density. Usethe higher rates when conditionsfavor disease development.

Apply first spray after flowering andbefore onset of long rains and thenat 21 to 28 day intervals until pick-ing. Use the higher rates when con-ditions favor disease development.

Begin spray program before theonset of long rainy periods andcontinue throughout the rainy sea-son at 14 to 21 day intervals or asneeded. The critical time of spray-ing to control this disease is justbefore, during and after flower-ing(s) especially when coincidingwith wet weather. Use the higherrates when rainfall is heavy anddisease pressure is high.

Apply before the onset of rain andthen at 21 day intervals or as need-ed while the rains continue. Use thehigher rates when rainfall is heavyand disease pressure is high.

Use concentrate or dilute spray.Begin treatment at the start of wetseason and continue at monthlyintervals for three applications.


7A


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Bacterial Blight

Eastern FilbertBlight

Anthracnose

Olive Knot,Peacock Spot

Bacterial Blast(Pseudomonas),Bacterial Canker,Bacterial Spot,(Xanthomonas),Coryneum Blight(Shot Hole), LeafCurl

Blossom BrownRot, CoryneumBlight (Shot Hole),Leaf Curl

Bacterial Spot

Fire Blight

Filbert

Mango*

Olive

Peach,Nectarine

Pear

7-10.5

7-10.5

2-4

3.5-5.25

3.5-7

3.5-5.25

0.5

0.5

6

6

2.6

3.15

6.4

1.5

0.4

0.4

24

24

18.2

6.3

18

18

18

16

14

14

30

30

7

5

5

5

Apply as a postharvest spray. Inseasons of heavy rainfall apply asecond spray when three-fourths ofthe leaves have dropped. Use thehigher rates when rainfall is heavyand disease pressure is high. Ifneeded, agricultural-type spray oilmay be added. Use only in thestates of Oregon and Washington.

Apply as a dilute spray in adequatewater for thorough coverage. Makeapplications starting at bud swell tobud break and continue at 2 weekintervals or as needed until earlyMay. Thorough coverage is essen-tial. Use the higher rates when rain-fall is heavy and disease pressureis high. If needed, agricultural-typespray oil may be added. Use onlyin the states of Oregon and Wash-ington.

Apply monthly after fruit set untilharvest. Use the higher rates whenrainfall is heavy and disease pres-sure is high.

Make first application before winterrains begin. A second application inearly spring should be made if dis-ease is severe. Apply the higherrates for heavy disease pressure orwhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

Make first application before fallrains and a second at late dormant.For peach leaf curl, late dormantapplication must be made beforeleaf buds swell. Use the higherrates when rainfall is heavy anddisease pressure is high. If needed,agricultural-type spray oil may beadded.

Full cover spray at pink bud. Usethe higher rates when conditionsfavor disease development.

Post-bloom application applied atfirst and second cover sprays.NOTE: Do not spray 3 weeksprior to harvest. Use only recom-mended rates. Spotting of leavesand defoliation may occur fromuse in cover sprays.

Apply at 5 day intervals or as need-ed throughout the bloom period.NOTE: Russetting may occur incopper sensitive varieties. Exces-sive dosages may cause fruit rus-set on any variety.


7A


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Blossom Blast(Pseudomonas)

Kernel Rot, ShuckRot (Phytophthoracactorum), ZonateLeaf Spot(Cristulariellapyramidalis)

Ball Moss*Spanish Moss*

BotryosphaeriaPanicle and ShootBlight, BotrytisBlight, Late Blight(Alternariaalternata),Septoria LeafBlight

Fire Blight

Walnut Blight

Pear

Pecan

Pistachio

Quince*

Walnut

5.25-7

0.75-1.75

2.5-3.5

1.75-3.5

0.5

3.5-5.25

6.4

1.6

2.1

2.1

0.4

3.15

16

8.4

8.4

8.4

16

25.2

n/a

14

365

14

5

7

Apply before fall rains and againduring dormancy before springgrowth starts. Use the higher rateswhen disease pressure is high orwhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

For suppression, apply in sufficientwater to ensure complete spraycoverage at 2 to 4 week intervals oras needed starting at kernel growthand continue until shucks open.Use the higher rates and shorterspray intervals if frequent rainfalloccurs.

Apply in 100 gallons of water in thespring when ball moss is activelygrowing, using 1 ½ gallons of sprayper foot of tree height. Make sure towet ball moss tufts thoroughly. Theaddition of a nonionic surfactant willimprove control. A second applica-tion may be required after 12months.

Make initial application at bud swelland repeat on a 14 to 28 dayschedule or as needed. If diseaseconditions are severe, use thehigher rates and shorter sprayintervals.

Apply at 5 day intervals or as need-ed throughout the bloom period.Apply in adequate water for thor-ough coverage.

Apply first spray at early pre-bloomprior to or when catkins are partial-ly expanded. Make additional appli-cations during bloom and early nut-let stage or as needed when fre-quent rainfall or extended periodsof moisture occur. Thorough cover-age of catkins, leaves and nutlets isessential for effective control. Usethe higher rates when conditionsfavor disease development. NOTE:Adequate control may not beobtained when copper tolerantspecies of Xanthomonas bacteriaare present.

*Except California


7A


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Brown Spot,Common Blight,Halo Blight

Cercospora LeafSpot

Alternaria LeafSpot, CercosporaLeaf Spot

Bacterial Blight,Cercospora EarlyBlight, SeptoriaLate Blight

Black Leaf Spot(Alternaria), BlackRot(Xanthomonas),Downy Mildew

Alternaria LeafSpot, AngularLeaf Spot,Anthracnose,Downy Mildew,Gummy StemBlight, PowderyMildew,WatermelonBacterial FruitBlotch(Suppression)

Alternaria Blight,Anthracnose,Phomopsis

Bacterial Blight,Downy Mildew,Purple Blotch

Bean (Dry, Green)

Beet (TableBeet, BeetGreens)

Carrot

Celery,Celeriac*

Crucifers(Broccoli,BrusselsSprout,Cabbage,Cauliflower,CollardGreens,MustardGreens,TurnipGreens)

Cucurbits(Cantaloupe,Cucumber,Honeydew,Pumpkin,Squash,Muskmelon,Watermelon)

Eggplant

Onion, Garlic

0.5-1.25

0.75-2

0.75-1.5

0.75

0.5-0.75

0.5-1.25

0.75

0.75

0.79

1.31

0.8

0.8

0.53

1.05

0.79

1

4.74

7.86

5

5.3

2.65

5.25

7.9

6

7

10

7

7

7

5

7

7

For protective sprays, make firstapplication when plants are 6 inch-es high; repeat on a 7 to 14 dayschedule or as needed dependingon environmental conditions. Usethe higher rates for more severedisease pressure.

Begin applications when conditionsfirst favor disease developmentand repeat at 10 to 14 day intervalsor as needed. Use the higher rateswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

Begin applications when diseasefirst threatens and repeat at 7 to 14day intervals or as needed depend-ing on disease severity. Use thehigher rates when conditions favordisease development.

Begin applications as soon asplants are first established in thefield, repeating at 5 to 7 day inter-vals or as needed depending ondisease severity and environmentalconditions.

Apply at 7 to 10 day intervals or asneeded. Begin application aftertransplants are set in the field orshortly after emergence of fieldseeded crops or when conditionsfavor disease development. Usethe higher rates when conditionsfavor disease development.NOTE: Reddening of older leavesmay occur on broccoli and a fleck-ing of wrapper leaves may occur oncabbage.

Begin applications prior to diseasedevelopment and continue whileconditions are favorable for dis-ease development. Repeat spraysat 5 to 7 day intervals or as needed.Use the higher rates when condi-tions favor disease development.NOTE: Crop injury may occur fromapplication at higher rates andshorter intervals. Discontinue use ifinjury occurs.

Begin applications prior to develop-ment of disease symptoms. Repeatsprays at 7 to 10 day intervals or asneeded depending on diseaseseverity.

Begin when plants are 4 to 6 inch-es high and repeat at 7 to 10 dayintervals or as needed dependingon disease severity. Can causephytotoxicity to leaves.

VEGETABLES


7A


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Powdery Mildew

Anthracnose,Bacterial Spot,Cercospora LeafSpot

Anthracnose, BlueMold, CercosporaLeaf Spot, WhiteRust

Anthracnose,Bacterial Speck,Bacterial Spot,Early Blight, GrayLeaf Mold, LateBlight, SeptoriaLeaf Spot

Cercospora LeafSpot

Pea

Pepper

Spinach

Tomato

Watercress*

0.5-1.25

0.75-1.25

0.75-1.25

0.75-1.75

0.75

0.79

0.79

0.79

0.53

0.53

3.95

11.85

3.95

17.4

2.12

7

3

7

3

7

Begin applications when diseasesymptoms first appear and repeatat weekly intervals or as needed.Use the higher rates when condi-tions favor disease development.

Begin applications when conditionsfirst favor disease developmentand repeat at 7 to 10 day intervalsor as needed depending on dis-ease severity. Use the higher rateswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

Begin application when diseasefirst appears or when conditionsfavor disease development.Repeat at 7 to 10 day intervals oras needed. Use the higher rateswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment. NOTE: Flecking mayoccur on spinach leaves.

Begin application when diseasefirst threatens and repeat at 5 to 10day intervals or as needed depend-ing on disease severity. Use thehigher rates when conditions favordisease development

Begin applications when plants arefirst established in the field, repeat-ing at 7 to 14 day intervals or asneeded depending on diseaseseverity. Do not exceed four appli-cations per crop. Apply usingground spray equipment at no lessthan 50 gallons of spray solutionper acre.

*Except California


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Black Rot, Downy Mildew,Phomopsis, Powdery Mildew

Downy Mildew

Grape

Hops

0.75-1.75

0.75

1.6

0.53

20

2.65

3

10

Begin applications at bud breakwith subsequent applicationsthroughout the season dependingon disease severity. Use the higherrates when conditions favor dis-ease development. NOTE: Foliageinjury may occur on copper sensi-tive varieties such as Concord,Delaware, Niagara and Rosette.Either test for sensitivity or add 1 to3 pounds of hydrated lime perpound of BADGE X2.

Make crown treatment after prun-ing, but before training. After train-ing, additional treatments are need-ed at about 10 day intervals.NOTE: Discontinue use 2 weeksbefore harvest.

VINES


7A


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Erwinia herbicola,Pseudomonasfluorescens,Pseudomonassyringae

Kiwi 3.5 2.1 6.3 30 Apply in 200 gallons of water peracre. Make applications on amonthly basis. A maximum of threeapplications may be made.


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Anthracnose

Anthracnose

Downy Mildew

Phoma Leaf Spot,RhizoctoniaFoliage Blight

Alternaria LeafBlight, Stem Blight

Atemoya*

Carambola*

Chives*

Dill*

Ginseng

1.5-2

2.5-3.5

0.75

0.75-1.25

1-1.75

1.6

2.1

0.53

0.79

1.05

12.6

10.5

2.65

3.95

5.25

7

7

7

7

7

Make initial application just beforeflowering and repeat on a weeklyschedule until just before harvest.Apply in sufficient water for thor-ough coverage. Use the higherrates for severe disease.

Make initial application just beforeflowering and repeat on a weeklyschedule until just before harvest.Apply in sufficient water for thor-ough coverage. Use the higherrates for severe disease.

Begin applications when plants areestablished in the field. Repeatapplications every 7 to 10 days oras needed depending on diseaseconditions.

Begin applications when plants arefirst established in the field andrepeat at 7 to 10 day intervals or asneeded depending upon diseaseseverity and environmental condi-tions. Use the higher rates whenconditions favor disease develop-ment.

Use as a tank mix with 2 poundsRovral® 50W in 100 gallons ofwater. Use in accordance with themost restrictive of label limitationsand precautions. No label dosagerates should be exceeded. Thisproduct cannot be mixed with anyproduct containing a label prohibi-tion against such mixing. BeginBADGE X2-Rovral applications assoon as plants have emerged inspring. Application should berepeated every 7 days or as need-ed until plants become dormant infall. Apply fungicides at least 8hours before rain. Use of a spread-er-sticker or sticker is advised.NOTE: Alternaria Leaf and StemBlight is most severe in humid con-ditions such as those found in thedense canopies of 2 to 4 year oldGinseng. It is very important thatthe stems be thoroughly coveredwith fungicide; therefore, use aspray apparatus which distributesthe fungicide throughout thecanopy.

MISCELLANEOUS CROPS


7A


PRODUCT/A)

MAX. APP.RATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MAX. ANNUALRATE

(LBS Cu2+/A)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Anthracnose, RedAlgae

Anthracnose

Anthracnose

PhytophthoraBlight (P. capsici), Raceme Blight(Botrytis cinerea)

Algal Leaf Spot,Anthracnose

Anthracnose

Bacterial Blight(Pseudomonassp.)

Anthracnose

Anthracnose

Anthracnose

Guava

Litchi*

Macadamia

MameySapote*

Papaya*

Parsley*

PassionFruit*

Sugar Apple*(Annona)

Sycamore

1.25-2

1.25-2

2.5-4

1.25-2.5

2.5-3.5

1.75-4.25

1.25

2.5-4

5.25-7.75

0.75-1.25

1.23

1.23

2.36

2.36

2.1

2.63

1

2.36

3.15

1.2

4.92

4.92

9.44

9.44

8.4

21.2

2

9.44

12.6

3.6

7

7

7

7

14

14

10

7

7

7

Make initial application just beforeflowering and repeat on a weeklyschedule until just before harvest.Apply in sufficient water for thor-ough coverage. Use the higherrates for severe disease pressure.

Make initial application just beforeflowering and repeat on a weeklyschedule until just before harvest.Apply in sufficient water for thor-ough coverage. Use the higherrates for severe disease pressure.

Initiate sprays at first sign of flower-ing and repeat on weekly scheduleuntil just before harvest. Apply insufficient water for thorough cover-age. Use the higher rates forsevere disease pressure.

Apply during raceme developmentand bloom periods. Apply in suffi-cient water for thorough coverage.Use the higher rates when condi-tions favor disease development.

Apply when conditions favor dis-ease development. Repeat on 14to 30 day schedule as diseaseseverity and environmental condi-tions dictate. Use the higher rateswhen conditions favor diseasedevelopment.

Apply before disease appears.Apply at 14 day intervals or asneeded. The addition of anapproved spreader is desirable.Use the higher rates when condi-tions favor disease development.

Begin applications when plants arefirst established in the field andrepeat at 10 day intervals as need-ed depending on disease severityand environmental conditions.

Make initial application just beforeflowering and repeat on a weeklyschedule until just before harvest.Apply in sufficient water for thor-ough coverage. Use the higherrates when conditions favor dis-ease development.

Make initial application just beforeflowering and repeat on a weeklyschedule until just before harvest.Apply in sufficient water for thor-ough coverage. Use the higherrates when conditions favor dis-ease development.

Apply as a full cover spray in 100gallons of water or sufficient vol-ume for thorough coverage. Makefirst application at bud crack andsecond application 7 to 10 dayslater at 10% leaf expansion. Usethe higher rates when conditionsfavor disease development.

*Except California


7A

DISEASECROP APP. RATE(TBSP

PRODUCT/1000 SQ. FT.)

MAX. APP.RATE (TBSPCu2+/1000 SQ.

FT.)

MAX. ANNUALRATE (TBSPCu2+/1000 SQ.

FT.)

MINIMUMRETREATMENT

INTERVAL(DAYS)

COMMENTS

Brown Rot, CitrusCanker, GreasySpot, Melanose,Pink Pitting, Scab

Angular LeafSpot, Downy Mildew

Alternaria Blight, Anthracnose,Phomopsis

Bacterial Spot

Anthracnose,Bacterial Speck,Bacterial Spot,Early Blight, GrayLeaf Mold, LateBlight, SeptoriaLeaf Spot

Citrus (Non-BearingNursery)

Cucumber

Eggplant

Pepper

Tomato

1.2

0.5-0.8

0.5

0.6

0.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

9.5

4

6

9

13

7

5

7

3

3

Begin applications when conditionsfavor disease development.Repeat sprays at 30 day intervalsor as needed depending on dis-ease severity.

Apply weekly when plants begin tovine. Use the higher rates whenconditions favor disease.

Begin applications prior to develop-ment of disease symptoms. Repeatsprays at 7 to 10 day intervals or asneeded depending on diseaseseverity.

Begin applications when conditionsfirst favor disease developmentand repeat at 3 to 10 day intervalsor as needed depending on dis-ease severity.

Begin applications when diseasefirst threatens and repeat at 3 to 10day intervals or as needed depend-ing on disease severity.

GREENHOUSE AND SHADEHOUSE CROPS

Notice to User: BADGE X2 may be used in greenhouses and shadehouses to control disease on crops which appear on this label andspecific instructions have been developed for the crops listed. The grower should bear in mind that the sensitivity of crops grown in gre-enhouses and shadehouses differs greatly from crops grown under field conditions. Neither the manufacturer nor seller has determinedwhether or not BADGE X2 can be used safely on all greenhouse and shadehouse grown crops. The user should determine if BADGE X2can be used safely prior to commercial use. In a small area, apply the recommended rates to the plants in question, i.e., foliage, fruit, etc.,and observe for 7 to 10 days for symptoms of phytotoxicity prior to commercial use.

Apply BADGE X2 according to specific rates given for those crops in pounds per acre. One and a half (1.5) level tablespoons of BADGEX2 per 1000 square feet is equivalent to 2 pounds per acre. BADGE X2 should be applied in adequate water for thorough coverage ofplant parts. Begin application at first sign of disease and repeat at 7 to 14 day intervals or as needed; use shorter spray intervals duringperiods when severe disease conditions persist.

Lichens*: To control lichens on any of the conifers above, apply 3.5 pounds of BADGE X2 per acre as a dormant application before newgrowth emerges in the spring. The addition of a non-ionic surfactant (NIS) will improve control. A second application may be required after12 months. NOTE: Do not buffer or combine with emulsifiable concentrate insecticides.* Except California

For use on conifers, including Douglas Fir, Fir*, Juniper, Leyland Cypress*, Pine* and Spruce*, in Christmas tree plantings, forest standsand silviculture nurseries. For control of foliar diseases, apply BADGE X2 as a thorough cover spray at rates ranging from 0.75 to 1.75pounds per acre. Begin applications in the spring at the initiation of new growth and repeat at 2 to 4 week intervals or as needed. Use thehigher rates when disease pressure is severe or when environmental conditions favor disease development. There is a maximum appli-cation rate of 2.0 lbs Cu2+/A with a maximum annual rate of 20 lbs Cu2+/A with a minimum retreatment interval of 7 days.

BADGE X2 is recommended for use on the listed conifers for control of the following diseases:

CROP LATIN NAME DISEASE

Douglas Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Rhabdocline Needlecast

Fir* Abies spp. Needlecasts

Juniper Juniperus spp. Anthracnose, Phomopsis Twig Dieback*

Leyland Cypress* X Cupressocyparis leylandii Cercospora Needle Blight

Pine* Pinus spp. Needlecasts

Spruce* Picea spp. Needlecasts

CONIFERS


7A

ORNAMENTALS

Use BADGE X2 for control of bacterial and fungal diseases of foliage, flowers and stems on ornamentals in greenhouses, shadehouses,outdoor nurseries, and outdoor landscape plantings. For ornamental crops in dormancy, apply as a thorough cover spray at rates ranging from 1.5 to 5 pounds per acre of BADGE X2. Whennew growth is present, apply as a thorough cover spray at rates ranging from 1.5 to 2 pounds per acre of BADGE X2. One and a half (1.5)level tablespoons of BADGE X2 per 1000 square feet is equivalent to 2 pounds per acre. Begin application at first sign of diseaseand repeat at 7 to 14 day intervals or as needed; use the higher rates and shorter spray intervals during periods of frequent rains or whensevere disease conditions persist.

Unless otherwise noted, the maximum single application rate is 2 pounds of Cu2+ per acre and the maximum annual rate is 20pounds of Cu2+ per acre. The minimum retreatment interval is 7 days.

BADGE X2 may be used alone or in combination with other fungicides registered for use on ornamentals as a maintenance spray. Use inaccordance with the most restrictive of label limitations and precautions. No label dosage rates should be exceeded. This product cannotbe mixed with any product containing a label prohibition against such mixing.

Notice to User: Plant sensitivities to BADGE X2 have been found to be acceptable for the specific genera and species listed on this labelunder the conditions tested. However, phytotoxicity may occur. Due to the large number of species and varieties of ornamental and nur-sery plants and the wide range of growing conditions, it is impossible to test every one for sensitivity to BADGE X2. Neither the manufac-turer nor the seller has determined whether or not BADGE X2 can be safely used on ornamental or nursery plants not listed on this label.The user should determine if BADGE X2 can be used safely prior to commercial use. In a small area, apply the recommended rates to theplants in question, (bedding plants, foliage, etc.), and observe for 7 to 10 days for symptoms of phytotoxicity prior to commercial use.NOTE: This product may be reactive on masonry and metal surfaces such as galvanized roofing. Avoid contact with metal surfaces. Donot spray on cars, houses, lawn furniture, etc.

CROP SCIENTIFIC NAME DISEASE

Aglaonema* Aglaonema spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Althea (Rose of Sharon) Hibiscus syriacus Bacterial Leaf Spot

Andromeda, Japanese* Pieris japonica Leaf Spots, Twig Blight

Aralia Dizygotheca elegantissima Alternaria, Cercospora Leaf Spot, Xanthomonas Leaf Spot

Arborvitae Thuja spp. Alternaria Twig Blight, Cercospora Leaf Blight

Aster* Aster spp. Downy Mildew, Leaf Spots

Azalea 1/ Rhododendron spp. Botrytis Blight, Cercospora Leaf Spot, Phytophthora Dieback, Powdery Mildew

Beech* Fagus spp. Leaf Spots

Begonia Begonia semperflorens Bacterial Leaf Spot (Erwinia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Xanthomonas spp.)

Bougainvillea Bougainvillea spectabilis Anthracnose, Bacterial Leaf Spot

Boxwood* Buxus spp. Leaf Spots

Camellia Camellia japonica, C. sasanqua Anthracnose, Bacterial Leaf Spot

Camphor Tree Cinnamomum camphora Pseudomonas Leaf Spot

Canna Canna spp. Pseudomonas Leaf Spot

Carnation 1/ Dianthus spp. Alternaria Blight, Botrytis Blight, Pseudomonas Leaf Spot

Cedar* Cedrus spp. Tip Blight

Cherry, Nanking* Prumas tomentosa Bacterial Leaf Spot

Chinese Tallow Tree Sapium sebiferum Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas spp., Xanthomonas spp.)

Chrysanthemum 1/ Chrysanthemum morifolium Botrytis Blight, Pseudomonas Leaf Spot, Septoria Leaf Spot

Cotoneaster Cotoneaster spp. Botrytis Blight

Crabapple* Malus spp. Fire Blight

Cypress* Cupressus spp. Twig Blight

Dahilia Dahlia pinnata Alternaria Leaf Spot, Botrytis Gray Mold, Cercospora Leaf Spot

Delphinium* Delphinium spp. Leaf Spots

Dianthus Dianthus spp. Bacterial Soft Rot, Bacterial Spot

Dogwood, Flowering Cornus florida Anthracnose

Dogwood, Kousa* Cornus kousa Fungal Leaf Spot

Douglas Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Rhabdocline Needlecast

Dracaena* Dracaena marginata Bacterial Leaf Spot

Dumb Cane* Dieffenbachia spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot


7A


Dusty Miller Senecio cineraria Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas cichorii)

Echinacea Echinacea spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas cichorii)

Elm, Chinese Ulmus parvifolia Xanthomonas Leaf Spot

Euonymus Euonymus spp. Anthracnose, Botrytis Blight

Fern, Boston* Nephrolepis exaltata Bacterial Leaf Spot

Fern, Holly Crytomium falcatum Pseudomonas Leaf Spot

Fig, Weeping* Ficus benjamina Bacterial Leaf Spot

Filbert (Ornamental)* Corylus spp. Filbert Blight

Fir* Abies spp. Needlecasts

Gardenia Gardenia jasminoides Alternaria Leaf Spot, Botrytis Bud Rot, Cercospora Leaf Spot

Geranium Pelargonium spp. Alternaria Leaf Spot, Botrytis Gray Mold, Cercospora Leaf Spot

Gladiola Gladiolus spp. Alternaria Leaf Spot, Anthracnose, Bacterial Leaf Blight, Botrytis Gray Mold

Golden Rain Tree Koelreuteria paniculata Bacterial Leaf Spot

Grape Ivy* Cissus spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Hawthorn* Crataegus spp. Fire Blight

Hibiscus 4/ Hibiscus spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Holly* Ilex spp. Bacterial Blight, Leaf Spots

Honeylocust* Gleditsia triacanthos Bacterial Leaf Spot

Honeysuckle, Tatarian* Lonicera tatarica Bacterial Leaf Spot

Impatiens Impatiens sallerana Bacterial Leaf Spot

Indian Hawthorn 5/ Raphiolepis indica Anthracnose, Entomosporium Leaf Spot

Iris 6/* Iris spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Ivy (English, Algerian) 1/ Hedera helix, H. canariensis Xanthomonas Leaf Spot

Ixora Ixora coccinea Xanthomonas Leaf Spot

Juniper Juniperus spp. Anthracnose, Phomopsis Twig Dieback*

Lantana Lantana camera Bacterial Leaf Spot

Leyland Cypress* X Cupressocyparis leylandii Cercospora Needle Blight

Lilac Syringa spp. Cercospora Leaf Spot, Pseudomonas Blight*

Lily, Easter 2/ Lilium longiflorum Botrytis Blight

Linden* Tilia spp. Anthracnose, Leaf Blight

Loblolly Bay Gordonia lasianthus Anthracnose

Loquat Eriobotrya japonica Colletotrichum spp., Entomosporium maculata

Magnolia (Southern) Magnolia grandiflora Algal Leaf Spot, Anthracnose, Bacterial Leaf Spot

Magnolia (Sweet Bay) Magnolia virginiana Anthracnose

Magnolia (Oriental) Magnolia soulangiana Bacterial Leaf Spot

Mandevilla Mandevilla spp. Anthracnose

Maple* Acer spp. Pseudomonas Leaf Blight

Marigold Tagetes spp. Alternaria Leaf Spot, Botrytis Leaf Rot, Cercospora Leaf Spot, Flower Rot

Mountain-Ash* Sorbus spp. Fire Blight

Mulberry, Contorted* Morus bombycis Bacterial Leaf Spot

Mulberry, Weeping Morus alba Bacterial Leaf Spot

Narcissus* Narcissus spp. Leaf Blight

Nephthytis* Syngonium podophyllum Bacterial Leaf Spot

Oak* Quercus spp. Leaf Spots

Oak, Laurel Quercus laurifolia Algal Leaf Spot (Cephaleuros virescens)

Oleander Nerium oleander Bacterial Leaf Spot, Fungal Leaf Spot

Oregon Grapeholly* Mahonia acquifolium Leaf Spots


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Pachysandra Pachysandra procumbens Volutella Leaf Blight

Palm, Date Phoenix canaries Pestalotia Leaf Spot

Palm, European Fan Chamaerops humilis Pestalotia Leaf Spot

Palm, Parlor* Chamaedorea elegans Bacterial Leaf Spot

Palm, Queen Arecastrum romanzoffianum Exosporium Leaf Spot, Phytophthora Bud Rot

Palm, Washingtonia Washingtonia robusta Pestalotia Leaf Spot

Peach (Flowering) 3/* Prunus spp. Bacterial Blast, Brown Rot, Fire Blight

Pear (Flowering) Pyrus calleryana Fire Blight, Leaf Spot

Pentas (Egyptian Star) Pentas spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas spp.*, Xanthomonas spp.)

Peony Paeonia spp. Botrytis Blight

Periwinkle Catharanthus roseus, Vinca spp. Phomopsis Stem Blight

Philodendron Philodendron selloum Bacterial Leaf Spot

Phlox Phlox spp. Alternaria Leaf Spot

Photinia (Red Tip) Photinia x fraseri, P. glabra Anthracnose, Entomosporium Leaf Spot

Pine* Pinus spp. Needlecasts

Pistachio Pistacia chinensis Anthracnose

Plantain Lily 6/ Hosta spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Plum (Flowering) 3/* Prunus spp. Bacterial Blast, Bacterial Leaf Spot, Brown Rot, Fire Blight

Pothos* Scindapsus spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Powder Puff Plant Calliandra spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Pyracantha Pyracantha spp. Fire Blight, Scab

Rhododendron Rhododendron spp. Alternaria Flower Spot

Rose 1/ Rosa spp. Black Spot, Powdery Mildew

Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus Anthracnose, Dieback, Downy Mildew

Spathe Flower* Spathiphyllum spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Spirea* Spiraea spp. Fire Blight

Spruce* Picea spp. Needlecasts

Sycamore Platanus spp. Anthracnose, Leaf Spots*

Tulip Tulipa spp. Anthracnose, Botrytis Blight

Umbrella Tree* Schefflera spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Verbena Verbena spp. Xanthomonas Leaf Spot

Viburnum Viburnum odoratissimum, AnthracnoseV. suspensum, V. plicatum

Viola (Pansy, Violet) Viola spp. Downy Mildew

Willow Salix spp. Anthracnose

Yew* Taxus spp. Needle Blight

Yucca (Adam’s Needle) Yucca spp. Cercospora Leaf Spot, Septoria Leaf Spot

Zinnia* Zinnia spp. Leaf Spots

* Except California

1/ Can cause discoloration of foliage and/or blooms on some varieties. To prevent residues on commercial plants, do not spray imme-diately before selling season.

2/ Apply at 4.5 to 7.5 pounds per acre. The maximum single application rate is 2.5 pounds of Cu2+ per acre. The maximum amount ofmetallic copper which may be applied in a 12 month period is 75 pounds of Cu2+ per acre. Do not apply any additional copper pesti-cide to this land for 36 months.

3/ Apply dormant through bloom only.4/ Hibiscus - Do not apply to plants in flower.5/ For Indian Hawthorne use 3 to 6 pounds per acre.6/ Some cultivars may be sensitive to BADGE X2.NOTE: Phytotoxicity may depend on varietal differences. If unfamiliar with the use of BADGE X2, apply the recommended rate to a fewplants and observe after 7 to 10 days for symptoms of phytotoxicity.


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STORAGE AND DISPOSALDo not contaminate water, food, or feed through storage and disposal.

Pesticide Storage: Store under well-vented, cool and dry storage conditions. Do not store under moist conditions.

Pesticide Disposal: Wastes resulting from the use of this product must be disposed of on site or at an approved waste disposal

facility.

Container Type: This is a nonrefillable, non-rigid container (bag). Do not reuse or refill this container.

Container Disposal: Empty the package completely. Then dispose of the empty container according to state and local regulations.

Place in trash or offer for recycling if available or return it to the Seller, or, if allowed by state and local autho-

rities, by burning. If burned stay out of smoke.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY AND LIABILITY

Read the entire label before using this product, including this Limitation of Warranty and Liability.

If the terms are not acceptable, return the product at once unopened for a refund of the purchase price.

This Company warrants that this product conforms to the chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit for the purposes set forthin the Directions for Use, subject to the inherent risks described below, when used in accordance with the Directions for Use under nor-mal conditions.TO THE EXTENT CONSISTENT WITH APPLICABLE LAW, ISAGRO MAKES NO OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FIT-NESS OR MERCHANTABILITY OR ANY OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY.

Buyers and Users of this product must be aware that there are inherent unintended risks associated to the use of this product, indepen-dent from the control of Isagro. These risks include, but are not limited to, weather conditions, soil factors, moisture conditions, diseases,irrigation practices, condition of the crop at the time of application, materials which are present in the tank mix with this product or prior tothe application of it, cultural practices or the manner of use or application, all risks which are impossible to eliminate. The Buyers andUsers should be aware that these factors may cause: ineffectiveness of the product, reduction of harvested yield of the crop (entirely orpartially), crop injury or injury to non-target crops or plants or to rotational crops caused by carryover in the soil, resistance of the targetdiseases to this product. Therefore additional care, treatment and expense are required to take the crop to harvest.

If the Buyer does not agree with the acceptance of these risks, then THE PRODUCT SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED.To the extent consistent with applicable law, by applying this product the Buyer acknowledges and accepts these inherent unintended risksand AGREES THAT ALL SUCH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE APPLICATION AND USE ARE ASSUMED BY THE BUYER.

To the extent consistent with applicable law, in no event shall ISAGRO or Seller be liable for any incidental, consequential or special dama-ges resulting from the use or handling of this product (including claims based in contract, negligence, strict liability, other tort or otherwi-se). To the extent consistent with applicable law, the exclusive remedy of the User or Buyer and the exclusive Liability of Isagro or Sellershall be the return of the purchase price of the product, or at the election of Isagro or Seller, the replacement of the product.

To the extent consistent with applicable law, this Company does not warrant any product reformulated or repackaged from this productexcept in accordance with this Company’s stewardship requirements and with express written permission from this Company.

Isagro or its Seller must have prompt notice (within 7 days of observation) of any claim so that an immediate inspection of Buyer’s or Use-r’s growing crops can be made. To the extent consistent with applicable law, if Buyer and User do not notify Isagro or Seller of any claims,in proper time, it shall be barred from obtaining any remedy.

To the extent consistent with applicable law, by applying this product the Buyers and Users are deemed to have accepted the terms of thisLimitation of Warranty and Liability, which may not be modified by any verbal or written agreement.

Alliete is a registered trademark of Bayer CropScience.Badge is a registered trademark of Isagro USA Curtec is a registered trademark of Curtec Corporation.Kentan is a registered trademark of Isagro S.p.A.Rovral is a registered trademark of Bayer CropScience.Tre-Hold is a registered trademark of Amvac Chemical Corporation

ESL020409 REV030509

Control of Ball Moss*, Spanish Moss* and Lichens* on Ornamentals and Shade Trees: Apply BADGE X2 in early spring when treesare dormant. Apply 9 to 12 pounds of BADGE X2 in 100 gallons of water, using 1 ½ gallons of spray per foot of tree height. Be sure to tho-roughly wet ball moss tufts, Spanish moss or lichens. The addition of a non-ionic surfactant will improve control. A second application maybe required after 12 months.

NOTE: BADGE X2 may be injurious to some ornamental plants growing beneath the trees. This product may be reactive on masonry andmetal surfaces such as galvanized roofing. Avoid contact with metal surfaces. Do not spray on cars, houses, lawn furniture, etc.

Cold Storage Protection for Dormant Rootstock*: To protect bare-root nursery trees from Phytophthora Crown Rot and Botrytis, use 4to 6 pounds of BADGE X2 per 100 gallons of water. Apply as a dip or spray to the roots and lower stems of dormant rootstock prior to pla-cing in cold storage. Do not apply to rootstock less than 2 years old.*Except California


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NET CONTENTS:50 lbs.

Manufactured for:

ALBAUGH, INC.1525 NE 36th StreetAnkeny, Iowa 50021

FOR CHEMICAL SPILL, LEAK, FIRE, OR EXPOSURE, CALL CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300

AD071211

BASIC COPPER 53ACTIVE INGREDIENT:Basic Copper Sulfate (CAS # 1344-73-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.33%*OTHER INGREDIENTS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.67%

TOTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.00%

(*Metallic copper equivalent ........ 53.0%)

EPA Reg. No. 45002-8 EPA Est. No. 45002-MEX-2


WARNING – AVISOSi usted no entiende la etiqueta, busque a alguien para que se la explique a usted en detalle.

(If you do not understand the label, find someone to explain it to you in detail).

FIRST AIDIF IN EYES: • Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes.

• Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then con-tinue rinsing eye.

• Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.

IF SWALLOWED: • Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice.• Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow.• Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by the poison control

center or doctor.• Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

IF ON SKIN OR • Take off contaminated clothing.CLOTHING: • Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15-20 minutes.

• Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.

IF INHALED: • Move person to fresh air.• If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial

respiration, preferably mouth-to-mouth, if possible.• Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.

Have the product container or label with you when calling a poison control center or doctor, orgoing for treatment. You may also contact 1-800-424-9300 for emergency medical treatmentinformation.

NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Probable mucosal damage may contraindicate the use of gastric lavage.See Inside Booklet for Additional Precautionary Statements.

See inside booklet for additional PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS.

SPECIMENLABEL

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HAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALSWARNING

Causes substantial but temporary eye injury. Harmful if swallowed. Harmful if absorbed through skin. Harmful if inhaled. Do not get in eyes or on clothing. Avoid con-tact with skin. Avoid breathing dust.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTSome materials that are chemical-resistant to this product are barrier laminate, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber, PVC and viton. If you want more options,follow the instructions for category A on an EPA chemical-resistance category selection chart.

Mixers, loaders, applicators and other handlers must wear the following:1. Long-sleeved shirt and long pants2. Chemical resistant gloves made of any waterproof material3. Shoes plus socks4. Protective eyewear

Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE sep-arately from other laundry. Discard clothing and other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product's concentrate. Do notreuse them.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDSThis pesticide is toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates and may contaminate water through runoff. This product has a potential for runoff for several months or moreafter application. Poorly draining soils and soils with shallow water tables are more prone to produce runoff that contains this product. Drift and runoff may be haz-ardous to aquatic organisms in water adjacent to treated areas.

Do not apply directly to water, to areas where surface water is present, or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when dis-posing of equipment washwater or rinsate.

DIRECTIONS FOR USEIt is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.

Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during appli-cation. For any requirements specific to your State or Tribe, consult the agency responsible for pesticide regulation.

ENGINEERING CONTROL STATEMENTWhen handlers use closed systems, enclosed cabs, or aircraft in a manner that meets the requirements listed in the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for agri-cultural pesticides [40 CFR 170.240 (d)(4-6)], the handler PPE requirements may be reduced or modified as specified in the WPS.

USER SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONSUsers should: 1. Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet.2. Remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing.3. Remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change intoclean clothing.

AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTSUse this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. This standard contains requirements for the pro-tection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses, and handlers of agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for training,decontamination, notification, and emergency assistance. It also contains specific instructions and exceptions pertaining to the statements on this label aboutpersonal protective equipment (PPE), and restricted-entry interval. The requirements in this box only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the WorkerProtection Standard.

Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 48 hours provide the following instructions are followed.

Notify workers of the application by warning them orally and by posting warning signs at the entrances to treated areas.

Not for greenhouse use.

PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated,such as plants, soil, or water, is:• Coveralls over long-sleeved shirt and pants• Chemical resistant gloves made of any waterproof material• Chemical resistant footwear plus socks• Chemical resistant headgear if overhead exposure• Protective eyewear

NON-AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTSThe requirements in this box apply to uses of this product that are NOT within the scope of the Worker Protection Standard for agricultural pesticides (40 CFRPart 170). The WPS applies when this product is used to produce agricultural plants on farms, forests, nurseries, or greenhouses.

Do not enter or allow others to enter until sprays have dried.

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GENERAL CHEMIGATION INSTRUCTIONSDo not apply this product through any irrigation system using aluminum parts or components as damage to the system may occur. Such application is prohibitedregardless of whether the irrigation system is flushed with water after use of this product.

Apply this product only through one or more of the following types of systems: sprinkler including center pivot, lateral move, end tow, side (wheel) roll, traveler, biggun, solid set, or hand move irrigation system(s) which contain no aluminum parts or components. Do not apply this product through any other type of irrigation sys-tem.

Crop injury, lack of effectiveness, or illegal pesticide residues in the crop can result from nonuniform distribution of treated water. If you have questions about cali-bration, you should contact State Extension Service specialists, equipment manufacturers or other experts. Do not connect an irrigation system (including greenhousesystems) used for pesticide application to a public water system unless the pesticide label-prescribed safety devices for public water systems are in place.

A person knowledgeable of the chemigation system and responsible for its operation, or under the supervision of the responsible person, shall shut the system downand make necessary adjustments should the need arise.

CHEMIGATION SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMSPublic water system means a system for the provision to the public of piped water for human consumption if such system has at least 15 service connections or reg-ularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year.

Chemigation systems connected to public water systems must contain a functional, reduced-pressure zone, backflow preventer (RPZ) or the functional equivalent inthe water supply line upstream from the point of pesticide introduction. As an option to the RPZ, the water from the public water system should be discharged intoa reservoir tank prior to pesticide introduction. There shall be a complete physical break (air gap) between the outlet end of the fill pipe and the top or overflow rimof the reservoir tank of at least twice the inside diameter of the fill pipe.

The pesticide injection pipeline must contain a functional, automatic, quick closing check valve to prevent the flow of fluid back toward the injection pump.

The pesticide injection pipeline must contain a functional, normally closed, solenoid-operated valve located on the intake side of the injection pump and connectedto the system interlock to prevent fluid from being withdrawn from the supply tank when the irrigation system is either automatically or manually shut down.

The system must contain functional interlocking controls to automatically shut off the pesticide injection pump when the water pump motor stops, or in cases wherethere is no water pump, when the water pressure decreases to the point where pesticide distribution is adversely affected.

Systems must use a metering pump, such as a positive displacement injection pump (e.g., diaphragm pump) effectively designed and constructed of materials thatare compatible with pesticides and capable of being fitted with a system interlock.

Do not apply when wind speed favors drift beyond the area intended for treatment.

SPRINKLER CHEMIGATIONThe system must contain a functional check valve, vacuum relief valve, and low-pressure drain appropriately located on the irrigation pipeline to prevent water sourcecontamination from backflow.

The pesticide injection pipeline must contain a functional, automatic, quick-closing check valve to prevent the flow of fluid back toward the injection pump.

The pesticide injection pipeline must also contain a functional, normally closed, solenoid-operated valve located on the intake side of the injection pump and con-nected to the system interlock to prevent fluid from being withdrawn from the supply tank when the irrigation system is either automatically or manually shut down.

The system must contain functional interlocking controls to automatically shut off the pesticide injection pump when the water pump motor stops.

The irrigation line or water pump must include a functional pressure switch which will stop the water pump motor when the water pressure decreases to the pointwhere pesticide distribution is adversely affected.

Systems must use a metering pump, such as a positive displacement injection pump (e.g. diaphragm pump) effectively designed and constructed of materials thatare compatible with pesticides and capable of being fitted with a system interlock.

Do not apply when wind speed favors drift beyond the area intended for treatment.

To mix Basic Copper 53 for application, add it to the pesticide supply tank containing sufficient water to maintain a pumpable fluid for your equipment. Continuousagitation is required in the pesticide supply tank until it is completely empty.

If other known compatible pesticides or products are tank-mixed, add this product and other wettable powders first to the water, followed by flowables, liquids, andlastly emulsifiable products. This product can be mixed with other fungicides or insecticides. Basic Copper 53 may be used alone or in combination with other fungi-cides and insecticides with caution until experience with tank mix is developed. Observe all cautions and limitations stated on the label of product used in the tankmixtures. Tank mixes must observe the more restrictive uses of the directions. In lateral move, end tow, side (wheel) roll, solid set, or hand move systems inject theproduct in the last 15 to 30 minutes to each set allowing sufficient time for all of the required pesticide to be applied by all sprinkler heads. In continuous moving sys-tems, inject this product-water mixture continuously applying the labeled rate per acre for that crop. In continuous moving systems, best disease control results whenwater applications are low, but do not exceed one inch per acre.

SPRAY DRIFT MANAGEMENTA variety of factors including weather conditions (e.g., wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity) and the method of application (e.g., ground, aer-ial, airblast, chemigation) can influence pesticide drift. The applicator must evaluate all factors and make appropriate adjustments when applying this product.

Droplet SizeApply only as a medium or coarser spray (ASAE standard 572) or a volume mean diameter of 300 microns or greater for spinning atomizer nozzles.

Wind SpeedDo not apply at wind speeds greater than 15 mph. Only apply this product if the wind direction favors on-target deposition (approximately 3 to 10 mph), andthere are no sensitive areas within 250 feet downwind.

Temperature InversionsIf applying at wind speeds less than 3 mph, the applicator must determine if a) conditions of temperature inversion exist, or b) stable atmospheric conditionsexist at or below nozzle height. Do not make applications into areas of temperature inversions or stable atmospheric conditions.

STORAGE AND DISPOSALDo not contaminate water, food, or feed by storage or disposal.

PESTICIDE STORAGE: Keep in a cool place. Do not store at temperatures below 32°F. Open dumping is prohibited. Do not reuse empty container.

PESTICIDE DISPOSAL: Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation of Federal law.If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the HazardousWaste representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance.

CONTAINER DISPOSAL: Non-refillable container. Do not reuse or refill this container. Offer for recycling, if available or dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or incin-eration or if allowed by state and local authorities by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

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Other State and Local RequirementsApplicators must follow all state and local pesticide drift requirements regarding application of copper compounds. Where states have more stringent regula-tions, they must be observed.

EquipmentAll aerial and ground application equipment must be properly maintained and calibrated using appropriate carriers or surrogates.

For aerial application:The boom length must not exceed 75% of the wingspan or 90% of the rotor blade diameter.

Release spray at the lowest height consistent with efficacy and flight safety. Do not release spray at a height greater than 10 feet above the crop canopy unlessa greater height is required for aircraft safety.

When applications are made with a crosswind, the swath must be displaced downwind. The applicator must compensate for this displacement at the up anddownwind edge of the application area by adjusting the path of the aircraft upwind.

For groundboom application:Do not apply with a nozzle height greater than 4 feet above the crop canopy. Handlers may be in the area during application.

DIRECTIONS FOR DILUTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USEMixing Sprays: Fill the spray tank about 1/3 full of water and with agitator running, add the required amount of Basic Copper 53. Keep agitator running whileadding the remaining water and any other products to the spray tank. Continue agitation until spraying is finished and tank has been emptied. When mixed withother products proven or known to be compatible, generally add wettable powders first, followed in order by flowables, followed by emulsifiable concentrates.

Applying Spray Mixture: On most crops, sprays can be applied with conventional dilute sprays in aerial application unless specifically prohibited on the label.Recommended use rates are generally stated in lbs. of Basic Copper 53 per acre sprayed. When using each type of sprayer, follow that equipment manufacturer'srecommendation, or that of the State Extension Service for the volume of spray water per acre on each crop. Mix the recommended lbs. of Basic Copper 53 foreach crop in sufficient spray water for thorough coverage of the crop to be sprayed. The following spray volumes are general suggestions for use.

For Conventional dilute spray: Apply spray to point of spray runoff. On vegetable and field crops this is usually 100 or more gallons per acre and 250 to about1000 gallons per acre for fruits and nuts depending on tree type, size and foliage.

For concentrate spray: On vegetable and field crops, use 5 or more gallons spray per acre, and on fruit and nut trees use 25 or more gallons per acre.

For aerial spray: Use 3 to 15 gallons per acre. Note: Be sure aerial application spray concentration will not harm foliage.

Basic Copper 53 can be applied up to day of harvest.

ALFALFA

DISEASE APPLICATION RATE(lbs product/Acre)

MINIMUM DAYSRETREATMENT INTERVAL COMMENT

Cercospora Leaf Spot Leptosphaeruiina Leaf Spot

1.0(0.53 lbs Cu/A)

30 Apply 10 to 14 days before each harvest or earlier if diseasethreatens. NOTE: Spray injury may occur with sensitive varieties such as Lahontan.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.0 lbs product/Acre (0.53 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 2.1 lbs product/Acre (1.12 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

APPLES - Fall & Late Dormant


MINIMUM DAYSRETREATMENT INTERVAL COMMENT

Anthracnose European CankerPseudomonas Syringae

8.0 – 15.0*(4.24 - 8.0 lbs Cu/A)

Only one dormant applicationallowed per season

Apply after harvest before fall rains. Use higher rates undersevere disease conditions.

*Do not apply more than 11.3 lbs of product/Acre (6.0 lbsCu/A) if between silver-tip and green-tip stage.

ALMONDS


MINIMUM DAYS RETREATMENT INTERVAL COMMENT

Dormant Season:

Bacterial Blast (Pseudomonas) Bacterial Canker Shot-Hole

10.0 – 15.0(5.3 - 8.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 Make first application before fall rains and a second at latedormant. Use higher rates when rainfall is heavy and diseasepressure is high. One pint of superior-type oil per 100 gallonsof water may be added.

Bloom/growing Season:

Bacterial Blast

2.0 – 2.8(0.1.06 - 1.48 lbs Cu/A)

5 For bacterial blast control in sprinkler irrigated orchards orwhere disease is severe, apply 1.5 to 2.8 pounds of productper acre post-bloom at 2 week intervals or just before irrigation.

NOTE: Injury may occur from post-bloom sprays on almonds,especially on neplus varieties.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant application rate is 15.0 lbs product/Acre (8.0 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single bloom/growing application rate is 2.8 lbs product/Acre (1.5 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 34.0 lbs product/Acre (18.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

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ATEMOYA, SUGAR APPLE (Annona)



Anthracnose 4.0 – 5.9(2.12 - 3.15 lbs Cu/A)

7 Make initial application just before flowering and repeat on aweekly schedule.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant application rate is 5.9 lbs product/Acre (3.15 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 23.7 lbs product/Acre (12.6 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

APRICOTS



Dormant Season:

Coryneum blight (Shot-Hole)

10.0 – 15.0(5.3 - 8.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 Apply as a dormant spray.

Use the higher rate when rainfall is heavy and/or diseasepressure is high.

Bloom/growing season:

Coryneum Blight(Shot-Hole)

Blossom Brown Rot

2.0 – 2.8(1.06 - 1.5 lbs Cu/A)

5 Apply at popcorn to full bloom as a full cover spray.

To avoid spray injury, do not apply after bloom.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 15.0 lbs product/Acre (8.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing season application rate is 2.8 lbs product/Acre (1.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 34.0 lbs product/Acre (18.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

AVOCADOS



AnthracnoseBlotchScab

5.0 – 5.9(2.65 - 3.15 lbs Cu/A)

14 Apply when bloom buds begin to swell. Continue applicationat 2 - 4 week intervals.

Use higher rates when conditions favor disease development.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 5.9 lbs product/Acre (3.15 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 35.6 lbs product/Acre (18.9 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

BANANA



Sigatoka 1.0 – 2.0(0.53 - 1.05 lbs Cu/A)

7 Apply by air in 10 gallons of water combining 0.5 gallon ofagricultural oil.

Apply on a 7-14 day schedule throughout the wet season.Apply at 21-day intervals during dry periods.

Black Pitting 1.0 – 2.0(0.53 - 1.05 lbs Cu/A)

7 Apply by ground in 100 gallons of water and apply directly tothe fruit stem and include the basal portion of the leaf crown.

Apply during the first and second weeks after fruit emergence.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant application rate is 2.0 lbs product/Acre (1.05 lb. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 35.6 lbs product/Acre (18.9 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

APPLES - Bloom & Growing SeasonFireblight

0.9 - 2.8(0.48 - 1.5 lbs Cu/A)

5

ATTENTION: Phytotoxicity may occur from late application(Discontinue use when green-tip is 1/2 inch)

Black RotBlack PoxBrooks SpotFlyspeckSooty BlotchSummer ScabWhite Rot

Recommended for processing apples only as fruit russetingand leaf spotting are likely to occur.

NOTE: Do not apply prior to 4th cover spray and make only 2applications in rotation with other registered fungicides. Useof copper on weak or stressed trees can increase potential forleaf spotting.

Crown Rot Collar Rot

See Comment Make only one application per year

Mix 0.4 lbs of product (0.21 lbs Cu) in 100 gallons of water.Apply 4 gallons of suspension as a drench on the lower trunkarea of each tree. Apply either in early spring or in late fallafter harvest.

NOTE: Do not use if soil pH is below 5.5 since copper toxicity may result

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 15.0 lbs product/Acre (8.0 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing season application rate is 2.8 lb/A (1.5 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 30.0 lbs product/Acre (16.0 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)

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BRAMBLES (Aurora, Blackberry, Boysen, Cascasde, Chehalems, Logan, Marion, Raspberry, Santiam & Thornless Evergreens)



Anthracnose Cane SpotLeaf Spot Pseudomonas BlightPurple Blotch Yellow Rust

2.0 – 3.7(1.06 - 2.0 lbs Cu/A)

7

Make fall application after harvest. Apply delayed dormantspray after training in the spring.

Anthracnose Cane SpotLeaf Spot Pseudomonas BlightPurple Blotch Yellow Rust

Apply when leaf buds begin to open and repeat when lowerbuds show white.

NOTE: Crop injury may occur if applied to foliage under cer-tain environmental conditions such as hot or prolonged moistenvironmental conditions. Discontinue applications if signs ofcrop injury appear.


CRUCIFERS (Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Collard Greens, Mustard Greens, & Turnip Greens



Downy MildewBlack Leaf Spot (Alternaria) Black Rot (Xanthomonas)

1.0(0.53 lbs Cu/A)

7 Apply in a minimum of 25 GPA at 7-10 day intervals.

Begin applications after transplants are set in the field orshortly after emergence of field seeded crops or when condi-tions favor disease development. Use higher rates whenconditions favor disease.

NOTE: Reddening of older leaves may occur on broccoli anda flecking of wrapper leaves may occur on cabbage.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.53 lbs metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 5.0 lbs product/Acre (2.65 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

CACAO



Black Pod 3.0 – 4.2(1.59 - 2.25 lbs Cu/A)

14 Begin applications at the start of the rainy season and continue while infection periods persist. Apply at 14-21 dayintervals in high rainfall areas.


BEANS (Dry, Green)



Bacterial Blight (Halo & Common)

Brown Spot Common BlightDowny Mildew

1.5(0.79 lbs Cu/A)

7 For protective sprays, make first application when plants are6 inches high; repeat on a 7-14 day schedule depending uponenvironmental conditions.


BLUEBERRIES



Bacterial Canker 2.0 – 3.9(1.06 - 2.1 lbs Cu/A)

7 Make first application before fall rains and a second applica-tion 4 weeks later.

Make additional applications if disease pressure persists.


7A

CELERY & CELERIAC



Bacterial BlightCercospora Early Blight Septoria Late Blight

1.0 – 1.9(0.53 - 1.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin applications when plants are first established In thefield, repeating at 7 day intervals depending on disease severity and environmental conditions.


CHERRY



Dormant & Late Bloom Season:

Dead Bud (Pseudomonas syringae) Coryneum Blight

10.0 – 15.0(5.30 - 8.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 In orchards where the disease is severe a second sprayshould also be applied shortly after harvest.

Bloom & Growing Season:

Brown Rot Blossom

2.0 – 2.8(1.06 - 1.5 lbs Cu/A)

5 Applied at popcorn and full bloom.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 15.0 lbs product/Acre (8.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing season application rate is 2.8 lbs product/Acre (1.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 33.9 lbs product/Acre (18.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

CHIVES



Downy Mildew 1.0(0.53 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin applications when plants are established in the field.Repeat applications every 7-10 days as dictated by diseaseconditions. If disease pressure is high, use the shorter sprayinterval.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.53 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 5.0 lbs product/Acre (2.65 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

CARROTS



Carrot Blight (Cercospora) 1.0 - 1.9(0.53 - 1.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 When disease threatens, apply at 7-10 day intervals.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.9 lbs Product/Acre (1.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 9.4 lbs Product/Acre (5.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

CARAMBOLA




7 Make initial application just before flowering and repeat on aweekly schedule until just before harvest. Apply in sufficientwater for thorough coverage.


CITRUS (Grapefruit, Kumquat, Lemon, Orange, Pummelo, Tangelo, Tangerine & Lime)



Melanose ScabPink PittingGreasy SpotBrown RotAlternaria

4.0 – 5.9(2.12 - 3.15 lbs Cu/A)

7 Apply as pre-bloom and post-bloom sprays.

May be used in dilute or concentrate sprays at equivalentrates. For concentrate application use a minimum 10 gallonsper acre.

For Scab suppression, make 2 applications, one just beforetrees begin to flush and repeat at 2/3 petal fall.

For Melanose, make application 1-3 weeks after petal fall andrepeat 14 days later if necessary.

7

(continued)

7A

COFFEE



Coffee Berry Disease 2.0 – 3.9(1.06 - 2.1 lbs Cu/A)

14 Apply first spray after flowering and before onset of rains andthen at 21-28 day intervals until picking.

Bacterial Blight Begin spray program applications before the onset of therains and continue throughout the rainy season at 14-21 dayintervals. The critical time of spraying to control this diseaseis just before, during, and after flowering especially whencoinciding with wet weather.

Leaf Rust(Hemileiavastatrix)

2.0(1.06 lbs Cu/A)

Apply before the onset of rain and then at 21-day intervalswhile the rains continue.

Iron Spot (Cercospora)Pink Disease (Corticium)

1.0 – 2.0(0.53 - 1.06 lbs Cu/A)

Use concentrate or dilute spray. Begin treatments at the startof the wet season and continue at monthly intervals for threeapplications.

NOTE: Use higher rates or shorter intervals when rainfall is heavy and disease pressure is high.


CRANBERRIES



Bacterial Canker 3.0 – 3.9(1.59 - 2.1 lbs Cu/A)

7 Make first application in late bloom. One or two additionalapplications at 7-14 day intervals may be required depending upon disease severity.

Rose Bloom Apply three sprays on 7-14 day schedule as soon as symptoms are observed.

Bacterial Stem Canker Apply postharvest and again in spring before bud burst. Oneor two additional applications at 7-14 day intervals may berequired depending upon disease severity.

Leaf Blight Red Leaf Spot Stem Blight Tip Blight (Monilinia)

Apply delayed dormant spray in the spring. Repeat at 7-14day intervals as needed through pre-bloom.


CITRUS (Grapefruit, Kumquat, Lemon, Orange, Pummelo, Tangelo, Tangerine & Lime) (continued)



Citrus Canker (SUPPRESSION ONLY)

5.9(3.15 lbs Cu/A)

7 Spraying flushes 7-14 days after shoots begin to grow.

Young fruit may need additional application. Number and tim-ing of applications will depend on disease pressure.

Under heavy disease pressure, each flush of new growthshould be sprayed.


CUCURBITS (Cantaloupes, Casaba, Chayote, Cucumber, Guard, Honeydew, Muskmelon, Pumpkin, Squash & Watermelon)



Alternaria Leaf SpotAngular Leaf Spot AnthracnoseDowny MildewPowdery MildewGummy Stem BlightWatermelon Bacterial

Fruit Blotch(suppression)

2.0(1.05 lbs Cu/A)

5 Begin application when conditions are favorable for disease development. Repeat at 5-10 day intervals.

Use higher rates when conditions favor disease.

NOTE: Crop injury may occur from application at higher ratesand shorter intervals.

Discontinue use if injury occurs.


8

7A

DOUGLAS FIR



Rhabdocine Needlecast 3.7(2.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin applications at bud break and repeat at 7-28 day inter-vals based on disease pressure and environmental conditions.Apply in a tank mix with another registered compatible fungi-cide if moderate to severe disease pressure is present.


EGGPLANT



Alternaria BlightAnthracnosePhomopsis

1.5(0.79 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin applications prior to development of disease symptoms.

Repeat sprays at 7 - 10 day intervals as needed dependingon disease severity.


ENDIVE, ESCAROLE, LETTUCE



Downy Mildew 1.0 – 1.9(0.53 - 1.01 lbs Cu/A)

5 Begin treatment when disease first appears and repeat every5 - 10 days as needed to suppress disease.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.9 lbs product/Acre (1.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 15.0 lbs product/Acre (8.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

FILBERTS



Bacterial Blight

(Post Harvest application)

8.0 – 11.3(4.24 - 6.0 lbs Cu/A)

14 Apply as a post harvest spray. In seasons of heavy rainfall,apply a second spray when three fourths of the leaves havedropped. Add 1 pint of superior-type oil per 100 gallons ofwater. Use higher rates when rainfall is heavy and diseasepressure is high.

Eastern Filbert Blight Apply as a dilute spray in adequate water for thorough cover-age. Make initial application after harvest in October beforewinter rains begin. The next application should be made inlate February to early March followed by another application 1month later. If desired, add 1 pint of a sticking agent or supe-rior-type oil per 100 gallons of water. Use higher rates whenrainfall is heavy and disease pressure is high.

DILL



Phoma Leaf Spot 1.0 – 1.5(0.53 - 0.79 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin applications when plants are first established in the fieldand repeat at 7-10 day intervals depending upon diseaseseverity and environmental conditions. If disease pressure ishigh, use the shorter spray interval and the higher rate.


CURRANTS & GOOSEBERRY



Anthracnose Leaf Spot

4.7 - 7.5(2.5 - 4.0 lbs Cu/A)

10 Make applications, starting after harvest, before bloom andafter petal fall.

Continue on a 10-14 day schedule during wet conditions inthe spring.

Make an additional application after harvest.


9

(continued)

7A

GUAVA



Anthracnose Red Algae

2.0 – 2.3(1.06 - 1.23 lbs Cu/A)

7 Make initial application just before flowering and repeat on aweekly schedule until just before harvest. Apply in sufficientwater volume for thorough coverage.


GRAPES



Black Rot Downy Mildew Phomopsis Powdery Mildew

4.0 – 5.6(2.1 - 3.0 lbs Cu/A)

3 Begin applications at late dormant up to bud break with sub-sequent applications throughout the season depending upondisease severity.

NOTE: Foliage injury may occur on copper sensitive varietiessuch as Concord, Delaware, Niagara, and Rosette.


HOPS



Downy Mildew 1.0(0.53 lbs Cu/A)

10 Make crown treatment after pruning, but before training. After training, make additional applications at 10 day intervals asneeded.


KIWIS



Erwinia herbicola Pseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas syringae

2.0 – 3.9(1.06 - 2.1 lbs Cu/A)

30 Apply in 200 gallons of water per acre. Make applications on amonthly basis. A maximum of three applications may bemade.


FILBERTS (continued)



RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 11.3 lbs product/Acre (6.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 45.2 lbs product/Acre (24.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Note: Permitted only in Washington and Oregon

GINSENG



Alternaria Leaf Blight Stem Blight

1.0 – 2.0(0.53 - 1.05 lbs Cu/A)

7 Use as a tank mix with Rovral 50W in 100 gallons of water.Begin applications as soon as plants have emerged in spring.Applications should be repeated every 7 days until plantsbecome dormant. Apply fungicides at least 8 hours beforerain. Use of a spreader-sticker or sticker is advised.

NOTE: Alternaria Leaf and Stem Blight is most severe inhumid conditions such as those found in the dense canopiesof 2 to 4 year old ginseng. It is very important that the stemsbe thoroughly covered with fungicide; therefore, use a sprayapparatus which distributes the fungicide throughout thecanopy.


10

7A

MAMEY SAPOTE



Algal Leaf Spot Anthracnose

3.0 – 3.9(1.59 - 2.1 lbs Cu/A)

14 Apply when conditions favor disease development. Repeat on 14-28 day schedule as disease severity and environmental conditions dictate. Use higher rates when conditions favor dis-ease development.


MANGO



Anthracnose 4.9 - 6.0(2.6 - 3.2 lbs Cu/A)

30 Apply monthly after fruit set until harvest.

Consult Extension Service for local recommendations.


MACADAMIA



Anthracnose 4.4(2.36 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin applications at first sign of flowering and repeat on aweekly schedule until just before harvest. Apply in sufficientwater for thorough coverage.

Phytophthora Blight(P. capsici)

Raceme Blight (Botrytis cinerea)

1.5 – 3.0(0.79 - 1.59 lbs Cu/A)

Apply during raceme development and bloom periods. Applyin sufficient water for thorough coverage. Use higher rateswhen conditions favor disease development.


OLIVES



Peacock SpotOlive Knot

5.0 – 11.3(2.65 - 6.0 lbs Cu/A)

30 Apply post harvest before winter rains fall. A second applica-tion in early spring should be made if disease is severe. Applythe high rate or heavy disease pressure or when conditionsfavor disease development.


ONION & GARLIC



Purple Blotch Downy Mildew

1.9(1.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin when plants are 4 to 6 inches high and repeat at 7-10day intervals as needed depending upon disease pressure.

NOTE: Can cause phytotoxicity to leaves.


LIVE OAK

DISEASE APPLICATION RATE RETREATMENT INTERVAL COMMENT

Ball mossSpanish moss

Mix 3.0 – 3.7 lbs per 100 gallons of water.

(1.59 - 2.0 lbs Cu)

A second application may berequired after 12 months.

Apply in spring after heavy rain, using 1.5 gallons of spray perfoot of tree height. Make sure to wet tufts thoroughly.

NOTE: Basic Copper 53 may be injurious to some ornamen-tals grown under live oaks.

This product may be reactive on metal and masonry surfacessuch as galvanized roofing. Avoid contact with metal surfaces.Do not spray on cars, houses, lawn furniture, etc.


11

7A

PARSLEY



Bacterial Blight(Pseudomonas sp.)

1.5 – 1.9(0.79 - 1.0 lbs Cu/A)

10 Begin applications when plants are first established in the fieldand repeat at 10 day intervals.

Use the higher rates when conditions favor disease.


PASSION FRUIT




7 Make initial application just before flowering and repeat every7 days until just before harvest. Apply in sufficient water vol-ume for thorough coverage.


PEACHES & NECTARINES



Dormant Season:

Bacterial Blast (Pseudonionas)

Bacterial Canker Bacterial Spot

(Xanthomonas)Leaf Curl

Shot-Hole

10.0 – 15.0 (5.3 - 8.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 Make dormant application after leaf drop and/or prior to budswell. Can be used with superior type oils.


Brown Rot Blossom Blight (California)

2.0 – 2.8(1.06 - 1.5 lbs Cu/A)

5 Apply as a full cover spray at pink bud. (Application at thistime also affords some control of Leaf Curl and CoryneumBlight).

NOTE: Do not spray later than three weeks prior to harvest.Do not use at rates above those recommended.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant application rate is 15.0 lbs product/Acre (8.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing application rate is 2.8 lbs product/Acre (1.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 34.0 lbs product/Acre (18.0 metallic copper equivalent)

PEANUTS



Cercospora Leaf Spot 1.5(0.79 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin spraying 25-40 days after planting or when diseasesymptoms appear.

Use sufficient water to get adequate coverage. Continue applications at 7-14 day intervals.

Reduce spray interval to 7 days during humid weather.

Use higher rates when conditions favor disease.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.5 lbs product/Acre (0.79 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 8.9 lbs product/Acre (4.74 metallic copper equivalent)

PAPAYA




14 Begin application before disease is expected to appear.

Repeat at 14 day intervals.

Use the higher rates when conditions favor disease.

The addition of a suitable spreader-sticker, such as Kinetic®,may be desirable especially during periods of heavy rains.


12

7A

PEARS & QUINCE




Fireblight

1.0(0.53 lbs Cu/A)

5 Apply at 5 day intervals throughout bloom period.

NOTE: Do not apply to d'Anjou pears. Excessive dosagesmay cause fruit russet.

Fall & Late Dormant:

Pseudomonas blight

7.5 – 15.0(4.0 - 8.0 lbs Cu/A)

Only one dormant applicationallowed per season

Apply before fall rain begins.

NOTE: Excessive dosages may cause fruit russet.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 15.0 lbs product/Acre (8.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing season application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.53 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 30.0 lbs product/Acre (16.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

PEAS



Powdery Mildew 1.5 (0.79 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin applications when disease symptoms first appear andrepeat every 7 days as needed. Use higher rates when condi-tions favor disease development.


PECANS



Shuck and Kernel rot (Phytophthora cactorum)

Zonate leaf spot (Cristulariella pyramidalis)

2.0 – 3.9(1.06 - 2.1 lbs Cu/A)

14 Apply in sufficient water for good coverage at 14-28 dayintervals starting at kernel growth and continuing until shucksopen.

Use the higher rate and shorter intervals if frequent rainfalloccurs.

Mosses AlgaeLichen

See Comment Make only one application per year

Mix 3 lbs (1.59 lbs Cu) per 100 gallons spray plus spreader-sticker, such as Kinetic®, on a dilute spray basis and apply indormant season before buds swell, thoroughly wetting limbsand mosses.


PEPPERS



Bacterial Spot 1.5 (0.79 lbs Cu/A)

3 Begin applications when conditions first favor disease devel-opment and repeat at 3-10 day intervals as neededdepending on disease severity. Use shorter intervals whenconditions are favorable for disease development.


PISTACHIOS



Botrycsphaeria Panicle BlightBotrytis BlightLate Blight

(Alternaria alternata)Septoria Leaf Blight Shoot Blight

3.0 – 4.0(1.59 - 2.12 lbs Cu/A)

14 Make initial application at bud swell and repeat on a 14-28day schedule as dictated by disease conditions. If diseaseconditions are severe, use the higher rates and shorter sprayinterval.


PLUMS & PRUNES



Dormant Season:

Coryneum blight (Shot-Hole)

10.0 – 15.0(5.30 - 8.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 Apply as a dormant spray.

Use the higher rate when rainfall is heavy and/or diseasepressure is high.

13

(continued)

7A

SOYBEANS



Bacterial Blight(Pseudomonas syringae)

Bacterial Pustule(Xanthomonas campestris)

1.0 – 1.5(0.53 - 0.79 lbs Cu/A)

7

Begin applications from first node through third node devel-opment on the main stem with fully developed leavesbeginning with true unifoliolate leaves (V1 - V3 growth stages)or when extended periods of wet weather are favorable fordisease development. Continue on a 7-10 day schedule whenconditions continue to favor disease development.

Brown Spot (Septoria glycines)

Begin applications at full bloom to when pods are 3/16" inlength (R2 - R3 growth stages) or when extended periods ofwet weather are favorable for disease development. Continueon a 7-10 day schedule when conditions continue to favor dis-ease development.

Pod & Stem Blight(Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicola]

Begin applications when seed pod is 1/8" long through begin-ning pod maturity (R5 - R7 growth stages) or when extendedperiods of wet weather are favorable for disease development.Continue on a 7-10 day schedule if conditions continue tofavor disease development.

Powdery Mildew(Microsphaera manshurica)

Begin applications when conditions favor disease develop-ment (cool humid nights and mild daytime temperatures).Continue on a 7-10 day schedule if weather conditions remaincool and wet.

Downy Mildew(Peronospora manchurica)

Begin applications when conditions favor disease develop-ment (high humidity and cool temperatures). Continue on a7-10 day schedule if weather conditions remain cool and wet.

Frogeye Leaf Spot(Cercospora sojina)

Begin applications when wet conditions exist. Continue on a7-10 day schedule when conditions are favorable for disease development.

Cercospora Leaf Blight(Cercospora kikuchii)

Begin applications when seed pod is 1/8" long through begin-ning pod maturity (R5 - R7 growth stages). Continue on a 7-10day schedule when conditions are favorable for disease development.

Alternaria Leaf Spot(Alternaria spp.)

Apply when mechanical injury, insect damage or other diseasehas occurred.


POTATOES



Early & Late Blight 3.0 – 4.7(1.59 - 2.5 lbs Cu/A)

5 Apply at 5-10 day intervals beginning when plants are 6inches high until two weeks before harvest.


PLUMS & PRUNES (continued)



Blooming & Growing Season:

Brown rot blossom blight

2.0 – 2.8(1.06 - 1.5 lbs Cu/A)

5 Apply full cover application at pink, red or early white budstage.

Use the higher rate when disease pressure is heavy or conditions favor disease development.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 15.0 lbs product/Acre (8.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing season application rate is 2.8 lbs product/Acre (1.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 34.0 lbs product/Acre (18.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

STRAWBERRIES



Downy MildewLeaf SpotLeaf Blight

2.0 – 2.8*(1.06 - 1.5 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin application when plants are established and continueon a weekly schedule throughout season. Apply in at least 20gallons of water.

NOTE: Discontinue applications if signs of phytotoxicityappear.

*Use higher rates only when disease pressure is severe.


14

7A

SYCAMORE




7 Apply as a full cover spray. Apply in 100 gallons of water orsufficient volume for thorough coverage. Make first applicationat bud crack and second application 7-10 days later (at 10%leaf expansion). Use higher rates when conditions favor dis-ease development.


SUGAR BEETS, TABLE BEETS



Cercospora Leaf Spot 2.0 – 2.5(1.06 - 1.31 lbs Cu/A)

10 Begin applications when conditions first favor disease devel-opment and repeat at 10-14 day intervals as needed. Use thehigher rate when disease is severe.


TOMATOES(Processed)



Early Blight

0.75 – 1.0(0.40 - 0.53 lbs Cu/A)

3

Apply before fall rains.

Use on yellow varieties may cause discoloration. To avoid discoloration, pick before spraying.

Bacterial Speck Apply at 10-30 day intervals beginning when the diseasethreatens.

Use more frequent applications when disease pressure is high.

Bacterial SpotAnthracnoseGray Leaf MoldGray Leaf SpotSeptoria Leaf SpotLate Blight

When disease threatens, apply at 3-10 day intervals.

Use higher rate when disease is severe.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.53 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 32.8 lbs product/Acre (17.4 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

TOMATOES(Fresh Market)



Early Blight

3.0(1.6 lbs Cu/A)

3

Apply before fall rains.

Use on yellow varieties may cause discoloration. To avoid discoloration, pick before spraying.

Bacterial Speck Apply at 10-30 day intervals beginning when the diseasethreatens.

Use more frequent applications when disease pressure is high.

Bacterial SpotAnthracnoseGray Leaf MoldGray Leaf SpotSeptoria Leaf SpotLate Blight

When disease threatens, apply at 3-10 day intervals.

Use higher rate when disease is severe.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 3.0 lb/A (1.6 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 15.0 lbs product/Acre (8.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

15

7A

CONDITIONS OF SALE

LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY AND REMEDIESRead the Conditions of Sale – Warranty and Limitations of Liability and Remedies before using this product. If the terms are not acceptable, return the product,unopened, and the full purchase price will be refunded.

The directions on this label are believed to be reliable and should be followed carefully. Insufficient control of pests and/or injury to the crop to which the product isapplied may result from the occurrence of extraordinary or unusual weather conditions or the failure to follow the label directions or good application practices, all ofwhich are beyond the control of Albaugh, Inc. (the “Company”) or seller. In addition, failure to follow label directions may cause injury to crops, animals, man or theenvironment. The Company warrants that this product conforms to the chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit for the purpose referred to in the direc-tions for use subject to the factors noted above which are beyond the control of the Company. The Company makes no other warranties or representations of anykind, express or implied, concerning the product, including no implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, and no such warranty shallbe implied by law.

To the extent consistent with applicable law, the exclusive remedy against the Company for any cause of action relating to the handling or use of this product shallbe limited to, at Albaugh’s election, one of the following:

1. Refund of the purchase price paid by the buyer or user for product bought, or2. Replacement of the product used.

To the extent consistent with applicable law, the Company shall not be liable and any claims against the Company are waived for special, indirect, incidental, or con-sequential damages or expenses of any nature, including, but not limited to, loss of profits or income. The Company and the seller offer this product and the buyerand user accept it, subject to the forgoing conditions of sale and limitation of warranty, liability and remedies.

WATERCRESS



Cercospora Leaf Spot 1.0(0.53 lbs Cu/A)

7 Begin applications when plants are first established in thefield, repeating at 7-14 day intervals depending on diseaseseverity and environmental conditions. Do not exceed fourapplications per crop. Apply using ground equipment at noless than 50 gallons of water per acre.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.53 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 4.0 lbs product/Acre (2.12 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

WHEAT, OATS, BARLEY



Helminth osporium BlotchHelminthosporium Spot Septoria Leaf Blotch

1.0(0.53 lbs Cu/A)

10 Make first application at early heading and follow with secondspray 10 days later if disease pressure persists.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.53 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 2.0 lbs product/Acre (1.06 lb metallic copper equivalent)

WALNUTS



Walnut Blight 4.0 – 7.5(2.12 - 4.0 lbs Cu/A)

7 Apply first spray at early pre-bloom prior to or when catkinsare partially expanded. Make additional applications at 7-10day intervals during bloom and early nutlet stage as needed iffrequent rainfall occurs. Thorough coverage of catkins, leaves,and nutlets is essential for effective control. When applied as adilute spray, 1 pint of summer oil emulsion may be added per100 gallons.

NOTE: Adequate control may not be obtained when coppertolerant strains of Xanthomonas bacteria are present.


16

7A

Cueva™ Fungicide ConcentrateFlowable Liquid Copper Fungicide

Listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) for use in organic production.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Copper Octanoate............................................................................................................10.0%OTHER INGREDIENTS: .....................................................................................................90.0%TOTAL...............................................................................................................................100.0%

metallic copper equivalent 1.8%

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDRENCAUTION

See Inside Booklet for Additional Precautionary Statements, Directions for Use, and Storage and Disposal Instructions.

Net Contents: 2.5 gallons (9.46L)

EPA REG. NO. 67702-2-70051EPA EST. NO. 48498-CA-1LOT NUMBER

Manufactured forCertis USA, LLC9145 Guilford Rd, Suite 175Columbia, MD 21046

Cueva™ is a trademark of W. Neudorff GmbH KG.

Sold under a license of W. Neudorff GmbH KGAn der Mühle 331860 Emmerthal – Germany

FIRST AID

If in eyes: • Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye.

• Call a Poison Control Center or doctor for treatment advice.

If on skin or clothing:

• Take off contaminated clothing.• Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15-20 minutes.• Call a Poison Control Center or doctor for treatment advice.

If swallowed: • Call a Poison Control Center or doctor immediately for treatment advice.

• Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow.• Do not induce vomiting unless told to by a Poison Control Center or a doctor.

• Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

If inhaled: • Move person to fresh air.• If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferably mouth-to-mouth, if possible.

• Call a Poison Control Center or doctor for further treat-ment advice.

Have the product container or label with you when calling a Poison Control Center or doctor or going for treatment. Hot Line Number 1-800-255-3924

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTSHazards to Humans and Domestic Animals

Caution: Harmful if swallowed, absorbed through skin or inhaled. Wash thor-oughly with soap and water after handling. Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Avoid breathing spray mist. Remove contaminated clothing and wash clothing before reuse.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirements: Some materials that are chemical resistant to this product are listed below. If you want more options, follow the instructions for category A on an EPA chemical-resistance category selection sheet. Applicators and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirts, long pants, chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material, such as

polyvinyl chloride, nitrile rubber or butyl rubber, and shoes plus socks.Follow manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such in-structions for washables, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.

User Safety Recommendations

Users should: • Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet.

• Remove clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing.

• Remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing.

Environmental HazardsThis product may be toxic to fish and aquatic organisms. Do not apply directly to water, to areas where surface water is present, or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water by disposal of equipment washwaters.

STORAGE AND DISPOSALDo not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal.Pesticide Storage: Store in a secure place, away from open fire or flame. Keep container closed and reseal after use. Product may be damaged by freezing. Do not store product below 4˚C. If spilled, use absorbent material and dispose of in an approved manner.Pesticide Disposal: Waste resulting from the use of this product may be dis-posed of on site or at an approved waste disposal facility.Container Handling: Nonrefillable container. Do not reuse or refill this con-tainer. Triple rinse as follows: Empty the remaining contents into application equipment or a mix tank and drain for 10 seconds after the flow begins to drip. Fill the container 1/4 full with water and recap. Shake for 10 seconds. Pour rinsate into application equipment or a mix tank or store rinsate for later use or disposal. Drain for 10 seconds after the flow begins to drip. Repeat this procedure two more times. Then offer for recycling, if available, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or by incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

7A

DIRECTIONS FOR USEIt is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.Do not apply this product in a manner that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected workers may be in the area dur-ing application. For any requirements specific to your State or Tribe, consult the agency responsible for pesticide regulation.Read and follow all applicable directions and precautions on this label before using.

Agricultural Use RequirementsUse this product in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Pro-tection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170. This standard contains requirements for the protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, and green-houses, and handlers of agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontamination, notification, and emergency assistance. It also contains specific instructions and exceptions pertaining to the statements on this label about personal protective equipment (PPE), restricted-entry in-terval, and notification to workers. The requirements in this box only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard (WPS).

Entry Restrictions: Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted-entry interval of 4 hours. PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water is: coveralls, shoes, socks, and chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material such as polyvinyl chloride, nitrile rubber, or butyl rubber.

Non-Agricultural Use RequirementsThe requirements in this box apply to uses of this product that are NOT within the scope of the Worker Protection Standard for agricultural pesticides (40 CFR Part 170). The WPS applies when this product is used to produce agri-cultural plants on farms, forests, nurseries, or greenhouses.Keep unprotected persons out of treated areas until sprays have dried.

GENERAL INFORMATION • CUEVA FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATED can be applied up to the day of harvest • Fixed copper is one of the oldest fungicides and bactericides, used to control a wide range of plant diseases. CUEVA FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE is a pat-ented, fixed copper fungicide, made by combining a soluble copper fertilizer with a fatty acid. The copper and the fatty acid combine to form a copper salt of the fatty acid, known technically as a true soap. The copper soap fungicide controls diseases using low concentrations of copper. The net result is a veg-etable and fruit fungicide. CUEVA FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE decomposes to form soluble copper, and fatty acid, both of which can be used by microbes and plants.

• CUEVA FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE controls diseases of a wide range of plants, including many vegetables and fruit. As with most fungicides, CUEVA FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE acts to protect plants from infection. Therefore, it is important to have CUEVA FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE on the leaf or fruit before the pathogen is able to cause an infection.

- Fruit trees: Controls peach leaf curl, brown rot, fireblight, scab, blossom blight, leaf and fruit spot

- Vegetables: Controls powdery mildew, downy mildew, botrytis, alternaria leaf blight and septoria leaf spot.

- Use as a dormant spray for peach leaf curl • A wide range of bacteria and fungi attack plants, however, they generally only cause a few types of diseases. When using CUEVA FUNGICIDE CONCEN-TRATE, it is important to identify the type of disease in order to use the best method of disease control.

DIRECTIONS FOR USEShake well before use. Most conventional liquid pesticide plant sprayers can be used to apply CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE to plants. A spreader may be used to improve the spreading of CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE on hard-to-wet plants.

Tank Mixing CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE with Other PesticidesRead and follow all applicable directions and precautions on the label of other products before mixing with CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE.CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE can be applied up to day of harvest. When tank mixed with products, do not apply that product closer to harvest than is permitted or stated on the other product’s label.Pour CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE into spray tank at least half filled with water using adequate agitation. When mixed with other products proven or known to be compatible, wettable powders should be added first, followed in order by flowables (such as CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE), then emulsifiable concentrates.

CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE can be mixed with Bravo® (WP, 720, 500), Captan, Daconil® 2787, Ferbam, maneb (WP or flowable), Dithane® M-45, Manzate® 200, sulfur (wettable or flowable), organophosphates, Thiodan®, Ba-cillus thuringiensis Berliner, Guthion®, Pydrin®, Diazinon®, malathion for use on the crops listed on this label, in accordance with the most restrictive of label limitations and precautions. No label dosage rates should be exceeded. This product cannot be mixed with any product containing a label prohibition against such mixing. Do not mix CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE with oil when applied to citrus. Do not mix CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE with che-lated or liquid fertilizers. Use caution when using product with other fungicides and insecticides. Observe all cautions and limitations on all products used in mixtures.

ChemigationApply this product only through sprinkler systems, including center pivot, lateral move, end tow, side (wheel) roll, traveler, big gun, solid set, or hand move. Do not apply this product through any other type of irrigation system.Mix 2 gallons of Cueva in 100 gallons of water in the mixing tank, employing agitation. Apply the Cueva at the end of the irrigation cycle to one acre.Crop injury, lack of effectiveness, or illegal pesticide residues in the crop can result from non-uniform distribution of treated water.If you have questions about calibration, you should contact State Extension Service specialists, equipment manufacturers or other experts.Do not connect an irrigation system (including greenhouse systems) used for pesticide application to a public water system unless the pesticide label-pre-scribed safety devices for public water systems are in place.A person knowledgeable of the chemigation system and responsible for its op-eration, or under the supervision of the responsible person, shall shut the sys-tem down and make necessary adjustments should the need arise.Public water system means a system for the provision to the public of piped water for human consumption if such system has at least 15 service connec-tions or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year.Chemigation systems connected to public water systems must contain a func-tional, reduced-pressure zone, back flow preventer (RPZ) or the functional equivalent in the water supply line upstream from the point of pesticide intro-duction. As an option to the RPZ, the water from the public water system should be discharged into a reservoir tank prior to the pesticide introduction. There shall be a complete physical break (air gap) between the flow outlet end of the fill pipe and the top or overflow rim of the reservoir tank of at least twice the inside diameter of the fill pipe.The system must contain a functional check valve, vacuum relief valve, and low pressure drain appropriately located on the irrigation pipeline to prevent water source contamination from back flow.The pesticide injection pipeline must contain a functional, automatic, quick-closing check valve to prevent the flow of fluid back toward the injection pump.The pesticide injection pipeline must contain a functional, normally closed solenoid-operated valve located on the intake side of the injection pump and connected to the system interlock to prevent fluid from being withdrawn from the supply tank when the irrigation system is either automatically or manually shut down.The system must contain functional interlocking controls to automatically shut off the pesticide injection pump when the water pump motor stops, or in cases where there is no water pump, when the water pressure decreases to the point where pesticide distribution is adversely affected.The irrigation line or water pump must include a functional pressure switch, which will stop the water pump motor when the water pressure decreases to the point where pesticide distribution is adversely affected.Systems must use a metering pump, such as a positive displacement injection pump (e.g., diaphragm pump), effectively designed and constructed of materi-als that are compatible with pesticides and capable of being fitted with a system interlock.Do not apply when wind speed favors drift beyond the area intended for treatment.

Directions for use on Vegetables, Herbs, Field Crops, Nuts, Fruits including Citrus and BerriesMix 0.5 to 2.0 gallons of CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE with 100 gal-lons of water. Apply 50 to 100 gallons of diluted spray per acre. For application by aircraft, apply 5-25 gallons of diluted spray to one acre. For best control, begin treatment 2 weeks before disease normally appears or when weather forecasts predict a long period of wet weather. Alternatively, begin treatment when disease first appears, and repeat at 7- to 10-day intervals for as long as needed. Use the 2.0 gallon rate of CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE, ap-plied every 7 days or less, following heavy rain or when the amount of disease is increasing rapidly. If possible, time applications so that 12 hours of dry weather follow application.

2 (continued on next page)

7A

Crop Disease(s) Controlled Application Notes

Almonds Bacterial spot, bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae), brown rot blossom blight, leaf and fruit spots, Coryneum blight (shot-hole), An-thracnose

For bacterial canker, apply as a dor-mant spray as buds begin to swell, repeating at the bud burst stage, and weekly thereafter as needed, up to six sprays. In fall, spray again at 10% and 80% of leaf fall. For brown rot blossom blight, apply full cover spray at delayed dormant (bud swell), popcorn, full-bloom and petal-fall stages. During wet weather, additional bloom sprays may be necessary.

Blueberries Gray mold, Mucor fruit rot, Rhizopus fruit rot

Apply at the start of flowering and continue every 7 to 10 days until harvest.

Caneberries (Blackberries, Raspberries)

Gray mold, Mucor fruit rot, Rhizopus fruit rot


Citrus (Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, Orange, Pummelo, Tangerine)

Melanose, greasy spot, citrus scab, Alternaria brown spot, red alga (Florida)

Apply 1 to 3 weeks after petal fall. Repeat every 2 weeks if necessary until the fruit is 3 inches in diam-eter. For red alga, apply in spring as a preventative spray. Repeat in summer to control new algal colo-nies. Use Precaution: Do not mix with oil.

Currants, Gooseberries

Powdery mildew

Grapes Downy mildew, black rot, Phomopsis cane, leaf spot, powdery mil-dew, gray mold

Begin treatment when new growth reaches 1/2 inch and repeat at 7- to 14-day intervals throughout the growing season. Use Precau-tion: Do not mix CUEVA™ FUN-GICIDE CONCENTRATE with lime. Certain Vinifera and French Hybrid varieties may be sensitive to cop-per sprays resulting in marginal leaf burn. Before spraying these variet-ies, consult your State Experiment Station or make test sprays.

Pome Fruits (Apples, Pears, Quince)

Anthracnose, cedar ap-ple rust, fireblight, scab, sooty blotch, flyspeck, quince rust

For cedar apple rust, apply every 7 to 10 days from the pink bud stage until 30 days after petal fall. The disease can also be reduced by removing nearby eastern red cedar plants. For fireblight, spray at silver tip and bud break and repeat on 3- to 5-day intervals as needed, up to petal fall. Use Precaution: May cause russeting of susceptible ap-ple varieties. Do not exceed the 1.0 gallon rate.

Strawberries Gray mold, Mucor fruit rot, Rhizopus fruit rot, angular leaf spot, leaf scorch, Mycosphaerella leaf spot, Phomopsis leaf blight, powdery mildew, Septoria leaf spots, Anthracnose fruit rot



Stone Fruits (Apricots, Cherries, Peaches, Nectarines, Plums)

Bacterial spot, bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae), brown rot blossom blight, leaf and fruit spots, Coryneum blight (shot-hole), An-thracnose

For bacterial canker, apply as a dormant spray as buds begin to swell, repeating at the bud burst stage, and weekly thereafter as needed, up to six sprays. In fall, spray again at 10% and 80% of leaf fall. For brown rot blos-som blight, apply full cover spray at delayed dormant (bud swell), popcorn, full-bloom and petal-fall stages. During wet weather, addi-tional bloom sprays may be neces-sary. For peach leaf curl, apply as a dormant spray in late fall during a period of dry weather.

Walnuts Blight Make first application when leaflets start to unfold (prior to but no later than 1% pistulate bloom) and re-peat weekly as needed, especially until seasonal rainfall stops. When rain threatens, additional applica-tions are important, applied before or immediately after the rain.


Artichoke Powdery mildew, bac-terial spot, bacterial soft rot and bottom rot

For powdery mildew, plants that are very susceptible should be sprayed twice a week during the first 2 weeks after emergence, and weekly there-after. On outdoor plants, reapply af-ter rain.

Bean, Pea Anthracnose leaf and fruit spot, Ascochyta leaf and pod spot, bacterial blights (halo, common and brown spot), downy mildew, gray mold (Botrytis), powdery mildew, white mold (Sclerotinia)

For powdery mildew, plants that are very susceptible should be sprayed twice a week during the first 2 weeks after emergence, and weekly thereafter. On outdoor plants, re-apply after rain. For white mold, to prevent floral infection, apply CUE-VA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE at 25% bloom.

Beet, Chard, Spinach

Cercospora leaf spot, downy mildew, pow-dery mildew, white rust

Carrot Alternaria leaf blight, bacterial leaf blight, Cercospora leaf blight

Celery and celeriac

Bacterial leaf spot, Cer-cospora (early) blight, Septoria (late) blight

Corn Alternaria blight, An-thracnose, Ascochyta leaf and pod spot, bacterial blights (halo, common, and brown spot), bacterial leaf spot, downy mildew, gray mold, Southern leaf blight, Cercospo-ra leaf blight

Crucifer Crops (Broc-coli, Brussels Sprouts, Canola, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Kale, Kohlra-bi, Mustard, Pak-choi, Rape, Ruta-baga, Turnip)

Alternaria blight, bac-terial leaf spot, downy mildew, powdery mil-dew, white mold (Scler-otinia)

For white mold, to reduce floral in-fection, apply CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE at 25% bloom.

3(continued on next page)

Fruit and Nut Crops (continued)

Vegetable and Field Crops

Fruit and Nut Crops 7A


Cucurbits (Cucumbers, Cantaloupe, Squash, Pumpkin, Zucchini)

Alternaria blight, scab, angular leaf spot, An-thracnose, downy mildew, gray mold, Ulocladium leaf spot, bacterial spot, pow-dery mildew

On plants that are very susceptible to powdery mildew, such as green-house-grown cucumber, it is best to spray the plants twice a week during the first 2 weeks after emergence, and weekly thereafter. On outdoor plants, reapply after rain.

Ginseng Alternaria blight, Botrytis blight, Phytophthora, powdery mildew

Hop Anthracnose leaf and fruit spot, Cercospora leaf spot, downy mil-dew, powdery mildew

For powdery mildew, plants that are very susceptible should be sprayed twice a week during the first 2 weeks after emergence, and weekly there-after. On outdoor plants, reapply af-ter rain.

Lettuce, Chicory, Endive

Bacterial soft rot and bottom rot, downy mil-dew, powdery mildew, Septoria leaf spot

For powdery mildew, plants that are very susceptible should be sprayed twice a week during the first 2 weeks after emergence, and weekly there-after. Use Precaution: Use lower rate on copper-sensitive varieties of let-tuce.

Onion, Garlic, Leek, Shallot, Chives

Botrytis leaf blight, downy mildew, neck rot, bacterial soft rot

Parsley Leaf scorch, Leaf spot

Peanuts Leaf spots (early and late), web blotch, Sclerotinia blight

For leaf spots and web blotch, begin spray when disease first appears, or for best control begin early, usually 25 to 40 days after emergence and repeat at 10 to 14 days until harvest. For Sclerotinia blight, make first ap-plication at first bloom and repeat every 7 to 14 days until harvest. Use higher rates of CUEVA™ FUNGI-CIDE CONCENTRATE where Scler-otinia blight infection is expected to be heavy.

Tomato, Potato, Egg-plant, Pepper

Anthracnose, bacte-rial speck, bacterial spot, Cercospora leaf spot, early blight, gray mold, late blight, leaf mold, Septoria leaf spot

Use 2 gallons CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE in 50 to 100 gallons of water when spraying to control late blight.

Tobacco Blue mold (downy mil-dew)

CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCEN-TRATE can be used on tobacco in transplant beds or on field-grown plants.

RustTo reduce rust, mow frequently to reduce rust spore production. Water and fer-tilize lawn as required to avoid moisture and nutrient stress. Water before noon to allow grass to dry. Apply CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE when dis-ease first appears, and repeat at 7- to 10-day intervals for as long as needed. In frequently diseased areas, prune adjacent trees and shrubs to reduce turf shading and to improve air movement.

- Fixed copper is one of the oldest fungicides and bactericides used to control a wide range of plant diseases. CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE is a pat-ented, fixed copper fungicide, made by combining a soluble copper fertilizer with a naturally-occurring fatty acid. The copper and the fatty acid combine to form a copper salt of the fatty acid, known technically as a true soap. The cop-per soap fungicide controls many common diseases using low concentrations of copper, down as low as 90 ppm. The net result is an excellent vegetable and fruit fungicide. CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE decomposes to form soluble copper and fatty acid, both of which can be used by microbes and plants.

- CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE controls diseases of a wide range of plants, including many vegetables and fruit. As with most fungicides, CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE acts to protect plants from infection. Therefore, it is important to have CUEVA™ FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE on the leaf, flower or fruit before the pathogen is able to cause an infection.

- Powdery mildews tend to occur on the upper leaf surfaces, as though a white powder was sprinkled onto the plant. Powdery mildews can form a dense, white, cottony mass, making the whole leaf appear white. They are also com-monly found on stems. Powdery mildews rarely kill plants. Most fungal diseas-es require water to infect plants. Powdery mildews are unique in that they do not require water for infection. Shade and dense plantings also promote pow-dery mildew. Powdery mildews commonly occur on the following plants: ap-ple, bean, beet, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, cantaloupe, chard, chicory, chive, cucumber, currant, endive, gooseberry, grape, grasses, hop, kale, kohlrabi, lettuce, pea, pumpkin, rutabaga, spinach, squash, straw-berry, turnip, zucchini and many other plant species.

- Downy mildews tend to occur on the lower leaf surfaces. Downy mildews are much finer than powdery mildews, and appear as fine white cotton, similar to duck down. Downy mildews can rapidly kill plant leaves during wet, cool weather, but are inhibited by hot dry weather. Downy mildews commonly oc-cur on the following plants: bean, beet, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, cantaloupe, chard, chicory, chive, corn, cucumber, endive, garlic, grape, grasses, hop, kale, kohlrabi, leek, lettuce, onion, pea, pumpkin, ruta-baga, shallot, spinach, squash, sunflower, tobacco, turnip, zucchini and many other plant species.

- Leaf and fruit spots are small brown or black spots on the leaf or fruit. They commonly occur on apple and pear (scab), as well as on most of the plants grown around the home and in the garden. These spots can be caused by a range of fungi and bacteria. Leaf and fruit spots are commonly caused by fungi belonging to the following genera: Alternaria, Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Cyl-indrosporium, Gloeosporium, Glomerella, Gnomonia, Marssonia, Mycosphaer-ella (Didymella), Phomopsis, Phyllosticta, Septoria, and Sphaceloma. Spots on leaves and fruit can expand and grow together. Leaf spot pathogens require water to infect plants. During wet weather, spots can develop into a blight very rapidly, killing leaves, flowers and stems.

- Rusts are small orange blisters that appear on plant leaves, and that are full of orange powder. The orange powder is rust spores. Toward the end of the season, black spores are often produced. Rust is commonly found on grasses, currants and many other types of plants.

- Fruit rots commonly occur on strawberries, raspberries, and other fruit. They appear as soft, rotten areas on the fruit. Often the causal fungus can be seen growing and producing spores on the surface of the rotting area. Rots are often caused by fungi belonging to the following genera: Aspergillus, Botrytis, Monilinia, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Sclerotinia.

NOTICE TO BUYERSeller warrants that this product conforms to the chemical description on this label and is reasonably fit for purposes stated on this label only when used in accordance with directions under normal use conditions. This warranty does not extend to use of this product contrary to label directions, or under abnormal use conditions, or under conditions not reasonably foreseeable to the seller. To the extent consistent with applicable law, buyer assumes all risk of any such use. Seller makes no other warranties, either expressed or implied.

22/04(08) asb

4

Vegetable and Field Crops (continued) 7A

NU-COP® HBFUNGICIDE/BACTERICIDE

ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Copper Hydroxide*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77.0% OTHER INGREDIENTS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.0% TOTAL:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100.0%

(*Metallic Copper Equivalent - 50%) *CAS No. 20427-59-2

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDRENDANGER PELIGRO

Si usted no entiende la etiqueta, busque a alguien para que se la explique a usted en detalle. (If you do not understand the label, fi nd someone to explain it to you in detail).

FIRST AIDIF IN EYES: • Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes. • Remove contact lenses, if present, after the fi rst 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye. • Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.IF INHALED: • Move person to fresh air. • If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give artifi cial respiration, preferably mouth-to-

mouth, if possible. • Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice.IF SWALLOWED: • Call a poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. • Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow. • Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by the poison control center or doctor. • Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.IF ON SKIN OR CLOTHING: • Take off contaminated clothing. • Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15-20 minutes. • Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.

Have the product container or label with you when calling a poison control center or doctor, or going for treat-ment. You may also contact 1-800-424-9300 for emergency medical treatment information.

NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Probable mucosal damage may contraindicate use of gastric lavage.

SEE BACK PANEL FOR ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS

EPA Reg. No. 42750-132 EPA Est. No. 45002-MEX-02AD020812

NET CONTENTS: Manufactured For:

Albaugh Inc.1525 NE 36th Street

Ankeny, IA 50021

SPECIMENLABEL

7A

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTSDANGER

Hazards To Humans And Domestic AnimalsDANGER Corrosive. Causes irreversible eye damage. Harmful if swallowed. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Harmful if inhaled. Do not get in eyes or on clothing. Avoid contact with skin. Avoid breathing dust.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTSome materials that are chemical-resistant to this product are barrier laminate, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber, PVC and viton. If you want more options, follow the instructions for category A on an EPA chemical-resistance category selection chart.Mixers, loaders, applicators and other handlers must wear the following:• Long-sleeved shirt and long pants• Chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material• Shoes plus socks• Goggles or face shieldDiscard clothing and other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product’s concentrate. Do not reuse them. Follow manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.

USER SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONSUsers should:• Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. • Remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing.• Remove PPE immediately after handling this product. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDSThis pesticide is toxic to fi sh and aquatic invertebrates and may contaminate water through runoff. This product has a potential for runoff for several months or more after application. Poorly draining soils and soils with shallow water tables are more prone to produce runoff that contains this product. Drift and runoff may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in water adjacent to treated areas.Do not apply directly to water, to areas where surface water is present, or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment washwaters or rinsate.

DIRECTIONS FOR USEIt is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. For any requirements specifi c to your State or Tribe, consult the agency responsible for pesticide regulation.

AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTSUse this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. This Standard contains require-ments for the protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses, and handlers of agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontamination, notifi cation, and emergency assistance. It also contains specifi c instructions and exceptions pertain-ing to the statements on this label about personal protective equipment (PPE) and restricted-entry interval (REI). The requirements in this box only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard.Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 48 hours provide the following instructions are followed. PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water is: • Coveralls• Chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material• Shoes plus socks• Protective eyewear

(Continued)2

7A

AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS (Continued)For Greenhouse Uses ONLY:The 48 hour restricted entry interval (REI) may be reduced to 24 hour REI, provided that the following conditions are met:For at least seven days following the application of copper-containing products in greenhouses:• at least one container or station designed specifi cally for fl ushing eyes is available in operating condition with the WPS-required decontami-

nation supplies for workers entering the area treated with copper-containing products,• workers are informed orally, in a manner they can understand: • that residues in the treated area may be highly irritating to their eyes, • that they should take precautions, such as refraining from rubbing their eyes, to keep the residues out of their eyes, • that if they do get residues in their eyes, they should immediately fl ush their eyes with the eye fl ush container that is located with the

decontamination supplies and • how to operate the eye fl ush container or eye fl ush station.

NON-AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTSThe requirements in this box apply to uses of this product that are NOT within the scope of the Worker Protection Standard for agricultural pesti-cides (40 CFR Part 170). The WPS applies when this product is used to produce agricultural plants on farms, forests, nurseries, or greenhouses. Do not enter or allow others to enter until sprays have dried.

STORAGE AND DISPOSALDo not contaminate water, food, or feed by storage or disposal. PESTICIDE STORAGE: Store in a cool, secure, dry area in original container. PESTICIDE DISPOSAL: Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation of Federal law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste representative at the nearest EPA Regional Offi ce for guidance. CONTAINER HANDLING: Nonrefi llable container. Do not reuse or refi ll this container. Completely empty container into application equipment by shaking and tapping sides and bottom to loosen clinging particles. When completely empty, offer for recycling if available, or dispose of empty bag in a sanitary landfi ll, or by incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

INSTRUCTIONSNU-COP® HB may be applied by Air, or by Dilute or Concentrated Ground Sprayers, or Chemigation on crops and at rates given on this label unless specifi cally prohibited for that crop use. When selecting a use rate for NU-COP® HB, do not apply less than the labeled minimum amount. Under heavy disease pressure or when conditions favor such, use the higher rate and shorter spray intervals specifi ed for each crop. Use the higher rates for large mature tree crops. The per acre use rate is applicable for both dilute and concentrate spraying.Suffi cient spray volume and spray pressure are essential to thoroughly penetrate the plant canopy and give thorough spray coverage. On crops sensitive to copper fungicides use the higher volumes of spray water per acre. When making a concentrate or aerial application without specifi c experience, it is advisable to test for crop tolerance prior to full scale use.While volume is important in obtaining full spray coverage, other factors such as foliage density, environmental conditions and spray calibrations, have a greater impact. Always be sure that sprayers are calibrated to spray equipment manufacturer’s specifi cations and environmental conditions are within those required by State and local regulatory authorities.When using adjuvants or other pesticides in combination with this product, always observe the precautionary statements on the product’s label and required days before harvest. Before mixing with other products in spray tank, be sure that products are compatible. If compatibility is in question, use the compatibility jar test before mixing a whole tank. NU-COP® HB should not be applied in spray water having a pH of less than 6.5 as phytotoxicity may result. Use a buffering agent to increase the pH to 6.5-7.0 if your water source is below 6.5. Also avoid using water having a pH of greater than 9.0 as effectiveness may be reduced. Environmental conditions such as extended periods of wet weather, acid rain, etc. which alter the pH of the leaf surface may affect the performance of NU-COP® HB resulting in possible phytotoxicity or loss of effectiveness.

3

7A

Agricultural chemicals may perform in an unpredictable manner when tank mixed, especially where several products are involved. Reduced effect on pests or crop injury may occur. Unless recommended on this label or by state/local expert, it is advisable to test for compatibility and tolerance to crop injury prior to full scale commercial utilization of a new tank mix or tank mixing should not be undertaken.This product may be reactive on metal and masonry surfaces such as galvanized roofi ng. Avoid contact with metal surfaces. Do not spray cars, houses, lawn furniture, or other metallic surfaces.

MIXING INSTRUCTIONS FOR SPRAY APPLICATIONFill the spray tank three-fourths to four-fi fths full with clean water. Start agitation (NOTE: Proper agitation creates a rippling or rolling action on the liquid surface). Add NU-COP® HB at the recommended rate.Mix thoroughly and then add enough water to fi ll spray tank. Maintain suffi cient agitation during mixing and during application of sprays to ensure a uniform spray mixture. When tank mixing with other products, follow the mixing sequence below: (1) micronutrients and fertilizers, (2) wettable powders, dry fl owables and water dispersible granules, (3) liquid fl owables, (4) emulsifi able concentrates and (5) adjuvants. Before adding the second pesticide, be sure that the prior product is well mixed and suspended before adding the next ingredient.Observe the most restrictive of the labeling limitations and precautions and precautions of all products used in mixtures.

MINIMUM RECOMMENDED SPRAY VOLUME IN GALLONS PER ACRE (GPA)A full dilute spray on tree crops means the maximum amount of spray when uniformly applied that an acre of such trees will hold to the point that excess spray begins to drip off. Thus the dilute spray volume per acre will depend on tree size and leaf surface per acre. The following listed dilute spray volumes is the volume that will generally provide such coverage on average size of full leafed trees. A concentrate spray is a spray applied in less volumes than a dilute. The extent of the concentration varies by equipment used. Thus the following spray volumes for a concentrated spray are the minimum volumes recommended per acre.Use NU-COP® HB as noted below unless indicated otherwise in the specifi c crop directions. NU-COP® HB is adaptable to spraying from aircraft and ground spraying equipment. Depending on the equipment used and the specifi c crop, the volume applied per acre will differ. Refer to recom-mended volumes below:

AerialGround

Dilute ConcentrateVegetables and Field Crops 3 20 -Small Fruits 5 150 50Vines 5 150 50Fruit and Nut Trees* 10 400 50Citrus 10 800 100 (20 FL)**

*On young fruit trees, use a minimum of 1 gallon spray per acre.** Pesticide application equipment such as Curtec or other similar sprayers which are capable of obtaining thorough coverage at low volumes may

be used at as low as 20 GPA of spray volume.

4

7A

CHEMIGATION INSTRUCTIONSDo not apply this product through any irrigation system using aluminum parts or components as damage to the system may occur. Such application is prohibited regardless of whether the irrigation system is fl ushed with water after use of this product.Apply this product only through one or more of the following types of systems: sprinkler including center pivot, lateral move, end tow, side (wheel) roll, traveler, big gun, solid set, or hand move irrigation system(s) which contain no aluminum parts or components. Do not apply this product through any other type of irrigation system. Crop injury or lack of effectiveness can result from non-uniform distribution of treated water. If you have questions about calibration, you should contact State Extension Service specialists, equipment manufacturers or other experts. Do not connect an irrigation system (including greenhouse systems) used for pesticide application to a public water system unless the pesticide label-prescribed safety devices for public water systems are in place. A person knowledgeable of the chemigation system and responsible for its operation or under the supervision of the responsible person, shall shut the system down and make necessary adjustments should the need arise.A. Center Pivot, Traveler, Big Gun, Motorized Lateral Move, End Tow, and Side (Wheel) Roll Irrigation Equipment: Operate system and injection equip-ment at normal pressures recommended by the manufacturer of injection equipment used. Fill tank or injection equipment with water. Operate system for one complete circle for center pivot or one complete run for the other recommended equipment, measuring time required, amount of water in-jected, and acreage contained in circle or run. Mix recommended amount of product for acreage to be covered into same amount of water used during calibration and inject into system continuously for one revolution or run, but continue to operate irrigation system until the product has been cleared from last sprinkler head. Spray mixture in the chemical supply tank must be agitated at all times, otherwise settling and uneven application may occur.B. Solid Set and Hand Move Irrigation Equipment: Determine acreage covered by sprinkler. Fill tank of injection equipment with water and adjust fl ow to use contents over a thirty to forty-fi ve minute period. Mix desired amount of product for acreage to be covered into quantity of water used during calibration and operate entire system at normal pressures recommended by the manufacturer of injection equipment used for amount of time established during calibration. Provide constant mechanical agitation in the mix tank to insure that the product will remain in suspension during the injection cycle. This product can be injected at the beginning or end of the irrigation cycle or as a separate application. Stop injection equipment after treatment is completed and continue to operate irrigation system until pesticide is cleared from last sprinkler head.

SAFETY DEVICES(1) The systems designated above must contain a functional check valve, vacuum relief valve, and low pressure drain appropriately located on the

irrigation pipeline to prevent water source contamination from backfl ow. (2) All pesticide injection pipelines must contain a functional, automatic, quick-closing check valve to prevent the fl ow of fl uid back toward the

injection pump. (3) The pesticide injection pipeline must also contain a functional, normally closed, solenoid-operated valve located on the intake side of the injection

pump and connected to the system interlock to prevent fl uid from being withdrawn from the supply tank when the irrigation system is either automatically or manually shut down.

(4) The system must contain functional interlocking controls to automatically shut off the pesticide injection pump when the water pump motor stops. (5) The irrigation line or water pump must include a functional pressure switch which will stop the water pump motor when the water pressure

decreases to the point where pesticide distribution is adversely affected. (6) Systems must use a metering pump, such as a positive displacement injection pump (e.g., diaphragm pump) effectively designed and constructed

of materials that are compatible with pesticides and capable of being fi tted with a system interlock. (7) Do not apply when wind speed favors drift beyond the area intended for treatment.

SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMSPublic water systems means a system for the provision to the public of piped water for human consumption if such a system has at least 15 service connections or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year. Chemigation systems connected to public water systems must contain a functional, reduced-pressure zone, backfl ow preventer (RPZ) or the functional equivalent in the water supply line up-stream from the point of pesticide introduction. As an option to the RPZ, the water from the public water system should be discharged into a reservoir tank prior to pesticide introduction. There shall be a complete physical break (air gap) between the outlet end of the fi ll pipe and the top or overfl ow rim of the reservoir tank of at least twice the inside diameter of the fi ll pipe. The system must contain functional interlocking controls to automatically shut off the pesticide injection pump when the water pump motor stops or, in cases where there is no water pump, when the water pressure decreases to the point where pesticide distribution is adversely affected.For additional instructions on safety precautions refer to statements (2), (3), (4), (6), and (7) in the section on SAFETY DEVICES.

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POSTING INSTRUCTIONSPosting of areas to be chemigated is required when any part of a treated area is within 300 feet of sensitive areas such as residential areas, labor camps, businesses, day care centers, hospitals, in-patient clinics, nursing homes, or any public areas such as schools, parks, playgrounds, or other public facilities not including public roads, or when chemigated area is open to the public, such as golf courses or retail greenhouses.Posting must conform to the following requirements: Treated areas shall be posted with signs at all usual points of entry and along likely routes of approach from the listed sensitive areas. This sign is in addition to any sign posted to comply with the Worker Protection Standard. When there are no usual points of entry, signs must be posted in the corners of the treated areas and in any other location affording maximum visibility to sensitive areas. The printed side of the sign should face away from the treated area towards the sensitive area. The signs shall be printed in English. Signs must be posted prior to application and must remain posted until foliage has dried and soil surface water has disappeared. Signs may remain in place indefi nitely as long as they are composed of material to prevent deterioration and maintain legibility for the duration of the posting period.All words shall consist of letters at least 2 1/2 inches tall, and all letters and the symbol shall be a color which sharply contrasts with their immediate background. At the top of the sign shall be the words KEEP OUT, followed by an octagonal stop sign symbol at least 8 inches in diameter containing the word STOP. Below the symbol shall be the words PESTICIDES IN IRRIGATION WATER.

SPRAY DRIFT MANAGEMENTA variety of factors including weather conditions (e.g., wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity) and the method of application (e.g., ground, aerial, airblast, chemigation) can infl uence pesticide drift. The applicator must evaluate all factors and make appropriate adjustments when applying this product.Droplet SizeApply only as a medium or coarser spray (ASAE standard 572) or a volume mean diameter of 300 microns or greater for spinning atomizer nozzles.Wind SpeedDo not apply at wind speeds greater than 15 mph. Only apply this product if the wind direction favors on-target deposition (approximately 3 to 10 mph), and there are no sensitive areas within 250 feet downwind.Temperature InversionsIf applying at wind speeds less than 3 mph, the applicator must determine if a) conditions of temperature inversion exist, or b) stable atmospheric conditions exist at or below nozzle height. Do not make applications into areas of temperature inversions or stable atmospheric conditions.Other State and Local RequirementsApplicators must follow all state and local pesticide drift requirements regarding application of copper compounds. Where states have more stringent regulations, they must be observed.EquipmentAll aerial and ground application equipment must be properly maintained and calibrated using appropriate carriers or surrogates.For aerial application:The boom length must not exceed 75% of the wingspan or 90% of the rotor blade diameter. Release spray at the lowest height consistent with effi ca-cy and fl ight safety. Do not release spray at a height greater than 10 feet above the crop canopy unless a greater height is required for aircraft safety.When applications are made with a crosswind, the swath must be displaced downwind. The applicator must compensate for this displacement at the up and downwind edge of the application areas by adjusting the path of the aircraft upwind.For groundboom application:Do not apply with a nozzle height greater than 4 feet above the crop canopy.

CROPSThe following specifi c instructions are based on general application procedures. The recommendations of the State Agricultural Extension Service should be closely followed as to timing, frequency and number of sprays per season.

FROST INJURY PROTECTION:Bacterial Ice nucleation inhibitor - Application of NU-COP® HB made to all crops listed on this label at rates and stages of growth indicated on this label at least 24 hours prior to anticipated frost conditions will afford control of ice nucleating bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae, Erwinia herbicola, and Pseudomonas fl uorescens) and may thereby provide some protection against light frost. The degree of frost protection will vary with weather conditions and other factors. Not recommended for those geographical areas where weather conditions favor severe frost.

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ALFALFA

DISEASEAPPLICATION

RATE(lbs Product/Acre)

MINIMUM DAYS RETREATMENT

INTERVALCOMMENT

Cercospora & Leptosphaerulina Leaf Spots

0.5 – 1.0 30 Days Apply 10 to 14 days before each harvest or earlier if disease threatens. Apply with ground or aerial equipment. Spray injury may occur with sensitive varieties such as Lahontan.

RESTRICTIONS:Maximum single application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.5 lb metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 2.0 lb/A (1.0 lb metallic copper equivalent)

ALMONDS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Dormant to Pink Bud Season:Bacterial Blast (Pseudomonas)Coryneum Blight (Shot hole)

4.0 – 8.0 7 Use at dormant to early pink bud.For blast control in sprinkler irrigated orchards or where disease is se-vere, apply 2-4 sprays at 1.0 – 3.0 lbs per acre at 2 week post-bloom intervals or just before sprinkling. Slight leaf injury may occur from post-bloom spray.

Bloom/Growing Season:Coryneum BlightBlossom Brown Rot

3.0 5 Use during the early bloom stage (popcorn).A second application in late dormant before foliage buds swell may be necessary when frequent rainfall occurs.To avoid plant injury, do not use after full bloom.

RESTRICTIONS:Maximum single dormant application rate is 8.0 lbs/A (4.0 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single bloom/growing application rate is 3.0 lbs/A (1.5 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 36.0 lbs/A (18.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

APPLES

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Fall & Late Dormant:Anthracnose European CankerPseudomonas Syringae 6.0 – 8.0

Only one dormant application allowed

per season

Apply before fall rains.Use on yellow varieties may cause discoloration. To avoid, pick before spraying.

Fireblight Make application between silver-tip and green-tip.ATTENTION: Phytotoxicity may occur from late application (Discontinue use when green-tip is 1/2 inch.)

Bloom & Growing Season: Fireblight

1.0 5 Extended spray schedule where fruit fi nish is not a concern. Continued ap-plications may be made at 5 – 7 day intervals.NOTE: Crop injury may occur from extended spray schedule. Not intended for fresh market apples due to possible russeting. The addition of 1 – 3 lbs of lime per pound of NU-COP® HB may reduce injury.

7(Continued)

7A

APPLES (Continued)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Crown or Collar Rot (Phytophthora cactorum)

Not For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

4.0 – 16.0 Only one dormant application allowed

per season

Apply either in early spring or in fall after harvest each year.Do not use if soil pH is below 5.5 or copper toxicity may result.Mix 1-4 lbs in 100 gallons of water. Apply 2-4 gallons of suspension as a drench on the lower trunk area of each tree.Do not exceed 16 lbs per acre per season.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 16.0 lbs/A (8.0 lb. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing season application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.5 lb. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 32.0 lbs/A (16 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)

APRICOTS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Fall & Late Dormant:Anthracnose European CankerPseudomonas Syringae

6.0 – 12.0 Only one dormant application allowed

per season

Apply before fall rains.Use the higher rates when conditions favor disease.Use on yellow varieties may cause discoloration. To avoid, pick before spraying.

Bloom/Growing Season:Coryneum Blight (Shot Hole)Blossom Brown Rot

3.0 5 Apply at popcorn to full bloom as a full cover spray. To avoid spray injury, do not apply after full bloom.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant application rate is 12.0 lbs/A (6.0 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single bloom/growing application rate is 3.0 lbs/A (1.5 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 36.0 lbs/A (18.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

AVOCADOS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Anthracnose,Blotch,Scab

4.0 – 6.3 14 Apply when bloom buds begin to swell.Continue application at 14 – 28 day intervals for 5 to 6 applications.Use higher rate when conditions favor disease.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 6.3 lbs/A (3.15 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 37.8 lbs/A (18.9 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

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7A

BANANAS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Sigatoka (black and yellow)

1.0 – 2.1 7 Apply by air at 2.1 lbs. per acre in 3 gallons of water containing 0.5 gallon agricultural oil.Apply on a 7 - 14 day schedule throughout the wet season.Apply at 14 - 21 day intervals during dry periods.

Black Pitting 2.1 7 Dilute in 50 – 100 gallons of water and apply directly to the fruit stem and include the basal portion of the leaf crown. Apply during the fi rst and second weeks after emergence.


BEANS (Dry, Green)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Bacterial Blight (Halo & Common)Brown spot

0.5 – 1.5 7 For protective sprays apply fi rst application when plants are fi ve to six inches high. Apply on 7 - 14 day schedule depending on local conditions.Use higher rate for more severe disease pressure.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.5 lbs/A (0.75 lb metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 9.0 lbs/A (4.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

BRAMBLES (Blackberry, Santiams, Logans, Boysens, Marions, Auroras, Cascades, Chehalems, Raspberry & Thornless Evergreens)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Anthracnose,Leaf & Cane Spot,Purple Blotch,Yellow Rust

2.0 – 4.0 7 Make fall spray application after harvest. Apply delayed dormant spray after pruning/training in spring.

1.0 – 2.0 7 Apply when leaf buds begin to open and repeat when fl ower buds show white. NOTE: Crop injury may occur if applied to foliage under hot or moist environmental conditions. Discontinue applications if injury noted.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 4.0/A (2.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 20.0 lbs/A (10.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

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BLUEBERRIESNot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASE APPLICATION RATE(lbs Product/Acre)


INTERVALCOMMENT

Bacterial Canker 3.0 7 Make fi rst application before the fall rains, preferably the fi rst week in October and a second application 4 weeks later.Use higher rate when conditions favor disease.


CRUCIFERS (Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Caulifl ower, Collard Greens, Mustard Greens, & Turnip Greens)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Downy MildewBlack Rot (Xanthomonas)Black Leaf Spot (Alternaria)

0.5 – 1.0 7 Begin application after transplants are set in the fi eld, or shortly after emergence of fi eld seeded crops or when conditions favor disease development.Use higher rate when conditions favor disease.(CAUTION: A slight reddening of older leaves may occur on broccoli, and a slight fl ecking of wrapper leaves may occur on cabbage.)

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.5 lb metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 5.0 lbs/A (2.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

CACAO

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Black Pod 1.0 – 4.5 14 Begin applications at the start of the rainy season and continue while infection conditions persist. Sprays should be made as often as 14 - 21 days in high rainfall areas at varying rates per acre depending on disease severity.For drier areas where 2 to 4 applications are recommended during critical infection periods and at long intervals, use 2 – 4 lbs per acre, according to disease incidence and planting density.


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CARAMBOLA Not For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Anthracnose 3.0 7 Make initial application just before fl owering and repeat on a weekly schedule until just before harvest. Apply in suffi cient water for thorough coverage.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 3.0 lbs/A (1.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 21.0 lbs/A (10.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

CARROTS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Carrot Blight (Cercospora)

1.0 – 1.5 7 Begin application when disease fi rst threatens and repeat at 7 - 14 day intervals as needed depending on disease severity.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.5 lbs/A (0.75 lb metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 10.0/A (5.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

CELERY & CELERIAC

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Early, Late & Bacterial Blights

1.0 – 1.5 7 Apply as soon as plants are fi rst established in the fi eld, then every 7 days depending on severity and weather.


CHERRY

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Dormant & Late Bloom Season:Dead Bud (Pseudomonas syringae) Coryneum Blight

4.0 – 12.0 7 In orchards where the disease is severe a spray should also be applied shortly after harvest.

Bloom & Growing Season:Brown Rot Blossom

2.0 – 3.0 5 Applied at popcorn and full bloom.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 12.0 lbs/A (6.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing season application rate is 3.0 lbs/A (1.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 36.0/A (18.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

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7A

CHIVES

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Downy Mildew 1.0 7 Begin applications when plants are established in the fi eld. Repeat applications every 7 - 10 days as dictated by disease conditions.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.5 lb metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 5.0 lbs/A (2.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

CITRUS (Grapefruit, Kumquat, Lemon, Orange, Pummelo, Tangelo, Tangerine & Lime)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Melanose, Scab,Pink Pitting,Greasy Spot

2.0 – 6.3 7 Apply as pre-bloom and post-bloom sprays.Use higher rates when conditions favor disease.

Brown Rot,Septoria Spot

2.0 – 4.0 7 Apply beginning in the fall and continuing as needed. For Brown Rot, apply to skirts of trees to a height of at least 4 feet. Apply also to bare ground one foot beyond skirt. Use higher rates when conditions favor disease.NOTE: In California, in areas subject to copper injury, add 1/4 lb. of high quality lime per lb of NU-COP® HB

Citrus Canker (SUPPRESSION ONLY)

6.3 7 Spraying fl ushes 7-14 days after shoots begin to grow. Young fruit may need additional application. Number and timing of applications will depend on disease pressure. Under heavy disease pressure, each fl ush of new growth should be sprayed.

Phytophthora Foot Rot

2.0 – 6.3 7 Mix at a 0.5 - 1.0 lb with one gallon of water ratio and paint trunks of trees from the soil surface to the lowest scaffold limbs. Apply in May before summer rains and/or in the fall before wrapping trees for freeze protection. This treatment serves as protection for up to one year, but does not cure existing infections.

Field Nursery GrownTo control melanose, scab, pink pitting, greasy spot, brown rot and for citrus canker (suppression).

2.0 – 4.0 7 Apply 2.0 pounds of NU-COP® HB per 100 gallons of water.Apply NU-COP® HB as needed depending on disease severity.


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7A

COFFEE

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Coffee Berry Disease (Collectotrichum coffeanum)

3.0 – 4.2

14 Apply after fl owering and before the start of long rains and then at 14-28 day intervals until picking. Use higher rates when rainfall is heavy and disease pressure is high.

Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas syringae)

14 Begin spray program before the start of long rains and continue until picking. The critical time of spraying to control disease is just before, during, and after fl owering(s), especially when these times coincide with wet weather.Use higher rates when rainfall is heavy and disease pressure is high.

Iron Spot (Cercospora coffeicola) & Pink Disease (Corticium salmonicolor)

1.0 14 Begin treatment at start of wet season and continue for three applications.

Leaf Rust 1.0 – 2.0 14 Apply before the onset of rain and then at 14 - 21 day intervals while rains continue. Use higher rates when rainfall is heavy and disease pressure is high.


CRANBERRY

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Fruit Rot

4.2 7

One or two additional applications made at 7 - 14 day intervals may be required, depending on disease pressure.

Rose Bloom Apply three sprays on 10 - 14 day schedule as soon as symptoms are observed.

Bacterial Stem Canker Apply postharvest and again in spring before bud burst. One or two ad-ditional applications at 10 - 14 day intervals may be required depending upon disease severity.

Tip Blight (Monolinia), Stem and Leaf Blight, Red Leaf Spot

Apply delayed dormant spray in the Spring. Repeat at 10 - 14 day intervals as needed through pre-bloom.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 4.2 lbs/A (2.1 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 12.6 lbs/A (6.3 lb metallic copper equivalent)

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7A

CUCURBITS (Cucumbers, Cantaloupes, Honeydews, Muskmelons, Pumpkins, Squash & Watermelons)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Alternaria Leaf SpotAngular Leaf Spot AnthracnoseDowny MildewPowdery MildewGummy Stem BlightWatermelon Bacterial Fruit Blotch(suppression)

1.0 5 Begin application when conditions are favorable for disease development. Repeat at 5-10 day intervals. NOTE: Discontinue use if injury occurs.


CURRANTS & GOOSEBERRY

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Anthracnose Leaf Spot

5.0 10 Make initial application after fi rst leaves have expanded. Continue on a 10 - 14 day schedule during wet conditions in the Spring. Make an additional application after harvest.


DILL

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Phoma Leaf Spot,Rhizoctonia Foliage Blight

1.0 – 1.5 7 Begin applications when plants are fi rst established in the fi eld and repeat at 7-10 day intervals depending upon disease severity and environmental conditions.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.5 lbs/A (0.75 lb metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 7.5 lbs/A (3.75 lbs. metallic copper equivalent)

DOUGLAS FIR

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Rhabdocline needlecast 1.0 – 4.0 7 Begin applications at bud break and repeat at 7 – 28 day intervals. Use higher rates when conditions favor disease.


14

7A

EGGPLANT

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Alternaria BlightAnthracnosePhomopsis

1.0 7 Begin applications prior to development of disease symptoms. Repeat sprays at 7 - 10 day intervals depending on disease severity.


FILBERTS (Permitted only in Washington and Oregon)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Bacterial Blight(Post Harvest application)

8.0 – 12.0 14

Apply as a post-harvest spray. In seasons of heavy rainfall, apply a second spray when three-quarters of leaves have dropped. Add 1 pint of superior-type oil per 100 gallons of water.

Eastern Filbert Blight Apply as a dilute spray in adequate water for thorough coverage. Make initial application after harvest in October before heavy winter rains begin. The next application should be made in late February to early March followed by another application 1 month later. If de-sired, add 1 pint of a sticking agent or superior-type oil per 100 gallons of water.


GINSENG

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Alternaria LeafStem Blight

1.5 – 2.1 7 Begin tank mix applications as a tank mix with two pounds of Iprodione 50WP in 100 gal-lons of water per acre as soon as plants have emerged in spring. Applications should be repeated every seven days until plants become dormant in fall. Apply fungicides at least eight hours before rain, giving the fungicides time to dry on the plants. Use of a spreader-sticker is advised.NOTE: Alternaria Leaf and Stem Blight is most severe in humid conditions such as those found in the dense canopies of two, three, and four year old ginseng. Complete and thor-ough spray is required for control.


15

7A

GRAPES

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Black RotPowdery MildewDowny MildewPhomopsis

1.0 – 3.0 3 Begin applications at late dormant up to bud break with subsequent applications throughout the season depending upon disease severity. NOTE: Foliage injury may occur on copper sensitive varieties such as Concord, Delaware, Niagara, and Rosettes. Either test for sensitivity or add 1 to 3 pounds of hydrated lime per pound of NU-COP® HB.


GUAVANot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Anthracnose Red Algae

1.5 7 Make initial application just before fl owering and repeat on a weekly schedule until just before harvest. Apply in suffi cient water for thorough coverage.


HOPS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Downy Mildew 1.0 10 Apply as a fungicide crown treatment (after pruning, but before training) as needed. After training, additional fungicide treatments are needed at 10 day intervals. Discontinue use 2 weeks before harvest.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.5 lb metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 5.0 lbs/A (2.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

KIWI

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Pseudomonas syringaeErwinia herbicolaPseudomonas fl uorescens

4.2 30 Make applications on a monthly basis. A maximum of 3 applica-tions may be made.


16

7A

LETTUCE, ENDIVE & ESCAROLE

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Downy Mildew 0.5 – 2.0 5 Begin treatment when disease fi rst appears and repeat every 5 - 10 days as needed to suppress disease.

NOTE: Flecking and/or yellowing of leaves will occur under certain environmental conditions such as extended periods of moist weather, acid rains, or other conditions favoring reduced pH on leaf surfaces. Injury may be severe enough to reduce crop value. Increasing the volume of spray water may decrease phytotoxicity potential.RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 2.0 lbs/A (1.0 lb metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 16.0 lbs/A (8.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

LITCHINot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT



LIVE OAKNot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Ball Moss 2.0 – 4.0* A secondapplication may be

required after 12 months

*Mix at a 2 – 4 lbs per 100 gallons of water ratio.Apply in spring after heavy rain, using 1.5 gallons of spray per foot of tree height. Make sure to wet tufts thoroughly.(NOTE: NU-COP® HB may be injurious to some ornamentals grown under live oaks).


MACADAMIA NUTSNot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Anthracnose 3.0 7 Initiate sprays at fi rst sign of fl owering and repeat on a weekly schedule until just before harvest. Apply in suffi cient water for thorough coverage.

Blossom blightRaceme blight

3.0 7 Apply during peak raceme development and bloom period.Use higher rates when conditions favor disease.


17

7A

MAMEY SAPOTE

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

AnthracnoseAlgal Leaf Spot

3.0 – 4.2 14 Apply when conditions favor disease development. Repeat on 14-30 day schedule as disease severity and environmental conditions dictate. Use higher rates when conditions favor disease.


MANGONot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Anthracnose 4.0 30 Apply monthly after fruit set until harvest.RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 4.0 lbs/A (2.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 36.4 lbs/A (18.2 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

OLIVES

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Peacock SpotOlive Knot

4.0 – 6.3 30 Apply before winter rains fall. A second application in early spring should be made if disease is severe.Use higher rates when conditions favor disease.


ONION & GARLIC

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Purple Blotch Downy Mildew

1.07 Begin when plants are 4 - 6 inches high and repeat at 7 - 10 day intervals as needed

depending upon disease pressure. Can cause phytotoxicity to leaves.Bacterial Blight 1.0 – 1.5RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.5 lbs/A (0.75 lb metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 12.0 lbs/A (6.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

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PAPAYA

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Anthracnose 2.0 – 5.2 14 Begin application before disease is expected to appear. Repeat at 14 day intervals. Use the higher rates when conditions favor disease. The addition of a suitable spreader-sticker may be desirable especially during periods of heavy rains.


PARSLEY

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas sp.)

1.5 10 Begin applications when plants are fi rst established in the fi eld and repeat at 10 day intervals depending upon disease severity and environmental conditions.


PASSION FRUITNot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT


RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 3.0 lbs/A (1.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 18.8/A (9.44 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

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7A

PEACHES & NECTARINES

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Dormant & late dormant:Bacterial SpotLeaf Curl Coryneum Blight (Shot Hole)

4.0 – 8.0 7 Apply at leaf fall as dormant application. Use the higher rate when rainfall is very heavy and disease pressure is high. May be used with an agricultural spray oil.

Brown Rot Blossom Blight

4.0 – 6.0 7 Apply as a full cover spray at pink bud. (Application at this time also affords some control of Leaf Curl and Coryneum Blight). NOTE: Do not spray later than three weeks prior to harvest. Do not use at rates above those recommended.

Bloom & Growing Season:Bacterial Spot

0.5 – 2.0 5 Post-bloom application applied at fi rst and second cover sprays.NOTE: do not spray 3 weeks prior to harvest. Spotting of leaves and some defoliation may occur from use in post-bloom cover sprays.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 8.0 lbs/A (4.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent) Maximum single growing season application rate is 3.0 lbs/A (1.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 36.0 lbs/A (18.0 metallic copper equivalent)

PEANUTS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Cercospora Leaf Spot

0.75 – 1.5 7 Begin spraying 25-40 days after planting or when disease symptoms appear.Use suffi cient water to get adequate coverage. Continue applications at 7 - 14 day intervals. Reduce spray interval to 7 days during humid weather.


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7A

PEARS, QUINCE

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Bloom & Growing Season:Fireblight

0.5 – 1.0 5 Apply at 5 day intervals throughout bloom period. Excessive dosages may cause fruit russet.

Fall & Late Dormant Season:Pseudomonas blight

6.0 – 8.0 Only one dormant application allowed per

season

Apply before fall rain begins.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 8.0 lbs/A (4.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing season application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.5 lb metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 32.0 lbs/A (16.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

PEAS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Powdery Mildew 0.75 – 1.5 7 Begin spray treatment when disease symptoms fi rst appear.Repeat applications at weekly intervals.


PECANS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Shuck and Kernel rot (Phytophthora cactorum) Zonate leaf spot (Cristulariella pyramidalis)

1.0 – 2.0 14 Apply in suffi cient water for good coverage at 2-4 week intervals starting at kernel growth and continuing until shucks open. Use the higher rate and shorter intervals if frequent rainfall occurs.

Mosses* Algae*Lichen**Not For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

1.0 – 2.0 Make only one application per

year

Mix at a 1 - 2 lbs per 100 gallons water ratio plus spreader-sticker and apply in dormant season before buds swell, thoroughly wetting limbs and mosses.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 2.0 lbs/A (1.0 lb metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 16.4/A (8.4 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

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PEPPERS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Bacterial Spot 1.0 – 1.5 3 Apply, when disease threatens, in suffi cient water to provide adequate coverage. Use at 3 - 14 day intervals depending on disease severity.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.5 lbs/A (0.75 lb metallic copper equivalent) Maximum annual application rate is 23.5 lbs/A (11.75 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

PISTACHIOS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Botrytis Blight,Botryosphaeria Panicle,Shoot Blight,Septoria Leaf Blight,Late Blight (Alternaria)

2.0 – 4.2 14 Make initial application at bud swell and repeat on a 14 - 28 day schedule. Use higher rates when conditions favor disease.


PLUMS & PRUNES

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Dormant Season:Coryneum blight (Shot hole)

4.0 – 8.0 7 Apply as a dormant spray. Use the higher rate when rainfall is heavy and/or disease pressure is high.

Bloom & Growing Season:Brown rot blossom blight,Black Knot

2.0 – 3.0 5 Apply full cover application at pink, red or early white bud stage. Use the higher rate when disease pressure is heavy or conditions favor disease development.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single dormant season application rate is 8.0 lbs/A (4.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum single growing season application rate is 3.0 lbs/A (1.5 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 36.0 lbs/A (18.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

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POTATOESNot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Early & Late Blight

0.5 – 2.5 5 Apply 1.0 - 1.5 pounds at 5 - 10 day intervals starting when plants are 2 - 6 inches high until 2 weeks before harvest in locations where disease is light and up to 3 - 5 pounds per acre where disease is more severe. Under conditions of severe disease, control with NU-COP® HB will be improved by tank mixing with other compatible fungicides registered for use on potatoes. Read and follow all label instructions of tank mix partners.


STRAWBERRIES

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Downy MildewLeaf SpotLeaf Blight

1.0 – 1.5 7 Begin application when plants are established and continue on a weekly schedule through-out season. Apply in at least 20 gallons of water. Use the higher rates when conditions favor disease.NOTE: Discontinue applications if signs of phytotoxicity appear.


ATEMOYA, SUGAR APPLE (Annona)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT



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24

SUGAR BEETS & TABLE BEETS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT


1.0 – 2.0 10 Begin applications when conditions fi rst favor disease development and repeat at 10 - 14 day intervals as needed. Use the higher rate when disease is severe.


SYCAMORENot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Anthracnose 1.0 – 2.0 7 Make two applications as a full cover spray. Use a minimum of 100 gallons water per acre.Make fi rst application at bud crack and second application 7 - 14 days later at 10% leaf expansion.


TOMATOES (Processed)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Early BlightBacterial SpeckBacterial SpotAnthracnoseGray Leaf MoldGray Leaf SpotSeptoria Leaf SpotLate Blight

1.0 3 Begin applications when disease fi rst threatens and apply at 3 - 10 day intervals, more frequently when disease is severe.


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TOMATOES (Fresh Market)

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Early BlightBacterial SpeckBacterial SpotAnthracnoseGray Leaf MoldGray Leaf SpotSeptoria Leaf SpotLate Blight

1.0 – 3.2 3 Begin applications when disease fi rst threatens and repeat at 3 - 10 day intervals if needed depending on disease severity. Use the higher rates when conditions favor disease.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 3.2 lb/A (1.6 lbs metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 16.0 lbs/A (8.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)

TURFGRASSNot For Use in California Unless Accompanied by a Supplemental Label

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Algae 4.0 – 6.0 10 May be used as a maintenance spray as needed. May be used alone or in combination with fungicides such as dithiocarbamates. Use a minimum of 100 gallons of water per acre.Phytotoxicity may depend on varietal differences. Apply the recommended rate to a small area and observe 7 - 10 days for phytotoxicity. If phytotoxicity occurs, discontinue use.


WALNUTS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Walnut Blight 4.0 – 6.3 7 Apply fi rst spray at early pre-bloom when catkins are partially expanded.Make three additional applications during bloom and early nutlet stages at 7 - 10 day intervals.Additional applications may be necessary when frequent rainfall occurs. Thorough coverage of catkins, leaves and nutlets is essential for effective control. When ap-plied as a dilute spray, 1 pint of summer oil emulsion may be added per 100 gallons of spray. NOTE: Adequate control may not be obtained when copper tolerant species of Xanthamonas bacteria are present.


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WATERCRESS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT


1.0 7 Begin application when plants are fi rst established in the fi eld, repeating at 7-14 day inter-vals depending on disease severity and environmental conditions.Do not exceed 4 applications per crop. Apply using ground spray equipment at no less than 50 gallons of spray solution per acre.


WHEAT, BARLEY & OATS

DISEASEAPPLICATION



INTERVALCOMMENT

Septoria Leaf BlotchHelminthosporium Spot Blotch

0.75 – 1.0 10 Make fi rst application at early heading and follow with second application 10 days later.

RESTRICTIONSMaximum single application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.50 lb metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 2.0 lbs/A (1.0 lb metallic copper equivalent)

GREENHOUSE AND SHADEHOUSE CROPSNOTICE TO USER: NU-COP® HB may be used in greenhouses and shadehouses to control diseases on some crops which appear on this label. The grower should bear in mind that the sensitivity of crops grown in greenhouses and shadehouses differ greatly from crops grown under fi eld conditions. Neither the manufacturer nor seller has determined whether or not NU-COP® HB can be used safely prior to commercial use. In a small area, apply the recommended rates to the plant in question, i.e. foliage, fruit, etc. and observe for 7 - 10 days for symptoms of phytotoxicity prior to commercial use.Apply NU-COP® HB according to specifi c rates given for these crops in pounds per acre or pounds per 100 gallons. 1 tablespoon of NU-COP® HB per 1,000 square feet is equivalent to 0.9 pound per acre. 1/2 tablespoon of NU-COP® HB per gallon of water is equivalent to 1 pound per 100 gallons. NU-COP® HB should be applied in adequate water for thorough coverage of plant parts. Begin application at fi rst sign of disease and repeat at intervals specifi ed in the table below; use shorter interval during periods when severe disease conditions persist.

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27

CROP DISEASE RATE TBSP/1,000 sq.ft.

COMMENTS

Eggplant Alternaria Blight,Anthracnose,Phomopsis

1 TBSP Begin applications prior to development of disease symptoms. Repeat sprays at 7 - 10 day intervals as needed depending on disease pressure.

Pepper Bacterial Spot 1 - 1.75 TBSP Begin applications when conditions fi rst favor disease development and repeat at 3 - 10 day intervals as needed depending on disease severity. Use higher rates for severe disease.

Cucumber Angular Leaf Spot,Downy Mildew

1 TBSP Apply at 5 - 7 day intervals when plants begin to vine.

Tomato (fresh market)

Early Blight,Late Blight

1 - 2.3 TBSP Begin when disease fi rst threatens and repeat at 3 - 10 day intervals depending on disease severity. Use higher rate for severe disease.

Bacterial Speck 1 TBSP Begin applications when disease fi rst threatens and repeat at 3 - 10 day intervals depending on disease severity.

Bacterial Spot,Anthracnose,Gray Leaf Mold,Septoria Leaf Spot

1 - 3.0 TBSP Begin when disease fi rst threatens and repeat at 3 - 10 day intervals depending on disease severity. Use higher rate for severe disease.

ORNAMENTALSNotice to User: Plant sensitivities to copper hydroxide have been found to be acceptable in specifi c genera and species listed on this label; however, phytotoxicity may occur. Due to the large number of species and varieties of ornamentals and nursery plants, it is impossible to test every one for sensitivity to NU-COP® HB. Neither the manufacturer nor seller has determined whether or not NU-COP® HB can be safely used on ornamental or nursery plants not listed on this label. The user should determine if NU-COP® HB can be used safely prior to commercial use. In a small area, apply the recommended rates to the plants in question, i.e., bedding plants, foliage, etc., and observe for 7-10 days for symptoms of phytotoxicity prior to commercial use.Use this product on container, bench, or bed-grown ornamentals in greenhouses or outdoor nurseries, for professional use on ornamentals grown for indoor and outdoor landscaping, and for control of bacterial and fungal diseases of foliage, fl owers and stems. 1/2 tablespoon of NU-COP® HB per gallon of water is equivalent to 1 pound per 100 gallons. Apply 1.0 – 2.0 lbs per acre as a thorough coverage spray using 0.5 lb NU-COP® HB per 100 gallons of water. Begin applications at fi rst sign of disease and repeat at 7-14 day intervals as needed; use shorter interval during periods of frequent rains or when severe disease conditions persist.NU-COP® HB may be used as a maintenance spray alone or in combination with other fungicides such as the dithiocarbamates.

ORNAMENTAL RESTRICTIONS:Maximum single application rate is 1.0 lb/A (0.50 lb metallic copper equivalent)Maximum annual application rate is 2.0 lbs/A (1.0 lb metallic copper equivalent)

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CROP LATIN NAME DISEASEAlthea (Rose of Sharon)+ Hibiscus syriacus Bacterial Leaf SpotAralia Dizygotheca elegantissima Xanthomonas & Cercospora Leaf Spots, AlternariaArborvitae+ Thuja sp. Alternaria Twig Blight, Cercospora Leaf BlightAzalea* Rhododendron sp. Cercospora Leaf Spot, Botrytis Blight, Phytophthora Dieback & Powdery

MildewBegonia Begonia semperfl orens Bacterial leaf spot

(Xanthomonas sp., Erwinia sp., Pseudomonas sp.)Bougainvillea+ Bougainvillea spectabilis Anthracnose, Bacterial Leaf SpotBulbs, (Tulip, Gladiolus) Miscellaneous Anthracnose, Botrytis BlightCamellia+ Camellia japonica,

C. sasanguaAnthracnose, Bacterial Leaf Spot

Camphor Tree+ Cinnamomum camphora Pseudomonas Leaf SpotCanna+ Canna sp. Pseudomonas Leaf SpotCarnation* Dianthus sp. Alternaria Blight, Pseudomonas Leaf Spot, & Botrytis BlightChinese Tallow Tree+ Sapium sebiferum Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp.)Chrysanthemum* Chrysanthemum morifolium Septoria Leaf Spot, & Botrytis BlightCotoneaster Cotoneaster sp. Botrytis BlightDahlia+ Dahlia pinnata Alternaria Leaf Spot, Botrytis Gray Mold, Cercospora Leaf SpotDate Palm+ Phoenix canariensis Pestalotia Leaf SpotDianthus+ Dianthus sp. Bacterial Spot, Bacterial Soft RotDogwood+ Cornus fl orida AnthracnoseDusty Miller+ Senecio cineraria Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas cichorii)Easter Lily** Lilium longifl orum Botrytis BlightEchinacea+ Echinacea sp. Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas cichorii)Elm “Drake”+ Ulmus parvifolia Xanthomonas Leaf SpotEuonymus Euonymus sp. Botrytis Blight & AnthracnoseEuropean FanPalm+

Champaerops numilis Pestalotia Leaf Spot

Gardenia+ Gardenia jasminoides Alternaria Leaf Spot, Botrytis Bud Rot, Cercospora Leaf Spot

Geranium+ Pelargonium sp. Alternaria Leaf Spot, Botrytis Gray Mold, Cercospora Leaf SpotGladiolus Gladiolus sp. Alternaria Leaf Spot, Botrytis Gray Mold, Bacterial Leaf BlightGolden Rain Tree+ Koelreuteriapani-culata Bacterial Leaf SpotHibiscus+ Habiscus rosa-sinensis Bacterial Leaf SpotHolly Fern+ Cyrtomium falcatum Pseudomonas Leaf SpotImpatiens+ Impatiens sallerana Bacterial Leaf SpotIndia hawthorn*** Raphiolepis indica Anthracnose, Entomosporium Leaf SpotIvy (English, Algerian)* Hendera helix,

H. canariensisXanthomonas Leaf Spot

Ixora+ Ixora coccinea Xanthomonas Leaf SpotJuniper (Eastern Red Cedar)+

Juniperus virginiana Anthracnose

Lantana+ Lanatana camera Bacterial Leaf Spot

7A

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CROP LATIN NAME DISEASELilac+ Syringa sp. Cercospora Leaf SpotLoblolly Bay+ Gordonia lasianthus AnthracnoseLoquat+ Eriobotrya japonca Entomosporium maculata, Colletotrichum sp.Magnolia (Southern)+ Magnolia grandifl ora Algal Leaf Spot, Anthracnose, Bacterial Leaf SpotMagnolia (Sweet Bay) Magnolia virginiana AnthracnoseMagnolia+ Magnolia soulangiana Bacterial Leaf SpotMandevillas+ Mandevilla sp. AnthracnoseMarigold+ Tagetes sp. Alternaria Leaf Spot, Botrytis Leaf and Flower Rot, Cercospora Leaf SpotMulberry, Weeping+

Morus alba Bacterial Leaf Spot

Oak, Laurel+ Quercus laurifolia Algal Leaf Spot (Cephaleuros virescens)Oleander+ Nerium oleander Bacterial Leaf Spot, Fungal Leaf SpotPachysandra Pachysandra procumbens Volutella Leaf BlightPansy+ Viola sp. Downy MildewPear (Flowering)+ Pyrus calleryana Fireblight, Leaf SpotPentas (Egyptian Star)+ Pentas spp. Bacterial Leaf Spot (Xanthomonas sp.)Peony+ Paeonia spp. Botrytis BlightPeriwinkle Catharanchus roseus,

Vinca sp.Phomopsis Stem Blight

Philodendron Philodendron selloum Bacterial Leaf SpotPhlox+ Phlox sp. Alternaria Leaf SpotPhotinia (Red Top, Red Leaf)+ Photinia fraserii.,

P. glabraAnthracnose, Entomosporium

Pistachio+ Pistacia chinensis AnthracnosePlantain Lily+ Hosta sp. Bacterial Leaf SpotPowder Puff Plant+

Callindra sp. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Pyracantha Pyracantha sp. Fireblight & ScabQueen Palm+ Arecastrum romanzoffi anum Exosporium Leaf Spot, Phytophthora Bud RotRhododendron+ Rhododendron sp. Alternaria Flower SpotRose* Rosa sp. Powdery Mildew, Black SpotVerbena+ Verbena sp. Xanthomonas Leaf SpotViburnum+ Viburnum odoratissimum,

V. suspensumAnthracnose

Washingtonia Palm+ Washingtonia robusta Pestalotia Leaf SpotWeeping Willow+ Salix babylonica AnthracnoseYucca (Adams Needle) Yucca sp. Cercospora & Septoria Leaf Spot

+ Not for use in California* Discoloration of foliage and/or blooms have been noted on some varieties. To prevent residues on commercial plants, do not spray just before

selling season.** For Easter Lily, use 2 to 3 lbs. per acre in 20 to 100 gallons water.Easter Lily Restrictions:• Maximum single application rate is 3.0 lb/A (1.50 lbs metallic copper equivalent)• Maximum annual application rate is 150.0 lbs/A (75.0 lbs metallic copper equivalent)• Do not apply any additional copper pesticide to this land for 36 months.*** For India hawthorn, use 1 to 2 lbs. per 100 gallons.

7A

30

WARRANTY: Seller warrants that the product conforms to its chemical description and is reasonably fi t for the purpose stated on this label when used in accordance with directions under normal conditions of use; but neither this warranty nor any other warranty of merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose, expressed or implied, extends to the use of this product contrary to label instructions not reasonably foreseeable to seller; the buyer assumes the risk of any such use, to the extent consistent with applicable law.

7A

1

A plant extract to boost the plants’ defense mechanisms to protect against certain fungal and bacterial diseases, and

to improve plant health.

Active ingredient: Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis ...... 5 %

Other ingredients: ............................................................. 95 %

Total: ………………………………………………….... 100 %

EPA Reg. No. 84059-3 EPA Est. No. 085970-FL-001

EPA Est. No. 84059-MI-001


CAUTION

FIRST AID

IF SWALLOWED: Call poison control center or doctor immediately for treatment advice. Have person sip a glass

of water if able to swallow. Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by the poison control

center or doctor. Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

IF ON SKIN OR

CLOTHING:

Take off contaminated clothing. Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15-20

minutes. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.

IF INHALED: Move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, then give

artificial respiration, preferably by mouth-to-mouth if possible. Call a poison control center or

doctor for further treatment advice.

IF IN EYES: Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes. Remove contact

lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing eye. Call a poison control

center or doctor for treatment advice.

Have the product container or label with you when calling a poison control center or doctor, or if going for treatment.

2121 Second St., Ste. B-107

Davis, CA 95618 USA

[email protected]

NET CONTENTS:

1 gallon 2.5 gallons

REG-13-04 Lot #:


HAZARDS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS

CAUTION: Causes moderate eye irritation. Avoid contact with eyes or clothing. Wear goggles or safety glasses. Wash thoroughly

with soap and water after handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Applicators and other handlers must wear:

• Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

• Shoes plus socks

• Waterproof gloves

• Protective eyewear

Follow manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning and maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables, use detergent and hot

water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

For terrestrial uses: Do not apply directly to water, to areas where surface water is present, or to intertidal areas below the mean high

water mark. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment washwater or rinsate.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE

It is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. Do not apply this product in a way that

will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application.

For any requirements specific to your State or Tribe, consult the State or Tribal agency responsible for pesticide regulation.

7A

2

AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS

Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170.

This standard contains requirements for the protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries and

greenhouses and handlers of agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontamination,

notification and emergency assistance. It also contains specific instructions and exemptions pertaining to the

statements on this label about personal protective equipment (PPE) and the restricted-entry interval (REI). The

requirements in this box only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard.

Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted-entry interval (REI) of 4 hours.

PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves

contact with anything that has been treated such as plants, soil or water is:

• Coveralls

• Waterproof gloves

• Shoes plus socks

• Protective eyewear

GENERAL INFORMATION

Regalia® Biofungicide is an extract from the plant Reynoutria spp. for use on edible crops. Regalia

® Biofungicide applied to actively

growing plants (see DIRECTIONS FOR USE) will improve plant health, and will help make the treated portions resistant to certain

plant diseases. Plant health benefits often result in greater yields at harvest. Use Regalia® Biofungicide as a preventative rather than a

curative application. Apply prior to disease infestation to protect the growing leaf tissue. See specific information for diseases

controlled and use rates on edible crops.

Regalia® Biofungicide can be used as a plant dip, soil drench, in-furrow spray, or applied through drip irrigation to control or suppress

certain soil-borne diseases and to promote healthy root growth.

MODE OF ACTION

The extract obtained from Reynoutria spp. plant material contains active chemical compounds. The extract, when applied to the host

plant, increases the plant’s defense system due to a five-fold increase in phenolics and antioxidants, and strengthens cell walls. This

induced resistance against important diseases is not systemic, but provides some translaminar protection. Repeat foliar applications at

7- 14 day intervals to maintain induction and to protect new plant growth. The resistance induction takes place within one to two days.

Use Regalia® Biofungicide, therefore, as a preventative treatment.

MIXING AND APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS

– SHAKE WELL PRIOR TO USE –

Regalia® Biofungicide is a micro-emulsion concentrate consisting of certain natural ingredients extracted from Reynoutria spp. Use

50-mesh nozzle screens or larger.

See AERIAL APPLICATION section for aerial application use directions.

See CHEMIGATION section for chemigation use directions.

See PRE-PLANT DIP section for pre-plant dip use directions.

See SOIL TREATMENT section for soil application use directions.

Use higher water volumes with larger sized crops and extensive foliage to secure thorough coverage.

Regalia® Biofungicide alone: Add ½ of the required amount of water to the mix tank. With the agitator running, add the Regalia

®

Biofungicide to the mix tank. Continue agitation while adding the remainder of the water. Begin application of the solution after the

Regalia® Biofungicide has completely dispersed into the mix water. Maintain agitation until all the mixture has been applied.

Regalia® Biofungicide + tank-mixtures: Add ½ - ¾ of the required amount of water to the mix tank. Start the agitation before adding

any tank mix partners. In general, tank-mix partners should be added in this order: wettable powders, dry flowable formulations, liquid

flowable formulations, and emulsifiable formulations such as Regalia® Biofungicide. Always allow each tank mix partner to become

completely dispersed before adding the next component. Maintain continuous agitation until all components have been dispersed and

throughout the application process. After all components are completely dispersed add the remainder of the water. Regalia®

Biofungicide cannot be mixed with another product with a prohibition against mixing. Use of the tank mix must be in accordance with

the more restrictive label limitations and precautions. Do not pre-mix Regalia® Biofungicide with any other tank mix component

prior to adding to the spray tank.

Compatibility: Do not combine Regalia® Biofungicide in the spray tank with pesticides, adjuvants, or fertilizers if there has been no

previous experience or use of the combination to show it is physically compatible, effective, and non-injurious under your use

conditions.

Regalia® Biofungicide is compatible with many commonly used pesticides, fertilizers, adjuvants, and surfactants, but has not been

evaluated with all potential combinations. To ensure compatibility of the tank mix combinations, evaluate prior to use as follows:

Using a suitable container, add the proportional amounts of product to water. Add wettable powders first, then water dispersible

granules, then liquid flowables, and lastly, emulsifiable concentrates. Mix thoroughly and let stand for at least five minutes. If the

combination stays mixed or can be remixed, it is physically compatible. Test the mix on a small portion of the crop to be treated to

ensure that a phytotoxic response will not occur as a result of the application.

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AERIAL APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS

Apply Regalia® Biofungicide by aerial application to the Edible Crops listed at the rate of 0.5 – 1 quart per acre in a minimum of 5

gallons of water per acre unless specified differently in the SELECTED CROPS section. Increasing the amount of water applied per

acre may improve product performance. Follow all instructions to reduce aerial drift.

AERIAL DRIFT REDUCTION ADVISORY INFORMATION

GENERAL: Avoiding spray drift at the application site is the responsibility of the applicator. The interaction of many equipment and

weather related factors determine the potential for spray drift. The applicator and the grower are responsible for considering all these

factors when making decisions. Where states have more stringent regulations, they should be observed. Note: This section is advisory

in nature and does not supersede the mandatory label requirements.

INFORMATION ON DROPLET SIZE: The most effective way to reduce drift potential is to apply large droplets. The best drift

management strategy is to apply droplets large enough to provide sufficient coverage and control. Applying larger droplets reduces

drift potential, but will not prevent drift if applications are made improperly, or under unfavorable environmental conditions (see

Wind, Temperature and Humidity, and Temperature Inversions).

CONTROLLING DROPLET SIZE: Use high flow rate nozzles to apply the highest practical spray volume. Nozzles with higher

rated flows produce larger droplets. Pressure – Do not exceed the nozzle manufacturer’s recommended pressures. For many nozzle

types, lower pressure produces larger droplets. When high flow rates are needed, use higher flow rate nozzles instead of increasing

pressure. Number of Nozzles – Use the minimum number of nozzles that provide uniform coverage. Nozzle Orientation – Orienting

nozzles so that the spray is released parallel to the airstream produces larger droplets than other orientations and is the recommended

practice. Significant deflection from horizontal will reduce droplet size and increase drift potential. Nozzle Type – Use a nozzle type

that is designed for the intended application. With most nozzle types, narrower spray angles produce larger droplets. Consider using

low-drift nozzles. Solid stream nozzles oriented straight back produce the largest droplets and the lowest drift.

BOOM WIDTH: For aerial applications, the boom width must not exceed 75% of the wingspan or 90% of the rotary blade. Use

upwind swath displacement and apply only when wind speed is 3-10 mph as measured by an anemometer. Use medium or coarser

spray according to ASAE 572 definition for standard nozzles or VMD for spinning atomizer nozzles. If application includes a no-

spray zone, do not release spray at a height greater than 10 feet above the ground or crop canopy.

APPLICATION HEIGHT: Do not make application at a height greater than 10 feet above the top of the largest plants unless a

greater height is required for aircraft safety. Making applications at the lowest height that is safe reduces exposure of droplets to

evaporation and wind.

SWATH ADJUSTMENT: When applications are made with a crosswind, the swath will be displaced downward. Therefore, on the

up and downwind edges of the field, the applicator must compensate for this displacement by adjusting the path of the aircraft upwind.

Swath adjustment distance should increase with increasing drift potential (higher wind, smaller drops, etc.).

WIND: Drift potential is lowest between wind speeds of 2-10 mph. However, many factors, including droplet size and equipment type

determine drift potential at any given speed. Application should be avoided below 2 mph due to variable wind direction and high

inversion potential. NOTE: Local terrain can influence wind patterns. Every applicator should be familiar with local wind patterns and

how they affect spray drift.

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY: When making applications in low relative humidity, set up equipment to produce larger

droplets to compensate for evaporation. Droplet evaporation is most severe when conditions are both hot and dry.

TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS: Do not apply during a temperature inversion because drift potential is high. Temperature

inversions restrict vertical air mixing, which causes small, suspended droplets to remain in a concentrated cloud. This cloud can move

in unpredictable directions due to the light variable winds common during inversions. Temperature inversions are characterized by

increasing temperatures with altitude and are common on nights with limited cloud cover and light to no wind. They begin to form as

the sun sets and often continue into the morning. Their presence can be indicated by ground fog; however, if fog is not present,

inversions can also be identified by the movement of smoke from a ground source or an aircraft smoke generator. Smoke that layers

and moves laterally in a concentrated cloud (under low wind conditions) indicates an inversion, while smoke that moves upward and

rapidly dissipates indicates good vertical air mixing.

SENSITIVE AREAS: The pesticide should only be applied when the potential for drift to adjacent sensitive areas (e.g. residential

areas, bodies of water, known habitat for threatened or endangered species, non-target crops) is minimal (e.g. when wind is blowing

away from the sensitive areas). Do not allow spray to drift from the application site and contact people, structures people occupy at

any time and the associated property, parks and recreation areas, non-target crops, aquatic and wetland areas, woodlands, pastures,

rangelands, or animals.

7A

4

CHEMIGATION USE DIRECTIONS

Apply Regalia® Biofungicide at 1 - 4 quarts per acre according to the instructions below unless specified differently in the

SELECTED CROPS section.

CHEMIGATION

General Requirements -

1) Apply this product only through a drip system or sprinkler including center pivot, lateral move, end tow, side (wheel) roll,

traveler, big gun, solid set, hand move, flood (basin), furrow, border or drip (trickle) irrigation systems. Do not apply this product

through any other type of irrigation system.

2) Crop injury, lack of effectiveness, or illegal pesticide residues in the crop can result from non-uniform distribution of treated

water.

3) If you have questions about calibration, you should contact State Extension Service specialists, equipment manufacturers or other

experts.

4) Do not connect an irrigation system (including greenhouse systems) used for pesticide application to a public water system unless

the pesticide label-prescribed safety devices for public water systems are in place.

5) A person knowledgeable of the chemigation system and responsible for its operation, or under the supervision of the responsible

person, shall shut the system down and make necessary adjustments should the need arise.

Specific Requirements for Chemigation Systems Connected to Public Water Systems -

1) Public water system means a system for the provision to the public of piped water for human consumption if such system has at

least 15 service connections or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year.

2) Chemigation systems connected to public water systems must contain a functional, reduced-pressure zone, backflow preventer

(RPZ) or the functional equivalent in the water supply line upstream from the point of pesticide introduction. As an option to the

RPZ, the water from the public water system should be discharged into a reservoir tank prior to pesticide introduction. There

shall be a complete physical break (air gap) between the outlet end of the fill pipe and the top or overflow rim of the reservoir

tank of at least twice the inside diameter of the fill pipe.

3) The pesticide injection pipeline must contain a functional, automatic, quick-closing check valve to prevent the flow of fluid back

toward the injection pump.

4) The pesticide injection pipeline must contain a functional, normally closed, solenoid-operated valve located on the intake side of

the injection pump and connected to the system interlock to prevent fluid from being withdrawn from the supply tank when the

irrigation system is either automatically or manually shut down.

5) The system must contain functional interlocking controls to automatically shut off the pesticide injection pump when the water

pump motor stops, or in cases where there is no water pump, when the water pressure decreases to the point where pesticide

distribution is adversely affected.

6) Systems must use a metering pump, such as a positive displacement injection pump (e.g., diaphragm pump) effectively designed

and constructed of materials that are compatible with pesticides and capable of being fitted with a system interlock.

7) Do not apply when wind speed favors drift beyond the area intended for treatment.

Specific Requirements for Sprinkler Chemigation -

1) The system must contain a functional check valve, vacuum relief valve and low-pressure drain appropriately located on the

irrigation pipeline to prevent water source contamination from backflow.



3) The pesticide injection pipeline must also contain a functional, normally closed, solenoid-operated valve located on the intake

side of the injection pump and connected to the system interlock to prevent fluid from being withdrawn from the supply tank

when the irrigation system is either automatically or manually shut down.


pump motor stops.

5) The irrigation line or water pump must include a functional pressure switch which will stop the water pump motor when the water

pressure decreases to the point where pesticide distribution is adversely affected.



7) Do not apply when wind speed favors drift beyond the area intended for treatment.

Specific Requirements for Flood (Basin), Furrow and Border Chemigation -

1) Systems using a gravity flow pesticide dispensing system must meter the pesticide into the water at the head of the field and

downstream of a hydraulic discontinuity such as a drop structure or weir box to decrease potential for water source contamination

from backflow if water flow stops.

2) The systems utilizing a pressurized water and pesticide injection system must meet the following requirements:

a. The system must contain a functional check valve, vacuum relief valve and low-pressure drain appropriately located on the


b. The pesticide injection pipeline must contain a functional, automatic, quick-closing check valve to prevent the flow of fluid

back toward the injection pump.

c. The pesticide injection pipeline must also contain a functional, normally closed, solenoid-operated valve located on the

intake side of the injection pump and connected to the system interlock to prevent fluid from being withdrawn from the supply

tank when the irrigation system is either automatically or manually shut down.

7A

5

d. The system must contain functional interlocking controls to automatically shut off the pesticide injection pump when the

water pump motor stops.

e. The irrigation line or water pump must include a functional pressure switch which will stop the water pump motor when

the water pressure decreases to the point where pesticide distribution is adversely affected.

f. Systems must use a metering pump, such as a positive displacement injection pump (e.g., diaphragm pump) effectively

designed and constructed of materials that are compatible with pesticides and capable of being fitted with a system interlock.

Specific Requirements for Drip (Trickle) Chemigation -

1) The system must contain a functional check valve, vacuum relief valve and low-pressure drain appropriately located on the




3) The pesticide injection pipeline must also contain a functional, normally closed, solenoid-operated valve located on the intake side

of the injection pump and connected to the system interlock to prevent fluid from being withdrawn from the supply tank when the

irrigation system is either automatically or manually shut down.


pump motor stops.

5) The irrigation line or water pump must include a functional pressure switch which will stop the water pump motor when the water

pressure decreases to the point where pesticide distribution is adversely affected.



Application Instructions for All Types of Chemigation -

1) Remove scale, pesticide residues, and other foreign matter from the chemical supply tank and entire injector system. Flush with

clean water. Failure to provide a clean tank, void of scale or residues may cause product to lose effectiveness or strength.

2) Determine the treatment rates as indicated in the directions for use and make proper dilutions. Product can be applied continuously

or at any time during the water application.

3) Prepare a solution in the chemical tank by filling the tank with the required water and then adding product as required.

PRE-PLANT DIP USE DIRECTIONS

Regalia® Biofungicide can be applied as a pre-plant dip for improved plant health and suppression of certain soil-borne diseases.

Apply Regalia® Biofungicide in 1 - 4 quarts product per 100 gallons of water as a pre-plant dip immediately prior to transplanting,

unless specified differently in the SELECTED CROPS section.

SOIL TREATMENT USE DIRECTIONS

Regalia® Biofungicide can be applied by soil drench, in-furrow spray, or soil injection to improve plant health and to protect against

certain soil-borne diseases.

In general, Regalia® Biofungicide can be applied by the following methods, unless specified differently in the SELECTED CROPS

section:

Soil Drench Applications: Apply Regalia

® Biofungicide at a concentration of 1 - 3 quarts per 100 gallons of water, and at a sufficient rate to thoroughly soak the

growing media and root zone. Make an initial application of Regalia® Biofungicide during or shortly after transplant to reduce

transplant shock, suppress soil-borne diseases and improve root growth. Multiple drench applications can be made on a 10 -14 day

interval.

Shanked-In and Injected Applications: Regalia

® Biofungicide can be shanked-in or injected into the soil alone, or with most types of liquid nutrients.

In-Furrow Applications: At planting, apply Regalia

® Biofungicide as an in-furrow spray at the rate of 1 - 4 quarts per acre or 2.2 - 8.8 fluid ounces per 1000

feet of row according to the chart below. Apply Regalia® Biofungicide in 5 -15 gallons of water so as the spray is directed into the

seed furrow just before the seeds are covered.

Rate In-Furrow Application Rates Product per Acre (fl. oz.)

30” Rows 32” Rows 34” Rows 36” Rows 38” Rows 40” Rows

2.2 fl. oz.

per 1000 ft. row 38.3 36.0 33.8 32.0 30.3 28.7

8.8 fl. oz.

per 1000 ft. row 153.2 144.0 135.2 128.0 121.2 114.8

30” = 17,424 row ft./acre, 32” = 16,315 row ft./acre, 34” = 15,374 row ft./acre, 36” = 14,520 row ft./acre, 38” =

13,754 row ft./acre, 40” = 13,068 row ft./acre.

7A

6

APPLICATION RATES FOR SELECTED CROPS

Regalia® Biofungicide used as specified will improve plant health, and induce the defense system of the treated plants listed below

towards the diseases specified below.

The general recommended use rate for Regalia® Biofungicide applied alone or as an alternate spray is 2 - 4 quarts per 100 gallons of

water (0.5-1.0% v/v dilution of Regalia® Biofungicide) applied at 50 - 100 gallons of water per acre. When tank mixed with another

fungicide, the use rate for Regalia® Biofungicide is 1 - 4 quarts in 100 gallons of water applied at 50 - 100 gallons of water per acre.

Use higher water volumes with larger sized crops and extensive foliage in order to secure thorough coverage. See specific application

recommendations pertaining to each crop for additional details.

For greenhouse application on the crops and diseases listed, the recommended use rate for Regalia® Biofungicide is 2 - 4 quarts in 100

gallons of water (0.5-1.0% v/v dilution of Regalia® Biofungicide) sprayed until just before point of runoff. When tank mixed with

another fungicide, the use rate for Regalia® Biofungicide is 1 - 4 quarts in 100 gallons of water. Repeat at 7- 14 day intervals as

needed. See specific application recommendations for each crop for additional details.

Crop Target Disease Application

Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Artichoke

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe

cichoracearum)

(Leveillula taurica)

Ramularia Leaf Spot

(Ramularia cynarae)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 4 quarts

per acre

For ground applications, apply this product in 50-

100 gallons of water per acre.

Apply this product preventatively or when the

first disease symptoms are visible and reapply

every 7- 14 days.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre

For aerial applications, apply this product in a

minimum of 5 gallons of water per acre.

Apply this product preventatively or when the

first disease symptoms are visible and reapply

every 7- 14 days.

Chemigation 1 – 4 quarts

per acre

For chemigation applications for improved plant

growth, apply this product through drip irrigation

immediately after transplant and at 14-day

intervals or begin 14 days after transplant when

soil drench applications are used.

Regalia® Biofungicide has a pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 0 days.



Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Asparagus

Botrytis Blight

(Botrytis

cinerea)

Rust

(Puccinia

aspargi)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 4 quarts

per acre

For ground applications, apply this product in 50-100

gallons of water per acre.

Apply this product preventatively or when the first disease

symptoms are visible and reapply every 7- 14 days

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre

For aerial applications, apply this product in a minimum of

5 gallons of water per acre.

Apply this product preventatively or when the first disease

symptoms are visible and reapply every 7- 14 days.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Bushberries

and

Caneberries

Blueberry

Blackberry

(all varieties)

Cranberry

Currant

Elderberry

Gooseberry

Huckleberry

Mummy Berry

(Monilinia vaccinii-

corymbosi)

Alternaria Fruit Rot

(Alternaria spp.)

Anthracnose Fruit Rot

(Colletotrichum acutatum)

Bacterial Canker

(Pseudomonas syringae)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 4 quarts

per acre

For ground applications, apply this product

in 50 - 100 gallons of water per acre.

Mummy Berry – Initiate application at bud

break stage of development. Apply this

product preventatively and repeat on a 7- 10

day interval or as needed. For best

performance, tank mix this product with

other registered fungicides for Mummy

Berry control.

Botrytis Blight – Apply this product

preventatively when the first disease

7A

7

Juneberry

Ligonberry

Loganberry

Raspberry

(red and black)

Salal

and other berry

crops

Botrytis Blight

(Botrytis cinerea)

Leaf Rust

(Pucciniastrum vaccinii)

Leaf Spot and Blotch

(Mycosphaerella spp.)

(Septoria spp.)

Phomopsis Leaf Spot,

Twig Blight, and Fruit Rot

(Phomopsis spp.)

Powdery Mildew

(Microsphaera alni)

Spur Blight

(Didymella spp.)

(Phoma spp.)

symptoms are visible and reapply every 7-

14 days.

Bacterial Canker – Apply this product prior

to Fall rains and repeat applications during

dormancy before Spring growth. This

product can be tank mixed with another

registered fungicide for improved control of

bacterial canker.

Anthracnose Fruit Rot and Alternaria Fruit

Rot on blueberries – Initiate application at

green tip and continue applications on a 7-

10 day.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre

For aerial applications, apply this product in

a minimum of 5 gallons of water per acre.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Bulb

Vegetables

Onion (Bulb and

Green)

Garlic

Leek

Shallot

and other bulb

vegetable crops

Botrytis Leaf Blight

(Botrytis squamosa)

Botrytis Neck Rot

(Botrytis spp.)

Downy Mildew

(Peronospora spp.)

Onion Purple Blotch

(Alternaria porri)

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe spp.)

Rust

(Puccinia porri)

Stemphyllium Leaf Blight

(Stemphylium vesicarium)

Foliar 1 – 4 quarts

per acre

For foliar applications, apply this product

preventatively in 50 - 100 gallons of water

per acre.

Repeat applications at 7- 14 day intervals.

Under moderate to heavy disease pressure,

tank mix this product with another

fungicide.

Fusarium spp.

Pythium spp.

Rhizoctonia spp.

Soil Drench 1 – 3 quarts

per 100 gallons

For soil drench applications, apply this

product at a concentration of 1 - 3 quarts

per 100 gallons of water, and at a sufficient

rate to thoroughly soak the growing media

and root zone. Make an initial application

of this product during or shortly after

transplant to reduce transplant shock,

suppress soil-borne diseases and improve

root growth. Multiple drench applications

can be made on a 10 - 14 day interval.

In-Furrow 1 – 4 quarts

per acre

2.2 - 8.8 fl. oz.

per 1000 ft. row

For in-furrow applications, at planting

apply this product as an in-furrow spray at

the rate of 1 - 4 quarts per acre or 2.2 - 8.8

fluid ounces per 1000 feet of row according

to the chart in the SOIL TREATMENT

USE DIRECTIONS section. Apply this

product in 5 - 15 gallons of water so as the

spray is directed into the seed furrow just

before the seeds are covered.

7A

8

Chemigation

1 – 4 quarts

per acre

For chemigation applications, apply this

product through irrigation at the rate of 1 -

4 quarts per acre immediately after

transplant and at 14-day intervals or begin

14 days after transplant when plant dip or


Plant Dip 1 - 4 quarts

per 100 gallons

For plant dip applications for improved

plant growth and suppression of soil-borne

diseases, apply this product in a 0.25 – 1%

v/v suspension (1 - 4 quarts this product

per 100 gallons water) as a pre-plant dip

immediately prior to transplanting.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Cereal

Grains

Barley

Buckwheat

Grain

Amaranth

Milo

Oat

Millets

Rye

Sorghum

Triticale

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe graminis)

Bacterial Blight and Streak

(Xanthomonas spp.)

Brown Rot, Leaf Spots &

Smuts

(Ceratobasidium spp.)

(Cercospora spp.)

(Cochliobolus spp.)

(Drechslera spp.)

Rust

(Puccinia spp.)

Septoria Leaf Spot

(Septoria spp.)

Sheath Spot and Blight

(Rhizoctonia oryzae)

(Thanatephorus cucumeris)

Stem Rot

(Sclerotium oryzae)

Smut

(Tilletia barclayana)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 2 quarts

per acre

For ground applications to optimize disease

control and to maximize yields, apply this

product in 15 - 40 gallons of water per acre.

It is important to apply this product at the flag

leaf stage to maximize yield. Apply this

product preventatively or when the first

disease symptoms appear. Repeat applications

in 7- 14 day intervals depending upon crop

growth and disease pressure.

When the plants are under high disease

pressure, tank mix this product with another

fungicide for more effective control.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre


minimum of 5 gallons water per acre.

It is important to apply this product at the flag

leaf stage to maximize yield. Apply this

product preventatively or when the first

disease symptoms appear. Repeat applications

in 7- 14 day intervals depending upon crop

growth and disease pressure.

When the plants are under high disease

pressure, tank mix this product with another

registered fungicide for more effective control.



Crop Target Disease

Applicati

on

Method

Product Use

Rate per

Application

Application

Instructions

Citrus

Crops

Orange

Grapefruit

Lemon

Tangelo

Tangerine

Pummelo

and other

citrus crops

Bacterial Canker

(Xanthomonas spp.)

Alternaria Brown Spot

(Alternaria alternata)

Bacterial Blast

(Pseudomonas

syringae)

Black Spot

(Guignardia

citricarpa)

(Phyllosticta

citricarpa)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 4 quarts

per acre


preventatively in 50-100 gallons of water per acre.

For improved performance, use this product in a tank

mix or rotational program with other registered

fungicides.


Dilute applications: this product can be applied by

ground equipment to tree crops in dilute applications of

100 - 400 gallons of water. Apply this product at a rate

of 2 - 4 quarts per acre when applied alone, or at 1 - 4

quarts per acre when tank mixed with another fungicide.

Avoid excessive amounts of water that result in the

runoff of spray material.

7A

9

Greasy Spot

(Mycosphaerella citri)

Melanose

(Diaporthe citri)

Postbloom Fruit Drop

(Colletotrichum

acutatum)

Scab

(Elsinoe australis)

(Elsinoe fawcetti)

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre

For aerial applications, apply this product in a minimum

of 5 gallons water per acre.

For improved performance, use this product in a tank

mix or rotational program with other registered

fungicides.





Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Cole Crops (Brassicas)

Broccoli

Broccoli Rabe

Brussels Sprouts

Cabbage

Chinese Broccoli

Chinese Cabbage (Bok

Choy)

Chinese Cabbage (Napa)

Chinese Mustard

Cabbage (Gai Choy)

Cauliflower

Cavalo

Collards

Kale

Kohlrabi

Mizuna

Mustard Greens

Mustard Spinach

Rape Greens

Turnip

and other cole crops

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe cruciferarum)

(Erysiphe polygoni)

Alternaria Leaf Spot

(Alternaria spp.)

Downy Mildew

(Peronospora parasitica)

Pin Rot Complex

(Alternaria/Xanthomonas)

Xanthomonas Leaf Spot

(Xanthomonas

campestris)

Foliar

(Ground)

0.5 – 4 quarts

per acre

For ground applications, apply

this product at 1 - 4 quarts per

50 gallons of water.

For concentrated ground

applications, apply this product

at 0.5 – 1.5 quarts per acre in 10

- 25 gallons of water per acre.

Repeat applications at 7- 14 day

intervals.

Under moderate to heavy

disease pressure, tank mix this

product with another fungicide.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 – 1.5 quarts

per acre

For aerial applications, apply

this product in a minimum of 5



intervals.

Under moderate to heavy

disease pressure, tank mix this

product with another fungicide.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Cotton Alternaria Leaf Spot, Boll Rot

(Alternaria spp.)

Anthracnose, Boll Rot

(Glomeria spp.)

Ascochyta Blight, Boll Rot

(Ascochyta spp.)

Cercospora Blight & Leaf Spot

(Cercospora spp.)

Diplodia Boll Rot

(Diplodia spp.)

Hard Lock, Boll Rot

(Fusarium spp.)

Leaf Spot

(Corynespora cassicola)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 2 quarts

per acre

For ground applications for foliar and Boll

Rot disease control, apply this product

preventatively in 15 - 40 gallons of water per

acre prior to disease development using

sufficient volume for thorough coverage.


Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre



7A

10

Phoma Blight, Boll Rot

(Phoma spp.)

Rust

(Puccinia spp.)

(Phykopsora spp.)

Stemphyllium Leaf Spot

(Stemphyllium spp.)




Method

Product Use

Rate per

Application

Application

Instructions

Cucurbits

Includes all types and

hybrids of: Chayote

Chinese

waxgourd

Cucumber

Citron melon

Gherkin

Pumpkin

Watermelon

Edible Gourd:

Chinese okra

Cucuzza

Hyotan

Mormordica spp.:

Balsam apple

Balsam pear

Bitter melon

Chinese

cucumber

Muskmelon:

Cantaloupe

Casaba

Crenshaw melon

Golden pershaw

melon

Honeydew

melon

Honey balls

Mango melon

Persian melon

Pineapple melon

Santa Claus

melon

Snake melon

Summer Squash:

Crookneck squash

Scallop squash

Straightneck

squash

Vegetable

marrow

Zucchini

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe

cichoracearum)

(Sphaerotheca

fuliginea)

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum

lagenarium)

Alternaria Blight

(Alternaria

cucumerina)

Cercospora Leaf

Spot

(Cercospora

citrulina)

Downy Mildew

(Pseudoperonospora

cubensis)

Gummy Stem Blight

(Didymella bryoniae)

Phytophthora Blight

(Phytophthora

capsici)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 4 quarts

per acre


preventatively in 25-100 gallons of water per

acre or when the first symptoms of disease are

visible. Increase water volume as plant size

increases.

Repeat applications in 7- 14 day intervals

depending upon crop growth and disease

pressure.

When greenhouse cucurbits are under high

disease conditions, use the shorter spray

interval.

Downy Mildew - Tank mix this product with

another fungicide labeled for Downy Mildew

control and re-apply at a 7-day interval or

according to the label directions of the tank

mix partner.

Phytophthora Blight - Apply this product in

combination with labeled rates of a copper

fungicide or with another fungicide labeled

for Phytophthora Blight control.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre



Repeat applications in 7- 14 day intervals

depending upon crop growth and disease

pressure.

Downy Mildew - Tank mix this product with

another fungicide labeled for Downy Mildew

control and re-apply at a 7-day interval or

according to the label directions of the tank

mix partner.





Fusarium spp.

Phytophthora spp.

Pythium spp.

Rhizoctonia spp.

Verticillium spp.


per 100

gallons


product at a concentration of 1 - 3 quarts per

100 gallons of water, and at a sufficient rate to

thoroughly soak the growing media and root

zone. Make an initial application of this

product during or shortly after transplant to

reduce transplant shock, suppress soil-borne

diseases and improve root growth. Multiple

drench applications can be made on a 10-14

day interval.

7A

11

Winter Squash:

Acorn squash

Butternut squash

Calabaza

Hubbard squash

Spaghetti squash

and other cucurbit

crops


per acre

2.2 - 8.8.

per 1000 ft.

row

For in-furrow applications at planting, apply

this product as an in-furrow spray at the rate

of 1 - 4 quarts per acre or 2.2 - 8.8 fluid

ounces per 1000 feet of row according to the

chart in the SOIL TREATMENT USE

DIRECTIONS section. Apply this product in

5 - 15 gallons of water so as the spray is

directed into the seed furrow just before the

seeds are covered.


per 100

gallons

For plant dip applications for improved plant

growth and suppression of soil-borne

diseases, apply this product in a 0.25 – 1% v/v

suspension (1 - 4 quarts this product per 100

gallons water) as a pre-plant dip immediately

prior to transplanting.

Chemigation

1 – 4 quarts

per acre

For chemigation applications for improved


diseases, apply this product through drip

irrigation at the rate of 1 - 4 quarts per acre


intervals or begin 14 days after transplant

when plant dip or soil drench applications are

used.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Fruiting

Vegetables

Tomato

Pepper

Eggplant

Ground

Cherry

Okra

Tomatillo

and other

fruiting

vegetable

crops

Bacterial Blight

(Xanthomonas spp.)

Bacterial Spot

(Xanthomonas spp.)

Bacterial Speck


Black Mold


Early Blight

(Alternaria solani)

Gray Mold

(Botrytis cinerea)

Late Blight

(Phytophthora infestans)

Phytophthora Blight

(Phytophthora capsici)

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe spp.)

(Leveillula taurica)

(Oidopsis taurica)

(Sphaerotheca spp.)

Target Spot

(Corynespora cassiicola)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 3 quarts

per acre


preventatively in 25 - 100 gallons of water

per acre. Increase water volume as plant size

increases.


Tank mix this product with other registered

fungicides for improved disease control

under heavy pressure.





Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre




Tank mix this product with other registered

fungicides for improved disease control

under heavy pressure.



fungicide.

7A

12

Fusarium spp.

Phytophthora spp.

Pythium spp.

Rhizoctonia spp.

Verticillium spp.


per 100 gallons


product at a concentration of 1 - 3 quarts per

100 gallons of water, and at a sufficient rate

to thoroughly soak the growing media and

root zone. Make an initial application of this




drench applications can be made on a 10 - 14

day interval.


per acre

2.2 - 8.8.

per 1000 ft. row

For in-furrow applications, at planting, apply

this product as an in-furrow spray at the rate

of 1 - 4 quarts per acre or 2.2 - 8.8 fluid

ounces per 1000 feet of row according to the

chart in the SOIL TREATMENT USE

DIRECTIONS section. Apply this product in

5 - 15 gallons of water so as the spray is

directed into the seed furrow just before the

seeds are covered.


per 100 gallons


growth and suppression of soil-borne

diseases, apply this product in a 0.25 – 1%

v/v suspension (1 - 4 quarts this product per

100 gallons water) as a pre-plant dip



per acre

For chemigation applications for improved


diseases, apply this product through drip

irrigation at the rate of 1 - 4 quarts per acre


intervals or begin 14 days after transplant

when plant dip or soil drench applications

are used.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Grape

Powdery Mildew

(Uncinula necator)

Angular Leaf Spot

(Mycosphaerella angulata)

Anthracnose

(Elsinoe ampelina)

Botrytis Bunch Rot

(Botrytis cinerea)

Black Rot

(Guignardia bidwellii)

Downy Mildew

(Plasmopara viticola)

Eutypa

(Eutypa lata)

Leaf Blight

(Pseudocercospora vitis)

Phomopsis Fruit Rot

(Phomopsis viticola)

Ripe Rot

(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)


per acre

For ground applications, apply this

product preventatively in 50 - 100

gallons of water per acre or when the

first disease symptoms are visible.

Under high disease pressure, use in a

tank mix with another registered

fungicide for more effective control.

Repeat applications in 7- 14 day

intervals depending upon crop growth

and disease pressure.

Dilute applications: this product can be

applied by ground equipment to vine

and tree crops in dilute applications of

100 - 400 gallons of water. Apply this

product at a rate of 2 - 4 quarts per

acre when applied alone or at 1 - 4

quarts per acre when tank mixed with

another fungicide. Avoid excessive

amounts of water that result in the

runoff of spray material.

7A

13

Sour Rot

(Alternaria tenuis)

(Aspergillus spp.)

(Botrytis cinerea)

(Cladosporium herbarum)

(Penicillium spp.)

(Rhizopus arrhizus)




Method

Product Use

Rate per

Application

Application

Instructions

Grass Seed

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe graminis)

(Oidium spp.)

(Podosphaera spp.)

(Sphaerotheca spp.)

Rust

(Puccinia spp.)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 4 quarts

per acre


preventatively in 25 – 100 gallons of water per

acre when disease symptoms are first visible or

when environmental conditions are conducive

to rapid disease development. Continue sprays

at 7-day intervals or as needed.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 – 1 quart

per acre






Method

Product Use

Rate per

Application

Application

Instructions

Hops

Downy Mildew

(Pseudoperonospora

humuli)

Powdery Mildew

(Sphaerotheca

macularis)


per acre

Apply this product preventatively when disease symptoms

are first visible or when environmental conditions are

conducive to rapid disease development. Continue sprays

at 7-day intervals or as needed.

Minimum spray volumes for hop growth stages are as

follows:

Emergence to Training: Apply 1 - 2 quarts this product per

acre using a minimum spray volume of 20 gallons per acre.

Coverage will vary with the size of the vines and the type

of spray equipment. Apply adequate spray volume to

achieve complete spray coverage.

Training to Wire-Touch: Apply 1 - 2 quarts this product

per acre using a minimum spray volume of 50 gallons per

acre. Coverage will vary with the size of the vines and the

type of spray equipment. Apply adequate spray volume to

achieve complete spray coverage.

Wire-Touch through Harvest: Apply 2 - 4 quarts of this

product using a minimum of 100 gallons of water per acre.

Higher water volumes may be necessary to achieve

thorough coverage after side arms develop. Do not apply

more than 4 quarts of product per acre per application.

Apply adequate spray volume to achieve complete spray

coverage. Use the higher rates when moderate to high

disease pressure is present or expected.

For control of Downy Mildew, tank mix this product with

another fungicide labeled for Downy Mildew control and

re-apply at a 7-day interval or according to the label

directions of the tank mix partner.



7A

14


Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Leafy Vegetable

Crops

Arugula

Beet

Celery

Chervil

Cilantro

Corn Salad

Cress

Dandelion

Dock

Edible Chrysanthemum

Endive

Fennel

Garden Peas

Head Lettuce

Leaf Lettuce

Parsley

Purslane

Radicchio

Rhubarb

Spinach

Swiss Chard

Watercress

And other leafy

vegetable crops

Downy Mildew

(Bremia lactuca)

(Peronospora spp.)

Bacterial Blight/Rot

(Xanthomonas spp.)

Cercospora leafspot

(Cercospora spp.)

Late Blight

(Septoria apiicola)

Pink Rot

(Sclerotinia

sclerotiorum)

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe

cichoracearum)

Sclerotinia Head and

Leaf Drop

(Sclerotinia minor)

(Sclerotinia

sclerotiorum)

White Rust

(Albugo occidentalis)

Foliar

(Ground)

0.5 – 4 quarts

per acre


product at 0.5 - 4 quarts in 50 - 100


For concentrated ground applications,

apply this product at 0.5 – 1.5 quarts

per acre in a minimum of 10 gallons

of water per acre.


intervals.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 – 1.5 quarts

per acre

West of the Rocky Mountains - For

aerial applications, apply this product

at 0.5 – 1.5 quarts per acre in a

minimum of 10 gallons of water per

acre.

East of the Rocky Mountains – For

aerial applications, apply this product

at 0.5 - 1 quarts per acre in a

minimum of 5 gallons of water per

acre.

For California: For aerial application,

apply this product at 1 – 3pints per

acre in 10 – 20 gallons of water per

acre.


intervals.



Restrictions: Regalia® Biofungicide should be applied to healthy, actively growing plants. Do not apply Regalia

® Biofungicide

to plants that are stressed due to cold weather, drought, excessive moisture, etc. Do not apply when extended cold or cold and

cloudy conditions are expected.


Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Legumes/

Vegetables (not including

soybeans and

peanuts)

Chick Peas

Dry Beans

Garbanzo

Beans

Green Beans

Lentils

Lima Beans

Peas

Shell Beans

Snap Beans

Split Peas

and other

legume crops

(including those

grown for seed

or oil

production)

Bacterial Blight

(Xanthomonas campestris)

Gray Mold

(Botrytis cinerea)

Pythium (aerial blight phase)

(Pythium spp.)

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe spp.)

Rust

(Puccinia spp.)

(Uromyces appendiculatus)

White Mold

(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)


per acre

For foliar applications, apply this

product preventatively in 20 - 100


For improved performance, use this

product in a tank mix or rotational

program with another registered

fungicide.


intervals.

Fusarium spp.

Phytophthora spp.

Pythium spp.

Rhizoctonia spp.


per acre

2.2 - 8.8.

per 1000 ft. row

For in-furrow applications, at planting



fluid ounces per 1000 feet of row

according to the chart in the SOIL

TREATMENT USE DIRECTIONS

section. Apply this product in 5 - 15

gallons of water so as the spray is directed

into the seed furrow just before the seeds

are covered.



7A

15


Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Mint and Other

Herbs/Spices

Angelica

Balm

Basil

Borage

Burnet

Chamomile

Catnip

Chervil

Chive

Clary

Coriander

Costmary

Cilantro

Curry

Dillweed

Horehound

Hyssop

Lavender

Lemongrass

Lovage

Marjoram

Nasturtium

Parsley (dried)

Peppermint

Rosemary

Sage

Savory (summer

and winter)

Sweet Bay

Tansy

Tarragon

Thyme

Wintergreen

Woodruff

Wormwood

and other

herbs/spices

Downy Mildew

(Peronospora spp.)

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe spp.)

Rust

(Puccinia menthae)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 4 quarts

per acre


preventatively in a minimum of 50 gallons

of water per acre.


Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre

For aerial applications, apply this product

in a minimum of 5 gallons water per acre.





Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Oil Seed Crops

(not including

cotton, peanut, or

soybean)

Canola

Castor

Flax

Rapeseed

Safflower

Sesame

Sunflower

Bacterial Pustule

(Xanthomonas spp.)

Bacterial Speck

(Pseudomonas syringe pv.

glycinea)

Brown Spot

(Septoria glycines)


(Cercospora spp.)

Foliar

(Ground)

0.5 – 2 quarts

per acre

For ground applications to optimize

disease control and to maximize yields,

apply this product preventatively in 15

- 40 gallons of water per acre.

For improved performance, apply this

product in a tank mix program with

another registered fungicide.

Consult your local Extension Specialist

or Crop Consultant regarding the

optimum timing of fungicide

applications.

7A

16

and other oil seed

crops

Downy Mildew

(Peronospora mansherica)

Pod and Stem Blight

(Diaporthe phaseolorum

var. sojae), (Phomopsis

longicola)

White Mold/ Sclerotinia

Stem Rot


Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre

For aerial applications, apply this

product in a minimum of 3 gallons per

acre.

For improved performance, apply this

product in a tank mix program with

another registered fungicide.

Consult your local Extension Specialist

or Crop Consultant regarding the

optimum timing of fungicide

applications.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Olive

Olive Knot

(Pseudomonas

savastanoi)


per acre

Apply this product preventatively in 50 - 100 gallons of

water per acre.



ground equipment to tree crops in dilute applications of

100 - 400 gallons of water. Apply this product at a rate

of 2 - 4 quarts per acre when applied alone, or at 1 - 4

quarts per acre when tank mixed with another

fungicide. Avoid excessive amounts of water that result

in the runoff of spray material.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Peanut Aspergillus Crown Rot

(Aspergillus niger)

Rhizoctonia Foliar Blight,

Peg, & Root Rot

(Rhizoctonia solani)

White Mold

(Sclerotium rolfsii)


per acre


preventatively in 20 - 50 gallons of water per

acre.


Aspergillus Crown Rot

(Aspergillus niger)

Fusarium spp.

Phytophthora spp.

Pythium spp.

Rhizoctonia spp.

Verticillium spp.

White Mold

(Sclerotium rolfsii)


per 100 gallons

For soil drench applications, apply this product

at a concentration of 1 -3 quarts per 100

gallons of water, and at a sufficient rate to

thoroughly soak the growing media and root

zone. Make an initial application of this




drench applications can be made on a 10-14

day interval.


per acre

2.2 - 8.8.

per 1000 ft. row

For in-furrow applications at planting, apply

this product as an in-furrow spray at the rate of

1 - 4 quarts per acre or 2.2 - 8.8 fluid ounces

per 1000 feet of row according to the chart in

the SOIL TREATMENT USE DIRECTIONS

section. Apply this product in 5 - 15 gallons of

water so as the spray is directed into the seed

furrow just before the seeds are covered.



7A

17


Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Pome Fruits

Apple

Crabapple

Loquat

Oriental Pear

Pear

Quince

Mayhaw

and other

pome fruit

crops

Powdery Mildew

(Podosphaera leucotricha)

Alternaria Blotch

(Alternaria mali)

Apple Scab

(Venturia inaequalis)

Suppression only

Bitter Rot

(Colletotrichum spp.)

Black Rot/ Frogeye Leaf

Spot

(Botryosphaeria obtusa)

Bot Rot

(Botryosphaeria dothidea)

Brooks Spot

(Mycosphaerella pomi)

Bull’s Eye Rot

(Neofabraea spp.)

Cedar-Apple Rust

(Gymnosporangium

juniperi-virginianae)

Suppression only

Fire Blight

(Erwinia amylovora)

Suppression only

Flyspeck

(Zygophiala jamaicensis)

Sooty Blotch

(Geastrumia polystigmati)

(Leptodontium elatius)

(Peltaster fructicola)

White Rot



per acre

For foliar applications, apply this product in

50 - 100 gallons of water per acre. Begin

applications when conditions are conducive

to disease development but not prior to petal

fall. Repeat applications on 7- 10 day

intervals. Additional sprays beyond second

cover may be needed on susceptible

varieties, or when environmental conditions

are conducive to rapid disease development.

Use high label rate and shorter spray

intervals when conditions are conducive to

rapid disease development.

Fire Blight – For suppression, apply 1 - 2

quarts of this product in 50 - 100 gallons of

water per acre beginning at petal fall. For

maximum control, use this product prior to

infection events. During periods of rapid

development and frequent infection periods,

use spray intervals of 3 - 7 days.

Apply in sufficient water to provide full

coverage. For improved performance, use

this product in a rotational program with

antibiotics registered for Fire Blight control

such as but not limited to oxytetracycline or

streptomycin.

Proper orchard cultural practices are

essential to eliminate Fire Blight-infected

tissue from the orchard to assure good

performance of any crop protection product.

Care must be taken to remove and destroy

dead and diseased wood from the orchard

prior to and during the growing season.

Scab – For suppression, apply 1 quart of this

product in 50 - 100 gallons of water per acre

at green tip and through bloom when

environmental conditions become favorable

for primary Scab development and repeat on

a 7 - 10 day interval or as needed. Use this

product in a tank mix or rotational program

with other fungicides labeled for Scab

control. Following bloom, this product can

be applied at 2-4 quarts per acre.

Use caution when selecting spray adjuvants.

Select only those adjuvants which through

prior experience do not affect fruit finish

when combined with this product.


applied by ground equipment to tree crops in

dilute applications of 100-400 gallons of

water. Apply this product at a rate of 2 - 4

quarts per acre when applied alone, or at 1 -

4 quarts per acre when tank mixed with

another fungicide. Avoid excessive amounts

of water that result in the runoff of spray

material.



7A

18


Method

Product Use

Rate per

Application

Application

Instructions

Root, Tuber

& Corm Crops

Potato

Beet

Carrot

Cassava

Ginger

Ginseng

Horseradish

Radish

Sweet Potato

Turnip

and other root

crops

(including those

for seed

production)

Bacterial Leaf Blight


Black Root Rot /

Black Crown Rot

(Alternaria spp.)

Downy Mildew

(Peronospora spp.)

Early Blight

(Alternaria solani)

Gray Mold

(Botrytis spp.)

Late Blight

(Phytophthora infestans)

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe spp.)

White Mold



per acre


in 25 - 100 gallons of water per acre

sufficient to provide thorough coverage.

Begin application soon after emergence or

transplant, and when conditions are

conducive to disease development. Repeat

on a 7- 10 day interval or as needed. Use

shorter intervals when conditions are

conducive to rapid disease development.

For suppression of Early Blight, Black

Root Rot/Black Crown Rot, and Late

Blight, begin application of this product in

25 - 100 gallons of water per acre soon

after emergence when conditions are

conducive to disease development. Repeat

on a 5- 7 day interval or as needed. For

improved performance, use this product in

a tank mix with other registered

fungicides.

Clubroot

(Plasmodiophora brassicae)

Common Scab

(Streptomyces scabies)

Fusarium spp.

Phytophthora spp.

Pythium spp.

Rhizoctonia spp.

Verticillium spp.


per 100 gallons


product at a concentration of 1 - 3 quarts

per 100 gallons of water, and at a

sufficient rate to thoroughly soak the

growing media and root zone. Make an

initial application of this product during

or shortly after transplant to reduce

transplant shock, suppress soil-borne

diseases and improve root growth.

Multiple drench applications can be made

on a 10-14 day interval.


per acre

2.2 - 8.8.

per 1000 ft. row

For in-furrow applications at planting,



fluid ounces per 1000 feet of row

according to the chart in the SOIL

TREATMENT USE DIRECTIONS

section. Apply this product in 5 -15

gallons of water so as the spray is directed

into the seed furrow just before the seeds

are covered.

Chemigation

1 – 4 quarts

per acre

For chemigation applications for

improved plant growth and suppression of

soil-borne diseases, apply this product

through drip irrigation at the rate of 1 - 4

quarts per acre immediately after

transplant and at 14-day intervals or begin

14 days after transplant when plant dip or




7A

19


Method

Product Use

Rate per

Application

Application

Instructions

Stone Fruits

Apricot

Cherry (sweet

and tart)

Nectarine

Peach

Plum

Plumcot

Prune

and other

stone fruit

crops

Alternaria Spot/Fruit Rot


Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum spp.)

Bacterial Canker

(Pseudomonas spp.)

Bacterial Spot

(Xanthomonas pruni)

Brown Rot Blossom Blight

(Monilinia laxa)

Brown Rot Fruit Rot

(Monilinia fruticola)


(Cercospora spp.)

Cherry Leaf Spot

(Blumeriella jaapii)

Gray Mold

(Botrytis cinerea)

Powdery Mildew

(Podosphaera spp.)

(Sphaerotheca pannosa)

Rust

(Tranzschelia discolor)

Rusty Spot

(Podosphaera leucotricha)

Scab

(Cladosporium

carpophilum)

Shot Hole

(Wilsonomyces

carpophilus)


per acre


preventatively in 50 - 100 gallons of water per acre.

Bacterial Blight – Apply this product in 50 - 100

gallons of water per acre postharvest before Fall

rains.

Brown Rot Blossom Blight – Begin application of

this product in 50 - 100 gallons of water per acre at

early bloom, and repeat through petal fall on a 7-

day interval or as needed.

Powdery Mildew – Begin application of this

product in 50 - 100 gallons of water per acre at

popcorn stage, and repeat on a 7-day interval or as

needed. For improved performance, use this product

in a tank mix or rotational program with other

registered fungicides for powdery mildew control.

Scab – Begin application of this product in 50 - 100

gallons of water per acre at petal fall, and repeat on

a 7- 10 day interval or as needed. For improved

performance, tank mix this product with another

fungicide labeled for Scab control.

For all other diseases – Begin application prior to

disease development when environmental

conditions and plant stage are conducive to rapid

disease development, and repeat on a 7- 10 day

interval or as needed. Use in a tank mix or

rotational program when disease conditions are

severe.


ground equipment to tree crops in dilute

applications of 100 - 400 gallons of water. Apply

this product at a rate of 2 - 4 quarts per acre when

applied alone, or at 1 - 4 quarts per acre when tank

mixed with another fungicide. Avoid excessive

amounts of water that result in the runoff of spray

material.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Strawberry Anthracnose

(Collectotrichum spp.)

Suppression only

Botrytis

(Botrytis cinerea)

Leaf Spot

(Mycosphaerella

fragariae)

Phomopsis Leaf Blight

(Phomopsis obscurans)

Powdery Mildew

(Sphaerotheca macularis)


per acre


preventatively in 50 - 100 gallons of water per acre at

7- 14 day spray intervals or as soon as first symptoms

of disease appear.

Anthracnose - For suppression, apply this product

preventatively in 50 - 100 gallons of water per acre

and repeat on a 7- 10 day interval or as needed. For

best performance, tank mix this product with other

registered fungicides for Anthracnose control.


ground equipment to strawberries in dilute

applications of 100 - 200 gallons of water. Apply this

product at a rate of 2 - 3 quarts per acre when applied

alone, or at 1 - 3 quarts per acre when tank mixed

with another fungicide. Avoid excessive amounts of

water that result in the runoff of spray material.

7A

20

Black Root Rot

(Rhizoctonia spp.)

(Pythium spp.)

(Fusarium spp.)

(Cylindrocarpon spp.)

Phytophthora Root Rot

and Crown Rot

(Phytophthora spp.)

Verticillium Wilt

(Verticillium spp.)

Fusarium spp.

Pythium spp.

Rhizoctonia spp.


per 100 gallons


growth and suppression of soil-borne diseases,

apply this product in a 0.25 – 1% v/v suspension (1

- 4 quarts per 100 gallons water) as a pre-plant dip

to strawberry plants, roots and crowns immediately

prior to transplanting.


per 100 gallons

For soil drench applications, apply this product at a

concentration of 1 - 3 quarts per 100 gallons of

water, and at a sufficient rate to thoroughly soak

the growing media and root zone. Make an initial

application of this product during or shortly after

transplant to reduce transplant shock, suppress soil-

borne diseases and improve root growth. Multiple

drench applications can be made on a 10 - 14 day

interval.


per acre

For chemigation applications for improved plant


apply this product through drip irrigation at the rate

of 1 - 4 quarts per acre immediately after transplant

and at 14-day intervals or begin 14 days after

transplant when plant dip or soil drench

applications are used.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Sugar Beets

(includes crop

for seed

production)

Powdery Mildew

(Erysiphe betae)

(Erysiphe polygoni)

Leaf Spot

(Cercospora beticola)

Ramularia

(Ramularia spp.)

Rust

(Uromyces betae)


per acre

To optimize disease control and to maximize

yields, apply this product preventatively in 15 - 40

gallons of water per acre by ground or aerial

application.

For improved performance, apply this product in a

tank mix program with another registered

fungicide.

Consult your local Extension Specialist or Crop

Consultant regarding the optimum timing of

fungicide applications.




Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Sugarcane

Brown Rust

(Puccinia

melanocephela)

Orange Rust

(Puccinia

kuehnii)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 2 quarts

per acre

For ground applications to optimize disease control and

to maximize yields, apply this product preventatively in

15 - 40 gallons of water per acre by ground application.


Consultant regarding the optimum timing of fungicide

applications.

For improved performance, apply this product in a tank

mix program with another registered fungicide.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre

For aerial applications, apply this product in a minimum

of 3 gallons of water per acre.


Consultant regarding the optimum timing of fungicide

applications.

For improved performance, apply this product in a tank

mix program with another registered fungicide.



7A

21


Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Tobacco

Blue Mold

(Peronospora

tabacina)


per acre

For foliar applications, apply this product at a

rate of 2 - 4 quarts per acre when applied

alone, or at 1 - 4 quarts per acre when tank

mixed with another fungicide preventatively in


Avoid excessive amounts of water that result

in spray material dripping from the foliage. If

necessary, repeat applications at a 7-day

interval.

Fusarium spp.

Phytophthora spp.

Pythium spp.

Rhizoctonia spp.

Verticillium spp.


per 100 gallons

For plant dip applications, for improved plant


apply this product in a 0.25 – 1% v/v

suspension (1 - 4 quarts per 100 gallons water)

as a pre-plant dip to tobacco roots and plants





Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Tree Nut

Crops

Walnut (Black

and English)

Almond

Beech nut

Brazil nut

Butternut

Cashew

Chestnut

Chinquapin

Filbert

Hickory nut

Macadamia nut

Pecan

Pistachio

and other tree

nut crops

Walnut Blight


Alternaria Late Blight,

Alternaria Leaf Spot

(Alternaria spp.)

Anthracnose

(Collectotrichum spp.)

(Gnomonia leptostyla)

Bacterial Canker

(Erwinia nigrifluens)


Botryosphaeria Blight


Brown Rot

(Monilinia spp.)

Eastern Filbert Blight

(Anisogramma anomala)

Green Fruit Rot

(Botrytis cinerea)

Leaf Rust

(Tranzschelia discolor)

Scab

(Cladosporium

carpophilum) (Sphaceloma

perseae)

Shot Hole

(Wilsonomyces carpophilus)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 4 quarts

per acre


product in 50 - 100 gallons of water

per acre.

This product can be tank mixed at the

lower rate with another registered

fungicide under heavy disease

pressure.

Walnut Blight - For preventative

control, apply this product in 50-100

gallons of water per acre. Repeat

applications at 7- 10 day intervals.

Under conditions of heavy disease

pressure, tank mix this product with a

copper-based fungicide.


applied by ground equipment to tree

crops in dilute applications of 100 -

400 gallons of water. Apply this

product at a rate of 2 - 4 quarts per acre

when applied alone, or at 1 - 4 quarts

per acre when tank mixed with another

fungicide. Avoid excessive amounts of

water that result in the runoff of spray

material.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre

For aerial applications, apply this

product in a minimum of 10 gallons

per acre.



7A

22


Method

Product Use Rate

per Application

Application

Instructions

Tropical

Fruits

Avocado

Banana

Kiwi

Mango

Papaya

Plantain

Pineapple

Pomegranate

and other

tropical fruit

crops

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides)

Bacterial Blight

(Pseudomonas

syringae)

(Pseudomonas

viridiflava)

Bacterial Canker

(Xanthomonas

campestris)

Botrytis Fruit Rot

(Botrytis cinerea)

Scab

(Elsinoe

mangiferae)

Sigatoka

(Mycosphaerella

fijiensis)

Foliar

(Ground)

1 – 4 quarts

per acre


preventatively in 50-100 gallons of water per acre.



ground equipment to tree crops in dilute

applications of 100 - 400 gallons of water. Apply

this product at a rate of 2 - 4 quarts per acre when

applied alone, or at 1 - 4 quarts per acre when tank

mixed with another fungicide. Avoid excessive

amounts of water that result in the runoff of spray

material.

Sigatoka - Initiate applications when leaves first

appear and repeat on a 7-10 day schedule. Apply

in sufficient water by ground or air to obtain

thorough coverage of foliage. For improved

disease control, this product may be tank mixed

with oil or other fungicides registered for Sigatoka

control at label rates.

Foliar

(Aerial)

0.5 - 1 quart

per acre


minimum of 10 gallons per acre.




INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

Many conventional fungicides have been tested in an IPM regime with Regalia® Biofungicide with very satisfactory results. One of

the major objectives of IPM has been to reduce the probability of disease resistance development to a particular active ingredient.

The alternate use of (1-2 sprays) followed by a conventional, registered fungicide (1-2 sprays) has been successfully used in many

crops. In addition, the use of tank mixes with a conventional fungicide has also been successful.

Follow label instructions of the particular registered product: Do not exceed amounts or treatment intervals on the label.

STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by storage or disposal.

Pesticide Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Avoid freezing.

Pesticide Disposal: To avoid wastes, use all material in this container by application according to label directions. If wastes

cannot be avoided, offer remaining product to a waste disposal facility or pesticide disposal program (often such programs are

run by state or local governments or by industry).

Container Handling: Non-refillable container. Do not reuse or refill this container. Triple rinse container (or equivalent)

promptly after emptying. Triple rinse as follows: Empty the remaining contents into application equipment or a mix tank and

drain for 10 seconds after the flow begins to drip. Fill the container ¼ full with water and recap. Shake for 10 seconds. Pour

rinsate into application equipment or a mix tank or store rinsate for later use or disposal. Drain for 10 seconds after the flow

begins to drip. Repeat this procedure two more times. Then offer for recycling if available, or puncture and dispose of in a

sanitary landfill or by incineration. Do not burn unless allowed by state and local ordinances.

Marrone Bio Innovations is a member of the Ag Container Recycling Council. Visit http://www.acrecycle.org/contact

for information on how to arrange pick-up of this empty pesticide container.

WARRANTY

To the extent permitted by applicable law, the seller makes no warranty, expressed or implied, of merchantability, fitness or otherwise

concerning use of this product. The user assumes all risks of use, storage or handling that are not in strict accordance with the

accompanying directions.

Label date: February 11, 2013

Made in the U.S.A.

US Patents No. 4,863,734 and No. 5,989,429 Regalia® is a registered trademark of Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc.

Marrone Bio Innovations' name and logo are registered trademarks of Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc.

© Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc.

2121 Second St., Suite B-107, Davis, CA 95618

1-877-664-4476 www.marronebio.com [email protected]

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http://www.acrecycle.org/contact


Organic management of basil downy mildew at the advanced stage

Appendix III: Supporting Data Summary Key To Product Names

Active Ingredient Trade Name extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis Regalia Hydroxen Dioxide Oxidate Potassium Bicarbonate Milstop Copper sulfate Basic Copper 53 Copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide Badge X2 Copper hydroxide Kocide 3000 Copper octanoate Cueva Mandipropamid Revus Bacillus pumilus Sonata Nitrogen + Phosphoric acid + Potash (2-40-16) Nutri-Phite Bacillus subtilus Serenade Cuprous oxide Nordox 75 Plant essential oils Sporotec

Regalia Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis (Regalia) is currently OMRI-listed and is also labeled for basil downy mildew. The available efficacy data is somewhat inconsistent, though does indicate the potential of this material to reduce disease severity. Two studies by Mcgrath and Hunsberger (2011 and 2010a) tested efficacy of Regalia (extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis) but weather and natural inoculum pressure varied such that no treatments were significantly different from the untreated control plants, including the synthetic industry standard, mandipropamid (Revus). Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis (Regalia) provided significant reductions in BDM severity in one out of two greenhouse experiments conducted by Mersha, et al. (2010) while in a study by Raid (2010b) Regalia caused significant reductions in disease severity when used on its own or in rotations with copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000), a foliar fertilizer (Nutri-Phite), or with Bacillus pumilus (Sonata). Further study is warranted to demonstrate the effective use of Regalia alone or in rotations with other products in New England. Coppers Copper products are included in this study because, while they are not biopesticides, the selected products are OMRI-listed and may be the only effective treatments available to organic growers. Given the obligate-parasitic and biotrophic nature of Peronospora belbahrii, it is likely that the best control will be provided by products that work against organisms with a similar life cycle and infection biology. Coppers are considered among the most effective treatments

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allowed in organic production systems for control of other downy mildews and oomycete pathogens including cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), Brassica downy mildew (Hyaolperonospora parasitica), and late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Copper octanoate (Cueva) has a short re-entry period which is beneficial for growers of U-Pick basil and this formulation has been shown to significantly decrease disease progress of cucurbit downy mildew in cucumber (Lange et al., 2012). Similarly, Cuprous oxide (Nordox 75 WG) was shown to significantly decrease progress of cucumber downy mildew on cucumber (Lange et al., 2011). These two studies compared efficacy of these coppers to other OMRI-listed fungicides including Bacillus pumilus (Sonata), Bacillus subtilus (Serenade), hydrogen dioxide (Oxidate), and a plant essential oil formulation (Sporotec). Importantly, copper octanoate (Cueva FL) and cuprous oxide (Nordox 75) were not tested side by side so it is not certain which formulation may perform better. In a field study in NY, efficacy of copper hydroxide (NuCop HB) against downy mildew in cucumber reduced AUDPC by ~50% though this finding was not significant due to extreme weather events that damaged plants in the trial (McGrath, 2010b)

Furthermore, some direct evidence is available to support the effective use of coppers in controlling BDM. Gilardi et al. (2013) studied the efficacy of several copper compounds in reducing basil downy mildew severity and found that all copper formulations significantly reduced BDM severity compared to the untreated control and these effects remained significant up to 25 days after the last treatment. In these greenhouse studies, copper oxylxhloride + copper hydroxide (Badge X2) consistently outperformed other copper formulations but copper sulfate and copper hydroxide also performed well (Gilardi et al., 2013). In a field study in FL, copper hydroxide (Kocide DF) significantly reduced basil downy mildew severity on individual leaves and on overall plant disease under extremely high disease pressure (Raid, 2007a). So while there is some data available to support the use of coppers to control basil downy mildew, there are many different formulations of copper and their efficacy against this new pathogen should be determined.

Ranman Ranman is being included in the proposed study as a synthetic industry standard because it has shown consistently good suppression of downy mildew of basil and of cucurbits in a number of fungicide trials conducted in Florida (Raid 2007c and b; Raid et al., 2012). This product be tested on its own as well as in rotation with Actigard, in an attempt to limit use of this material for which resistance is likely to develop quickly.

Allen, J.E. and A. Patrie. 2011. Evaluation of organic control products for basil downy mildew, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports. 6: V073. Allen, J.E. and M. Saska. 2012. Basil downy mildew control using organic fungicides and nitrogen fertilization rate, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports. 7: V045.

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Gilardi, G. and S. Demarchi, A. Garibaldi, M.L. Gullino. 2013. Management of downy mildew of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) caused by Peronospora belbahrii by means of resistance inducers, fungicides, biocontrol agents and natural products. Phytoparasitica. 41: 59-72. Lange, H.W. and C.D. Smart, A.J. Seaman. 2011. Evaluation of fungicides allowed for organic production on downy mildew of cucumber, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports. 6: V103. Lange, H.W. and C.D. Smart, A.J. Seaman. 2012. Evaluation of fungicides allowed for organic production on downy mildew of cucumber, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports. 7: V049. McGrath, M.T. and L.K. Hunsberger. 2010a. Evaluation of biopesticides for managing downy mildew in basil, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports. 5: V098. McGrath, M.T. and L.K. Hunsberger. 2010b. Evaluation of biopesticides for managing downy mildew in organically-produced cucumber, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports. 5: V100. McGrath, M.T. and L.K. Hunsberger. 2011. Evaluation of biopesticides for managing downy mildew in basil, 2011. Plant Disease Management Reports. 6: V099. Mersha, Z. and S. Zhang, X. Mo. 2010. Evaluation of biological and biorationals for control of basil downy mildew under greenhouse conditions, 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports. 6: V059. Raid, R.N. 2007a. A comparison of select biofungicides and conventional fungicides for control of downy mildew on basil, Fall 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2:V068. Raid, R.N. 2007b. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on basil, Fall 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports. 2: V066. Raid, R.N. 2007c. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on basil, Winter 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports. 3: V160. Raid, R.N. 2007d. Fungicidal efficacy for control of downy mildew on basil, Winter 2007. Plant Disease Management Reports. 3: V161. Raid, R.N. 2010a. Evaluation of BAS-651 for control of basil downy mildew, Spring 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports. 5: V046. Raid, R.N. 2010b. Evaluation of Regalia, alone and in tank-mixture, for control of basil downy mildew, Fall 2010. Plant Disease Management Reports. 5: V046.

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Raid, R.N. 2012. Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on basil, Fall 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports. 7: V146.

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BASIL (Ocimum basilicum ‘Genovese’) J.E. Allen1 and A. Patrie2 Downy mildew; Peronospora belbahrii 1Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269 2Community Farm of Simsbury Simsbury, CT 06070 Evaluation of organic control products for basil downy mildew, 2011.

Eight week old sweet basil ‘Genovese’ seedlings were transplanted into plots in June at two locations in Connecticut; the UConn Plant Science Research Farm in Storrs and Community Farm of Simsbury (CFS). Plant spacing was 9-in. within 6-ft. rows spaced 2-ft. apart. Treatment plots consisted of four 6-ft. rows. A randomized complete block design with four (CFS) and three (UConn) replicates was used and plots were separated by 4-ft. alleys. Five products approved for organic growers (OMRI certified) and a control (no treatment) were evaluated. Nitrogen was applied in the form of blood meal at a rate of 32 lb/A just before planting. Soil at the UConn Research Farm is a fine sandy loam and at Community Farm of Simsbury is a sandy loam. The pH at both sites in fall 2010 was 6.2. Products were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer. Three Tee-Jet 11002 flat-fan nozzles were used on a handheld boom. Sprays were applied at 30 psi to deliver a volume of 62 gal/A (or 124 gal/A for some OxiDate treatments). An adjuvant was used with treatments when recommended on the product label. Treatments were applied weekly beginning 27 and 28 Jul at UConn and CFS respectively. OxiDate was applied at the higher volume of 124 gal/A on 17 and 25 Aug at UConn and on 18, 23 and 26 Aug at CFS as recommended by the manufacturer representative. The third treatment was not included at UConn because of rainy weather. Disease pressure was from naturally occurring inoculum. Disease was assessed visually on whole plants in the inner two rows of each plot with the exception of the end plants (fourteen plants per plot). The rating scale was as follows: 0 = no symptoms or sporulation, 1 = symptoms with 0-10% leaf area with sporulation, 2 = 10-50% leaf area with sporulation, and 3 = >50% leaf area with sporulation.

Downy mildew was confirmed at the UConn plots on 9 Aug and at CFS on 11 Aug during the third week of treatments. Weather during the season was favorable for disease with regular precipitation and moderate summer temperatures. Results varied between the two sites. Some treatments were significantly different from the control at both sites and others at only one of the sites. Data were analyzed using the individual ratings and also by combining the 0-1 and 2-3 ratings to reflect the quality of the basil for fresh market sale. The two products that had the most consistent control were Milstop and OxiDate. Phytotoxicity was not observed.

Treatment and rate/A

Days after first applicationv

Mean rating Odds ratio (Four individual ratings)z

Odds ratio (Two combined ratings)

UConn CFS UConn CFS UConn CFS UConn CFS Untreated control Not

Applicable Not Applicable

2.38 2.40 Not Applicable

Not Applicable

Not Applicable

Not Applicable

Milstop 2.5 lb

0, 7, 14, 21, 29

0, 7, 14, 21, 29

1.98 1.59 4.1**yw 10.8** 4.0 7.0**

OxiDate 0.6 gal + Yucca Ag-Aide 0.125% v/v

0, 7, 14 0, 7, 14 2.05 1.78 2.9** 6.1*x 4.0 3.1*


21, 29 21, 26, 29

Actinovate AG 10 oz + ThermX70 0.06% v/v

0, 7, 14, 21, 29

0, 7, 14, 21, 29

2.10 2.00 2.3 3.6** 2.7 3.0*

Serenade MAX 2.0 lb + ThermX70 0.06% v/v

0, 7, 14, 21, 29

0, 7, 14, 21, 29

1.98 2.09 4.1** 2.8 4.0 1.4

Trilogy 76.8 oz

0, 7, 14, 21, 29

0, 7, 14, 21, 29

1.93 2.02 4.8** 3.4 4.7 2.4

z Likelihood of plants to score at a higher rating than the control as determined using the SAS 9.2 Ordinal Logistic Analysis Program. y **Significantly different from the control at a 0.01 confidence level. x *Significantly different from the control at a 0.05 confidence level. w Interpretation of odds ratio analysis: At UConn, control plants scored a higher (more severe) disease rating 4.06 times more often

than plants treated with Milstop. v First treatments were 27 and 28 Jul at UConn and CFS respectively.

Plant Disease Management Reports 6:V073

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BASIL (Ocimum basilicum ‘Genovese’) J.E. Allen1 and M. Saska2 Downy mildew; Peronospora belbahrii 1Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269 2Community Farm of Simsbury Simsbury, CT 06070 Basil downy mildew control using organic fungicides and nitrogen fertilization rate, 2012.

Seven-week old sweet basil seedlings were transplanted into plots on 4 Jul and 5 Jul at two locations in Connecticut; Community Farm of Simsbury (CFS) and the UConn Plant Science Research Farm in Storrs, respectively. Plant spacing was 9-in. within 10-ft. rows spaced 1-ft. apart. Plots consisted of two 10-ft. rows. At CFS, raised beds with black plastic mulch and drip irrigation were used. At UConn, plots were mulched with hay. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used and plots were separated by 6-ft. alleys. Fungicide treatments included Milstop, Cueva, OxiDate, Actinovate, a biweekly rotation of OxiDate and Actinovate and an untreated control. To evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertility on disease severity, nitrogen was applied at three different rates. Fungicide treatments were applied to plots at all three nitrogen levels. Fish meal plus blood meal for necessary nitrogen was applied just prior to planting. An additional nitrogen side dress was done on 21 Aug at CFS and on 22 Aug at UConn at a rate of 30 lb/A for all plots. Products were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer. Three Tee-Jet 11002 flat-fan nozzles were used on a handheld boom. Sprays were applied at 30 psi to deliver a volume of 62 gal/A. An adjuvant was used, which is recommended on the product label. Treatments were applied weekly at both locations beginning one week before disease was detected. Infection was from naturally occurring inoculum. Disease was assessed visually on all individual plants (18 plants per plot) on 11-12 Sep at CFS and 13-14 Sep at UConn. The rating scale was as follows: 0 = no symptoms, 1 = symptoms with 0-10% leaf area with sporulation, 2 = 10-50% leaf area with sporulation, and 3 = >50% leaf area with sporulation.

Downy mildew was confirmed at the plots at both locations on 9 Aug during the second week of treatments. Weather during the season was favorable for disease with regular precipitation and moderate summer temperatures. There were no significant differences between fungicide treatments and the untreated control this season with the exception of OxiDate at CFS. OxiDate was also associated with a lower disease severity during trials in 2011. Nitrogen fertility rate did have a significant effect on disease severity at both locations with higher disease severity being associated with a higher nitrogen application rate at UConn and a greater disease severity at lower nitrogen fertility rates at CFS.

Treatment and rate/A Days after first applicationz Mean rating Odds ratio y

UConn CFS UConn CFS UConn CFS Fungicide Untreated control …………………… 2.68 2.68 --- --- Milstop 2.5 lb

0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35

0, 7, 14, 21, 28………………...

2.73 2.62 NSx NS


0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35

0, 7, 14, 21, 28………………...

2.70 2.58 NS 0.63*w

Actinovate AG 10 oz + ThermX70 0.06% v/v

0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35

0, 7, 14, 21, 28………………..

2.77 2.62 NS NS

OxiDate/Actinovate Weekly rotation (same rates/A)

0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35

0, 7, 14, 21, 28………………..

2.72 2.61 NS NS

Cueva 1.0 gal 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35

0, 7, 14, 21, 28………………...

2.70 2.60 NS NS

Nitrogen Rate 80 lb/A (control) 120 lb/A 150 lb/A

……………………………………… ………………………………………. ……………………………………….

2.70 2.71 2.74

2.71 2.61 2.54

--- NS 0.71**vt

--- 1.69***uv 1.32*st

z First treatments were 2 and 3 Aug at CFS and UConn, respectively. y Likelihood of plants to score a different rating than the control as determined using SAS 9.3 Ordinal Logistic Analysis Program. x NS = not significant at P = 0.05 . w * Significantly different from the control at a 0.1 confidence level. v Compared to the 80 lb/A control. u ***Significantly different from the control at a 0.01 confidence level. t ** Significantly different from the control at a 0.05 confidence level. s Compared to the 120 lb/A treatment.


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Management of downy mildew of sweet basil(Ocimum basilicum) caused by Peronospora belbahriiby means of resistance inducers, fungicides, biocontrolagents and natural products

Giovanna Gilardi & Stefano Demarchi &Angelo Garibaldi & Maria Lodovica Gullino

Received: 6 April 2012 /Accepted: 26 August 2012 /Published online: 13 September 2012# Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012

Abstract To control downy mildew of sweet basil (Oci-mum basilicum L.), incited by Peronospora belbahriiThines, a number of compounds were tested in 2011and 2012 under glasshouse conditions. These includedcopper-based fungicides, biocontrol agents, and com-pounds previously reported to induce resistance in plantsto pathogens. Results were compared with those provid-ed by fungicides registered for downy mildew control inItaly. The tested compounds were used alone or appliedin rotation in spray programs. In all trials, the greatestreduction in disease incidence and severity was foundwith treatments that included metalaxyl-M+copper hy-droxide, a mineral fertilizer ‘Alexin’, mandipropanid,and azoxystrobin. The glucohumates activator complexand acibenzolar-S-methyl also provided significant dis-ease control (P<0.05). The mineral fertilizer Alexin, theglucohumates activator complex and acibenzolar-S sig-nificantly reduced disease incidence and severity 20 daysafter the last treatment compared with the untreated con-trol (P<0.05). Among the copper-based products, thegreatest reductions in disease incidence and severity wereprovided by copper hydroxide with terpenic alcohols andcopper oxychloride+copper hydroxide. The mineral fer-tilizer Kendal and prohexadione-Ca, as well as mustard

oil, partially reduced disease incidence and severity com-pared with the untreated control (P<0.05), whereas thebiocontrol agent Bacillus subtilisQST 713 and thyme oilextract were not effective in two out of three trials. Whendifferent combinations of various products used in rota-tion were tested, effective control was found either usinga rotation of fungicides with compounds that can induceresistance, as well as by using rotation with differentresistance-inducing compounds on their own.

Keywords Acibenzolar-S-methyl . Bacillus subtilis .

Integrated control . Organic and mineral fertilizers

Introduction

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an economicallyimportant herb crop in Mediterranean regions, the USAand many other parts of the world. This popular herb isused both as a fresh and dried food spice, and in tradi-tional medicine (Csizinsky 1993; Lucier 1993). In Italy,most of the basil production takes place in the RivieraLigure, and ‘Genovese Gigante’ is the most appreciatedvariety for fresh consumption (ISTAT 2011). This hasbeen the case in the past (Montalti 1995) as well as in thecurrent days—where it is the only cultivar used forindustrial production of pesto sauce and covers 90% ofthe total growing area (personal communication). Basilproduction in Italy is 4,500–4,900 tons/year or more ifminor producers are considered. It is an important crop

Phytoparasitica (2013) 41:59–72DOI 10.1007/s12600-012-0264-y

G. Gilardi : S. Demarchi :A. Garibaldi :M. L. Gullino (*)Centre of Competence for the Innovationin the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA),University of Torino,10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italye-mail: [email protected]

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for pesto production in the Piedmont region, with anaverage production of 392 tons/year (ISTAT 2011). Inthis area, it is grown primarily outdoors. Basil is grownmostly in glasshouses; in this environment averagenight temperatures and dew depositions caused by highrelative humidity favor the development of diseasessuch as gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), downy mildew(Peronospora belbahrii) and foliar spots (Alternariaalternata, Colletotrichum sp.) especially after coolnights following warm, humid days (Garibaldi et al.1997, 2011).

A particularly severe problem, downy mildew ofbasil, incited by P. belbahrii (Belbahri et al. 2005;Thines et al. 2009), was observed in northern Italy in2003 (Garibaldi et al. 2004b) and quickly spread toother Italian regions in central and southern Italy(Minuto et al. 2004) as well as France (Garibaldi etal. 2005). This pathogen was first reported in Uganda,identified as Peronospora sp. (Hansford 1932), andmuch later in Switzerland (Lefort et al. 2003). Afterthe report in Switzerland, the pathogen spread to manybasil-growing areas. The disease was recently reportedalso in Belgium (Coosemans 2004), the USA (Robertset al. 2009), Cuba (Martinez de la Parte et al. 2010)and Hungary (Nagy & Horvath 2011). Its spread prob-ably has been favored by the fact that it is seed-transmitted (Garibaldi et al. 2004a, b).

Basil plants affected by P. belbahrii showed an exten-sive leaf chlorosis, especially near the central vein, andunder favorable environmental conditions (high relativehumidity for 6–12 h at 20 °C), a characteristic graysporulation quickly develops on the lower surface ofthe infected leaves. The pathogen can then readily spread,as shown for many other downymildews (Garibaldi et al.2007; Spencer 1981).

The management of downy mildew of basil is com-plicated by the very limited availability of chemicals forthe crop, due to the risk of the presence of residues atharvest as well as the difficulty to obtain fungicideregistration for minor crops (Leadbeater & Gisi 2010)such as basil. The search for basil varieties resistant tothe pathogen is still in its early stages (Wyenandt et al.2010). The few fungicides registered in Italy on basil[azoxystrobin, belonging to the Quinone outside inhib-itor QoI of the strobilurin class; metalaxyl-M, belongingto the phenylamide; and mandipropamid, belonging tothe carboxylic acid amides] must be used in a verylimited number of sprays to avoid selection of resistantstrains of the pathogen. Fungicide applications need to

begin before the pathogen is present to obtain effectivecontrol, and products belonging to different FRACcode groups must be used in alternation or inmixture (Brent & Hollomon 2007; Choen et al. 2008;Gisi & Sierotzki 2008).

Among resistance-inducing products known for theefficacy against oomycetes, phosphite-based productsshowed the ability to activate plant defence by inducingthe synthesis and translocation of phytoalexins (Guest &Grant 1991; Smille et al. 1989) and their efficacy hasbeen reported in several pathosystems (Bock et al. 2012;Jackson et al. 2000; Silva et al. 2011). Acibenzolar-S-methyl, as well as rhizobacteria and prohexadione–Cahave been shown to induce resistance in different crops(Bazzi et al. 2003; Oostendorp et al. 2001; Van Loon etal. 1998), while thyme oil extract and mustard oil havebeen poorly investigated against downy mildew agents.

In the present study a number of compounds—known for their capability of inducing resistance toseveral pathogens in plants—were tested in compari-son with registered fungicides and biocontrol agents tocontrol basil downy mildew.

Materials and methods

Basil growth and experimental conditions Five exper-imental trials (Table 1) were carried out in 2011 and2012 at Grugliasco (Torino) in a glasshouse belongingto Agroinnova. Main information about the trials isreported in Table 1. Basil seeds (cv. Genovese selec-tion ‘Italiano classico’, Pagano Sementi) were sown(0.2 g/pot, corresponding to 70–80 plants/pot) in 1.5l plastic pots (12×12 cm) containing a white peat :perlite (80:20 v/v) mix (Turco Silvestro, Albenga,Savona) that had been steamed (90°C for 30 min). Fer-tilization was carried out once prior to sowing, by mix-ing OSMOFORM 2, Scotts (18%N, 5% P2O5, 13%K2O) at 2 kg m−3of soil.

For each treatment, four replicates (two pots each)in a completely randomized design were used. Thebasil pots were maintained on the benches and coveredwith a transparent polyethylene film, 50 μ thick,placed over all the plants by using iron supports(1.0 m high, 3.0 m wide and 6.0 m long). The plasticsheets were placed on the iron support immediatelyafter each artificial inoculation and maintained untilthe last assessment. During the trials the environmen-tal condition was maintained, with high relative

60 Phytoparasitica (2013) 41:59–727A

humidity, close to 85–95%, and temperatures rangingbetween 19°C and 25°C by using a program (softwareMagricomp Multilab, Agricontrol S.n.c., SV, Italy) toobtain the environmental conditions set in the green-house. This system constantly measures the humidityand manages the number of mistings during the ex-perimental trials. The dates of the main operationscarried out during the trials are reported in Table 1.

Artificial inoculation The populations of Peronosporabelbahrii, collected in Piedmont (northern Italy) fromdiseased plants, were maintained on basil plants.Infected leaves were shaken in 100 ml of sterile watercontaining 2 μl of Tween 20 and the obtained conidialsuspension was adjusted with the aid of a haemocytom-eter to 1×105 sporangia ml−1. The artificial inoculationwas carried out immediately through nebulisation with alaboratory spray bottle (10 ml capacity). One ml ofsuspension/repetition per treatment (corresponding to1 ml per two pots), was used. The artificial inoculationwas carried out 24 h after the second treatment in trials1–3, while in trials 4 and 5 two artificial inoculationswere carried out (Table 1).

Treatments-application and products Several com-pounds known for their capability to induce resistancein the host, salts, fertilizers, copper-based fungicides aswell as fungicides registered for use on basil, weretested. In trials 1–3 the different compounds were testedalone, while in trials 4 and 5 selected products were usedalone and in rotation.

All treatments were applied as foliar spray on basilplants 16–21 days after sowing, using the dosage inaccordance with manufacturer’s instructions, on the datesreported in Table 1. The water suspension (800lha−1ofvolume) of each product was sprayed on the plants at thethird true leaf stage, using a handheld 1-l-capacity sprayer.

In trials 1–3, two treatments were applied at 6-dayintervals except for systemic chemical fungicides thatwere applied once on the dates reported in Table 1. Oneartificial inoculation with the pathogen was done 24 hafter the last treatment applications.

In trials 4 and 5, three treatments were carried out at6-day intervals, using the tested products alone and inrotation as described in Table 1. For evaluating thepersistence of the protection offered by the differenttreatments tested, two artificial inoculations with thepathogen were carried out 24 h after the first and at thelast treatment, respectively (Table 1).T

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1122

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1127

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1114

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12;25

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1221

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12;28

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7/10

/2011

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1222

/03/20

12;29

/03/20

12

Dates

ofdo

wny

mild

ewincidence

andseverity

assessment

23/09;

30/09;

5/10

/2011

26/10;

2/11;

7/11/2011

31/10;

7/11;

14/11/20

111/02

/201

2;8/02

/201

2;17

/02/20

125/04

/201

2;13

/04/20

12;20

/04/20

12

Dateof

biom

assevaluatio

nas

plants

freshweigh

t.End

ofthetrial

––

–17

/02/20

1220

/04/20

12

Phytoparasitica (2013) 41:59–72 617A

Plant inducers, salts and fertilizers Acibenzolar-S-methyl (Bion 50WG, 50% a.i., Syngenta, Italy),prohexadione-Ca (Regalis, 10% i.e., BASF, Italy),organic-mineral fertilizer based on glucohumate com-plex (Glucoinductor+GlucoActivator, N 4%, P2O5

18%, International patent PCT, IB2004\001905, Fer-tirev, Torino, Italy); organic-mineral fertilizer (Kendal,soluble organic N 3.5%, soluble K2O 15.5%, organiccarbon 3–4%, Valagro, Atessa, Chieti, Italy); mineralfertilizers (Kendal TE, Cu 23%, Mn 0.5%, Zn 0.5%,Valagro); and mineral fertilizer based on phosphatesalts (Alexin 95PS, P2O5 52%, K2O 42%, Massò,Milano, Italy) were tested. Dosages are given inTables 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and the timing of applicationis indicated in Table 1.

Plant extracts and biocontrol agents (BCAs) Thymeoil plant extract (Thymus vulgaris 100% a. i., Soave&C,Italy), mustard oil (Duolif, soluble organic nitrogen 3%,soluble sulphur 15%, organic matter 80%, CerealtoscanaS.p.A., Livorno, Italy), Bacillus subtilis QST 713 (Sere-nade MAX, 15,67% a. i., BASF, Italy) were tested.

Copper-based products Copper oxychloride (Cupra-vit Flow, 20% a.i., Bayer, Italy); copper oxychlorideand copper hydroxide (Airone, 10%+10% a.i. Isagro,Italy); copper sulfate (Cuproxat SDI, 15.2% a.i.,Nufarm GnbH & CoKG, Austria); copper hydroxideand terpenic alcohols (Heliocuivre, 26.7% a. i., Intra-chem Bio Italia, Italy); copper sulfate+copper gluco-nate, tackifying compound and natural inducers ofsystemic induced resistance (SAR) (Labimethyl, 3%+2% a.i., Macasa, Spain) were tested at the dosages givenin Tables 2–6.

Systemic chemical fungicides Azoxystrobin (Ortiva,Syngenta Crop Protection S.p.A., Milano, Italy,23.2% a. i.), mandipropamid (Pergado SC, 23.4%a.i., Syngenta), metalaxyl-M+copper oxychloride(Ridomil R WG 2.5%+40% a. i., Syngenta) weretested. These fungicides are registered for use on basilin Italy as reported on the ministerial label of theseproducts.

Data collection and analysis Trials were monitoreddaily and starting at the appearance of the first symp-toms, the percent of infected leaves (disease inci-dence) and of diseased leaf area affected by thepathogen (disease severity) were evaluated on a

disease rating scale (EPPO 2004). Disease severitywas calculated using the formula: DS0[∑(n° leaves×x 0–5) / (total of leaves recorded)] with x 0–5corresponding to: 10from 1% to 10% (midpoint 5%)infected leaf area; 20from 11% to 25% (midpoint18%) infected leaf area; 30from 26% to 50% (midpoint38%) infected leaf area; 40from 51% to 75% (midpoint63%) infected leaf area; 50from 76% to 100%(midpoint 85%) infected leaf area.

Disease incidence and severity were estimatedon 100 leaves per treatment. Forty to 50 leaves ofbasil chosen randomly from each pot per repetitionwere visually examined.

At the end of trials 4 and 5, plant biomass, as freshweight of plants corresponding to two pots per repetition,was measured using a technical balance (Orma SNC).

All data collected were statistically analyzed byunivariate ANOVAwith SPSS software 18 and meanswere spread according to Tukey’s test (P<0.05).

Results

In all the five trials the artificial inoculation with P.belbahrii led to a high level of disease in the untreatedinoculated control; at the final assessment, carried out20–25 days after the last treatment, the disease incidenceranged from 66.8% to 88.8% of infected leaves anddisease severity from 40.7% to 66.6% of the leaf areaaffected by the pathogen. The level of infection reachedwith the artificial inoculation was high in the differenttrials, however differences were observed in the onset ofthe infections. Signs of downy mildew were first ob-served 6 days after the artificial inoculation in trial 1,10 days were needed in trials 2 and 3, while 21 and14 days after the first inoculation were required in trials4 and 5, respectively (Tables 2–6). In the different trialsand especially in the first one, infection was present alsoin the non-inoculated control plants; this is probably dueto contamination of the seeds used (Garibaldi et al.2004a) as well as to the spread of the pathogen amongplants (Table 2). However, it is possible that the patho-gen was present in the greenhouse before the start of thetreatments or that it was already present in the green-house before the start of the first trial.

In trial 1, downy mildew incidence and severity weresignificantly reduced by the mixture of metalaxyl-M+copper hydroxide, by the mineral fertilizer Alexin, by


Tab

le2

Efficacyof

differenttreatments,exp

ressed

asdiseaseincidence(D

I,%

ofinfected

leaves)anddiseaseseverity

(DS,%

ofinfected

leaf

area)againstd

owny

mild

ew,incitedby

Peron

ospo

rabelbarhii,on

basilcv.Genov

ese,selection‘Italiano

Classico’,Trial

1

Activeingredient

Com

mercial

prod

uctz

Dosage

DIat

dayafterlasttreatm

ent

DSat

dayafterlasttreatm

ent

ga.i.1

00l−

18

1520

815

20

–Inoculated

control

–40

.4gh

y66

.8e

88.8

f22

.4f-iy

46.7

e66

.6f

Cop

perox

ychloride

Cup

ravitflow

5033

.3d-h

44.9

d64

.3de

23.3

g-i

28.7

cd46

.8c-e

Cop

perox

ychloride+

copp

erhy

drox

ide

Airon

e40

+40

27.5

c-g

39.0

d56

.5de

18.8

e-h

25.8

cd40

.1b-e

Acibenzolar-S-m

ethy

lBion

15.5

ab21

.5bc

49.3

cd1.0

a12

.4ab

32.6

bc

Organic

mineral

fertilizerN:K

Kendal

10.5+45

35.6

e-h

46.3

d72

.5d-f

23.3

g-i

33.2

cd54

.4d-f

Mineral

fertilizerCu+Mn+Zn

KendalTE

46+1.5+1.5

26.8

c-f

39.1

d65

.0d-f

16.4

d-g

25.7

cd47

.3c-f

Prohexadion

e-Ca

Regalis

522

.0cd

42.0

d58

.8de

14.1

c-f

29.3

cd41

.9b-e

Thy

meoilextract

Thy

meoil

100

44.0

h50

.5de

77.5

ef30

.4i

36.5

de57

.5ef

Bacillus

subtilisQST71

3Serenade

58.4

23.5

c-e

38.0

cd70

.0d-f

16.1

d-g

24.8

cd52

.5d-f

Glucohu

mateactiv

ator

complex

Glucoindu

ctor

400x

7.8

ab16

.5ab

30.8

bc5.5

a-c

11.5

ab22

.2ab

Cop

persulfate+

copp

erglucon

ate

Labim

ethy

l9+6

22.3

c-e

40.9

d54

.9c-e

14.8

d-g

25.7

cd39

.9b-e

Cop

perhy

drox

ideandterpenic

alcoho

lsHeliocuivre

6015

.5bc

35.0

cd51

.5cd

10.0

b-d

21.9

bc36

.1b-d

Cop

persulfate

Cup

roxat

53.2

16.6

bc40

.3d

56.3

de11.8

b-e

26.3

cd39

.5b-e

Mineral

fertilizerP2O552

%,K2O

42%

Alexin

130+10

50.0

a6.3

ab13

.5ab

0.0

a3.7

a9.1

a

Metalaxyl-M

+copp

erhy

drox

ide

Ridom

ilGoldR

7.5+

120

0.0

a1.3

a5.5

a0.0

a0.7

a3.8

a

Mandiprop

amid

Pergado

11.7

4.5

ab9.5

ab16

.3ab

3.4

ab5.4

a9.8

a

Azoxy

strobin

Ortiva

18.6

1.0

a6.0

ab18

.0ab

0.8

a2.7

a11.6

a

–Non

-ino

culatedcontrol

–37

.5f-h

48.2

d73

.0d-f

25.8

hi33

.6cd

54.4

d-f

zTwotreatm

entswerecarriedou

t,on

9/09

/2011and15

/09/20

11,w

iththeexceptionof

metalaxyl-M

+copp

erhy

drox

ide,mandiprop

amid

andazox

ystrob

inappliedon

ceon

9/09

/2011.

One

artificialinoculationwas

carriedou

ton

16/09/20

11yWith

incolumns,means

follo

wed

byacommon

letterdo

notdiffer

accordingto

Tuk

ey’stest(P

<0.05

)xDosage(m

l10

0l−

1)of

thecommercial

form

ulation


Tab

le3

Efficacyof


ressed


I,%

ofinfected

leaves)andas

diseaseseverity

(DS,%

ofinfected

leaf

area)againstd

owny

mild

ew,incited

byPeron

ospo

rabelbarhiion

basilcv.Genov


Classico’,Trial

2

Activeingredient

Com

mercial

prod

uctz

Dosage

DIat

dayafterlasttreatm

ent

DSat

dayafterlasttreatm

ent

ga.i.10

0l−

113

2025

1320

25

–Inoculated

control

–53

.5ey

81.8

f84

.5f

32.9

ey58

.6f

61.8

e

Cop

perox

ychloride

Cup

ravitflow

5019

.0b-d

36.3

cd43

.8c-e

7.1

a-c

25.0

d28

.9b-d

Cop

perox

ychloride+

copp

erhy

drox

ide

Airon

e40

+40

11.0

ab10

.8ab

13.0

ab3.6

a6.8

a-c

7.3

a

Acibenzolar-S-m

ethy

lBion

12.0

ab6.0

ab7.5

ab0.8

a3.9

a-c

4.7

a

Organic

mineral

fertilizerN:K

Kendal

10.5+45

31.3

cd26

.3bc

50.5

de17

.9b-d

18.4

cd36

.1cd

Mineral

fertilizerCu+Mn+Zn

KendalTE

46+1.5+1.5

9.3

ab25

.3bc

27.8

b-d

3.1

a16

.3b-d

18.1

a-c

Prohexadion

e-Ca

Regalis

513

.3a-c

26.0

bc25

.3a-e

5.3

ab17

.6b-d

18.4

a-c

Thy

meoilextract

Thy

meoil

100

36.2

de58

.5de

61.3

ef22

.9de

41.3

e44

.7de

Mustard

oilx

Duo

lif10

00x

12.5

ab16

.5a-c

25.5

a-e

5.1

ab10

.5a-d

15.4

a-c

Bacillus

subtilisQST71

3Serenade

58.4

35.5

de74

.5ef

83.8

f20

.0c-e

55.8

ef60

.3e

Glucohu

mateactiv

ator

complex

xGlucoindu

ctor

400x

0.0

a4.3

ab3.8

ab0.0

a1.6

ab2.1

a

Cop

persulfate+

copp

erglucon

ate

Labim

ethy

l9+6

6.0

ab15

.5a-c

24.8

a-e

2.7

a10

.9a-d

15.4

a-c

Cop

perhy

drox

ideandterpenic

alcoho

lsHeliocuivre

601.3

ab7.3

ab13

.3ab

0.4

a4.5

a-c

7.4

a

Cop

persulfate

Cup

roxat

53.2

8.5

ab15

.0a-c

18.3

a-c

2.8

a9.9

a-d

10.3

ab

Mineral

fertilizerP2O552

%,K2O

42%

Alexin

130+10

50.0

a0.0

a2.5

ab0.0

a0.0

a1.8

a

Metalaxyl-M

+copp

erhy

drox

ide

Ridom

ilGoldR

7.5+

120

0.0

a0.0

a0.8

a0.0

a0.0

a0.2

a

Mandiprop

amid

Pergado

11.7

0.0

a0.3

a1.3

ab0.0

a0.1

a0.8

a

Azoxy

strobin

Ortiva

18.6

0.0

a0.0

a1.3

ab0.0

a0.0

a0.6

a

–Non

-ino

culatedcontrol

–0.0

a0.3

a6.8

ab0.0

a0.1

a4.6

a

zTwotreatm

entswerecarriedou

t,on

7/10

and13

/10,

with

theexceptionof

metalaxyl-M

+copp

erhy

drox

ide,

mandiprop

amid

andazox

ystrob

inappliedon

ceon

7/10

/2011.

One


carriedou

ton

14/10

yWith

incolumns,means

follo

wed

byacommon

letterdo

notdiffer

accordingto

Tuk

ey’stest(P

<0.05

)xDosage(m

l10

0l−1)of

thecommercial

form

ulation


Tab

le4

Efficacyof


ressed


I,%

ofinfected

leaves)andas

diseaseseverity

(DS,%

ofinfected

leaf

area)againstd

owny

mild

ew,incited

byPeron

ospo

rabelbarhiion

basilcv.Genov


Classico’,Trial

3

Activeingredient

Com

mercial

prod

uctz

Dosage

DIat

dayafterlasttreatm

ent

DSat

dayafterlasttreatm

ent

ga.i.1

00l−1

1118

2511

1825

–Inoculated

control

–38

.3ey

47.5

h83

.8h

26.8

fy35

.6h

62.8

h

Cop

perox

ychloride

Cup

ravitflow

5022

.0d

27.5

e-f

61.3

f-h

15.8

e20

.6fg

45.9

f-h

Cop

perox

ychloride+

copp

erhy

drox

ide

Airon

e40

+40

8.5

a-c

11.7

a-c

21.3

a-d

6.0

a-d

8.1

a-d

15.9

a-d

Acibenzolar-S-m

ethy

lBion

13.3

a6.5

ab14

.0a-c

2.1

a3.6

ab10

.5a-c

Organic

mineral

fertilizerN:K

Kendal

10.5+45

17.0

cd25

.0d-f

53.8

e-g

12.0

de18

.8e-g

40.3

e-g

Mineral

fertilizerCu+Mn+Zn

KendalTE

46+1.5+1.5

7.0

ab13

.8b-d

30.0

b-e

4.6

a-c

10.3

b-e

22.5

b-e

Prohexadion

e-Ca

Regalis

516

.0b-d

16.3

b-e

37.5

c-f

11.3

c-e

12.2

b-f

28.1

c-f

Thy

meoilextract

Thy

meoil

100

21.8

d39

.8gh

58.8

fg14

.8e

24.9

g44

.1fg

Mustard

oilx

Duo

lif10

00x

14.5

b-d

23.3

c-f

42.5

d-g

10.1

b-e

17.4

e-g

31.9

d-g

Bacillus

subtilisQST71

3Serenade

58.4

14.8

b-d

26.3

e-f

62.5

gh10

.6b-e

19.7

fg46

.9gh

Glucohu

mateactiv

ator

complex

xGlucoindu

ctor

400x

0.0

a5.5

ab10

.8ab

0.0

a3.7

ab8.1

ab

Cop

persulphate+copp

erglucon

ate

Labim

ethy

l9+6

21.0

d27

.5e-f

53.8

e-g

14.4

e20

.6fg

40.3

e-g

Cop

perhy

drox

ideandterpenic

alcoho

lsHeliocuivre

604.8

a9.0

ab22

.5a-d

3.6

ab6.8

a-c

16.9

a-d

Cop

persulfate

Cup

roxat

53.2

6.8

ab29

.5fg

20.0

a-d

4.6

a-c

14.4

c-f

15.0

a-d

Mineral

fertilizerP2O552

%,K2O

42%

Alexin

130+10

52.8

a6.3

ab11.3

ab2.1

a4.6

ab8.4

ab

Metalaxyl-M

+copp

erhy

drox

ide

Ridom

ilGoldR

7.5+

120

0.0

a0.0

a5.0

a0.0

a0.0

a3.8

a

Mandiprop

amid

Pergado

11.7

0.0

a0.0

a10

.0ab

0.0

a0.0

a7.5

ab

Azoxy

strobin

Ortiva

18.6

0.0

a0.0

a9.3

ab0.0

a0.0

a6.9

ab

–Non

-ino

culatedcontrol

–15

.5b-d

22.5

c-f

56.3

fg10

.4b-e

16.9

d-g

42.2

fg

zTwotreatm

entswerecarriedou

t,on

14/10and20

/10,

with

theexceptionof

metalaxyl-M

+copp

erhy

drox

ide,mandiprop

amid

andazox

ystrob

inappliedon

ceon

14/10/20

11.One


carriedou

ton

21/11

yWith

incolumns,means

follo

wed

byacommon

letterdo

notdiffer

accordingto

Tuk

ey’stest(P

<0.05

)xDosage(ml10

0l−

1)of

thecommercial

form

ulation


Tab

le5

Effecto

fdifferenttreatmentsagainstd

owny

mild

ew,incitedby

Peron

ospo

rabelbarhii,expressedas

diseaseincidence(D

I,%

ofinfected

leaves),as

diseaseseverity

(DS,%

ofinfected

leaf

area)andon

theyieldof

basilcv.Genov


Classico’,Trial

4

Activeingredient

(code)

Com

mercial

productz

Dosage

DIat

days

afterthelasttreatm

ent

DSat

days

afterthelasttreatm

ent

Biomass(g)

ga.i.1

00l−1

813

228

1322

–Inoculated

control

–22.5

fgy

36.8

e66.8

f10.7

ef25.8

c40.7

f64.0

cd

Copperoxychloride+

copper

hydroxide(A

)Airone

40+40

9.3

c-e

17.5

cd24.5

d2.6

a-c

9.8

b14.9

d90.7

b-d

Acibenzolar-S-m

ethyl(B)

Bion

12.8

a-c

5.5

ab12.8

a-d

0.8

ab1.4

a8.1

a-d

80.4

a-d

Mineral

fertilizerCu+Mn+Zn

KendalTE

46+1.5+1.5

10.5

de10.8

a-d

24.5

d3.4

bc5.3

ab14.0

cd69.5

a-d

Thymeoil

Thymeoil

100

24.5

g36.0

e58.8

f11.4

f23.6

c37.8

f68.0

a-d

Mustard

oilx

Duolif

1000

x21.8

fg28.8

e37.8

e7.8

de19.3

c24.6

e60.8

d

Glucohumateactiv

ator

complex

x(F)

Glucoinductor

400x

0.5

a0.5

a6.3

ab0.1

a0.0

a3.4

a75.4

b-d

Copperhydroxideand

terpenic

alcohols(G

)Heliocuivre

6015.8

ef17.8

d40.3

e5.0

cd10.1

b24.7

e86.2

a-d

Mineral

fertilizerP2O552%,

K2O

42%

(H)

Alexin

130+105

0.0

a0.0

a6.0

ab0.0

a0.0

a1.9

a124.8

a

Metalaxyl-M

+copper

hydroxide(I)

Ridom

ilGoldR

7.5+

120

0.0

a7.0

a-d

9.8

ab0.0

a2.3

a4.6

ab89.4

a-c

Mandipropam

id(L)

Pergado

11.7

2.3

a-c

3.0

ab8.3

ab0.6

ab0.4

a3.1

a78.0

a-c

Azoxystrobin(M

)Ortiva

18.6

0.0

a0.0

a8.0

ab0.0

a0.0

a3.1

a76.6

a-d

A-H

-Aw

Airone;

Alexin;

Airone

40+40;130+105;

40+40

1.5

a3.0

ab11.8

a-c

0.4

ab0.9

a4.6

ab78.2

a-c

A-I-A

Airone;

Ridom

ilGoldR;Airone

40+40;7.5+

120;

40+40

0.0

a4.5

ab10.5

a-c

0.0

a1.3

a4.9

ab64.0

cd

A-L-A

Airone;

Pergado;Airone

40+40;11.7;40

+40

5.5

a-d

9.5

a-d

16.8

b-d

1.8

ab2.8

ab8.3

a-d

73.6

cd

A-M

-AAirone;

Ortiva;

Airone

40+40;18.6;40

+40

0.0

a8.3

a-d

10.3

ab0.0

a2.2

a4.0

ab95.2

a-c

A-B-A

Airone;

Bion;

Airone

40+40;1;

40+40

8.8

b-e

11.8

b-d

22.8

cd1.2

ab1.6

a5.9

a-c

100.4

a-d

A-F-A

Airone;

Glucoinductor;Airone

40+40;400;

40+40

4.3

a-d

4.3

ab10.5

a-c

1.3

ab2.5

ab3.2

a84.4

a-c

B-H

-BBion;Alexin;

Bion

1;130+105;

10.5

a0.8

a4.0

a0.1

a0.2

a1.6

a93.4

a-c

B-I-B

Bion;Ridom

ilGoldR;Bion

1;7.5+120;

10.0

a5.3

ab7.0

ab0.0

a1.6

a2.8

a83.2

a-c

B-L-B

Bion;

Pergado;Bion

1;11.7;1

2.0

ab9.5

a-d

17.5

b-d

0.6

ab2.8

ab7.6

a-d

66.4

a-d

B-M

-BBion;

Ortiva;

Bion

1;18.6;1

0.0

a2.8

ab5.8

ab0.0

a0.7

a2.0

a85.0

a-d

B-F-B

Bion;

Glucoinductor;Bion

1;400;

15.0

a-d

6.8

a-c

8.3

ab1.1

ab0.6

a2.8

a94.4

a-c

F-H

-FGlucoinductor;Alexin;

Glucoinductor

400;

130+105;400

4.0

a-d

2.0

ab5.5

ab0.2

a0.0

a2.4

a63.8

cd

F-I-F

Glucoinductor

;Ridom

ilGoldR;Glucoinductor

400;

7.5+120;400

0.8

a0.0

a6.8

ab0.0

a0.4

a4.7

ab79.0

a-d

F-L-F

Glucoinductor;Pergado;Glucoinductor

400;

11.7;400

0.0

a1.8

ab12.3

a-d

0.1

a0.0

a2.2

a100.6

a-d

F-M

-FGlucoinductor;Ortiva;

Glucoinductor

400;

18.6;400

0.5

a0.0

a4.0

a0.5

ab0.3

a4.4

ab111.6

ab

G-H

-GHeliocuivre;Alexin;

Heliocuivre

60;130+105;60

2.0

ab1.3

ab7.5

ab1.1

ab1.1

a3.9

ab104.4

a-c

G-I-G

Heliocuivre

;Ridom

ilGoldR;Heliocuivre

60;7.5+120;60

4.0

a-d

3.8

ab8.5

ab1.6

ab4.5

ab9.0

a-d

106.2

a-c


mandipropamid, by azoxystrobin, and by the glucohu-mate activator complex; these products provided a sig-nificantly better level of disease control than other testedcompounds at the end of the trial as well as at the earlierrating times (Table 2). Twenty days after the last treat-ment, disease incidence was reduced from 88.8% in theinoculated control to 5.5%, 13.5%, 16.3%, 18.0% and30.8% of infected leaves in the plants treated with theabove mentioned products. The same treatments re-duced disease severity from 66.6% to 3.8%, 9.1%,9.8%, 11.9% and 22.0% of the affected leaf area, re-spectively (Table 2). Copper hydroxide mixed withterpenic alcohols and copper sulphate+copper gluco-nate, probexadone-Ca, as well as acibenzolar-S-methyl, significantly differ in disease incidence andseverity from the untreated control in all the assessmentscarried out. B. subtilis QST 713, the mineral fertilizerKendal, alone or combined with copper (Kendal TE)treatments, determined a significantly lower disease in-cidence and severity than the inoculated control at thefirst and second rating points after treatments, while20 days after treatments no differences from the untreat-ed control were observed. Thyme oil extract did notprovide any control of downy mildew, with resultsstatistically similar to the untreated control (Table 2).

In trial 2, the first signs of downy mildew in theuntreated control were observed 10 days after artificialinoculation of the pathogen. At the first assessment,53.5% of basil leaves were infected with 32.9% of theleaf area affected, whereas no disease was observed onthe non-inoculated basil plants. In the presence of 84.5%infected leaves with 61.8% of the affected leaf area inthe untreated control at the last assessment, metalaxyl+copper hydroxide, mandipropanid and azoxystrobin sig-nificantly reduced to 0.8%, 1.3%, 1.3% the diseaseincidence and to 0.2%, 0.8%, 0.6%, the severity of thedisease, respectively. The potassium phosphite-basedproducts (Alexin and the glucohumate activator com-plex) and acibenzolar-S-methyl showed a statisticallysimilar downy mildew control in terms of disease inci-dence and severity compared with the chemical fungi-cides tested. Among the different copper-based productstested, copper oxychloride+copper hydroxide and cop-per hydroxide with terpenic alcohols provided statisti-cally similar results in disease incidence reductioncompared with the phosphite-based products andacibenzolar-S-methyl. This trend was clear consideringthe severity of the pathogenic attacks 25 days after thelast application of the products. At the last assessment,T

able

5(con

tinued)

Activeingredient

(code)

Com

mercial

productz

Dosage

DIat

days

afterthelasttreatm

ent

DSat

days

afterthelasttreatm

ent

Biomass(g)

ga.i.1

00l−1

813

228

1322

G-L-G

Heliocuivre;Pergado;Heliocuivre

60;11.7;60

5.0

a-d

8.8

a-d

17.3

b-d

0.8

ab1.6

a6.1

a-d

88.6

a-d

G-M

-GHeliocuivre;Ortiva;

Heliocuivre

60;18.6;60

3.0

a-c

4.0

ab12.3

a-d

2.6

abc

5.3

ab12.4

b-d

97.6

a-c

–Non-inoculatedcontrol

–0.0

a1.5

ab8.3

ab0.0

a0.5

a3.1

a93.8

a-c

zThree

treatm

entswerecarriedou

t,on

11/1,18

/1,25

/1.Twoartificialinoculations

werecarriedou

t,on

12/01and26

/01

yWith

incolumns,means

follo

wed

byacommon

letterdo

notdiffer

accordingto

Tuk

ey’stest(P

<0.05

)xDosage(m

l10

0l−1)of

thecommercial

form

ulation

wFor

thecombinedsprayprog

ramsAcorrespo

ndsto

Airon

e(Cop

perox

ychloride+

copp

erhy

drox

ide);Hto

Alexine

(MineralfertilizerP2O552

%,K

2O42

%),Ito

Ridom

ilGoldR

(Metalaxyl-M

+copp

erhy

drox

ide);Lto

Pergado

(Mandiprop

amid);M

toOrtiva(azoxy

strobin);B

toBion(A

cibenzolar-S-m

ethy

l);Fto

Glucoindu

ctor

(Glucohu

mates

activ

ator

complex);G

toHeliocuivre

(Cop

perhy

drox

ideandterpenic

alcoho

ls)


Tab

le6

Effecto

fdifferenttreatmentsagainstd

owny

mild

ew,incitedby

Peron

ospo

rabelbarhii,expressedas

diseaseincidence(D

I,%

ofinfected

leaves)as

diseaseseverity

(DS,%

ofinfected

leaf

area)andon

theyieldof

basilcv.Genov


Classico’,Trial

5

Activeingredient

(code)

Com

mercial

productz

Dosage

DIat

days

afterthe

lasttreatm

ent

DSat

days

afterthe

lasttreatm

ent

Biomass(g)

ga.i.1

00l−

18

1623

816

23

–Inoculated

control

–13.5

hy29.8

d60.3

e7.1

e22.3

d45.2

e57.5

h

Copperoxychloride+

copper

hydroxide(A

)Airone

40+40

5.8

e5.5

ab24.8

bc3.9

d4.1

ab18.6

bc98.0

a-d

Acibenzolar-S-m

ethyl(B)

Bion

10.0

a1.5

a11.0

a-c

0.0

a1.1

a8.25

a-c

77.2

e-h

Mineral

fertilizerCu+Mn+Zn

KendalTE

46+1.5+1.5

4.3

de16.0

c26.0

cd2.8

cd12.0

c19.5

cd67.3

f-h

Thymeoil

Thymeoil

100

9.3

f30.5

d58.8

e6.6

e22.9

d44.1

e58.2

h

Mustard

oilx

Duolif

1000

x11.8

g29.3

d43.9

de8.3

e21.9

d33.0

de65.3

gh

Glucohumates

activ

ator

complex

x(F)

Glucoinductor

400x

0.0

a1.3

a3.8

a0.0

a0.7

a2.8

a80.0

c-g

Copperhydroxideandterpenic

alcohols(G

)Heliocuivre

603.3

b-e

11.0

bc17.5

a-c

1.1

a-c

8.3

bc13.1

a-c

80.3

c-g

Mineral

fertilizerP2O552%,K2O

42%

(H)

Alexin

130+105

0.5

ab0.5

a4.5

a0.4

ab0.4

a3.4

a102.8

a-c

Metalaxyl-M

+copper

hydroxide(I)

Ridom

ilGoldR

7.5+

120

0.0

a0.8

a6.0

ab0.0

a0.6

a4.5

a94.5

a-e

Mandipropam

id(L)

Pergado

11.7

0.0

a0.0

a5.0

a0.0

a0.0

a3.8

a89.3

b-e

Azoxystrobin(M

)Ortiva

18.6

0.0

a0.0

a5.3

a0.0

a0.0

a3.9

a94.5

a-e

A-H

-Aw

Airone;

Alexin;

Airone

40+40;130+105;

40+40

0.8

a-c

0.5

a9.5

a-c

0.5

ab0.4

a7.1

a-c

84.5

c-g

A-I-A

Airone;

Ridom

ilGoldR;Airone

40+40;7.5+

120;

40+40

0.0

a0.0

a11.3

a-c

0.0

a0.0

a8.4

a-c

76.3

e-h

A-L-A

Airone;

Pergado;Airone

40+40;11.7;40

+40

0.0

a0.0

a8.5

a-c

0.0

a0.0

a6.4

a-c

76.4

e-h

A-M

-AAirone;

Ortiva;

Airone

40+40;18.6;40

+40

1.5

a-d

1.5

a5.5

a0.9

a-c

1.1

a4.1

a93.7

a-e

A-B-A

Airone;

Bion;

Airone

40+40;1;

40+40

1.3

a-d

1.5

a14.5

a-c

0.3

ab1.1

a10.9

a-c

112.2

a

A-F-A

Airone;

Glucoinductor;Airone

40+40;400;

40+40

0.0

a0.0

a13.3

a-c

0.0

a0.0

a9.9

a-c

86.2

c-f

B-H

-BBion;Alexin;

Bion

1;130+105;

10.0

a0.0

a7.8

a-c

0.0

a0.0

a5.8

ab93.7

a-e

B-I-B

Bion;Ridom

ilGoldR;Bion

1;7.5+120;

10.0

a1.0

a9.5

a-c

0.0

a0.8

a7.1

a-c

82.7

c-g

B-L-B

Bion;

Pergado;Bion

1;11.7;1

0.0

a0.0

a9.5

a-c

0.0

a0.0

a7.1

a-c

75.0

e-h

B-M

-BBion;

Ortiva;

Bion

1;18.6;1

0.0

a1.3

a10.3

a-c

0.0

a0.9

a7.7

a-c

77.7

d-h

B-F-B

Bion;

Glucoinductor;Bion

1;400;

10.0

a1.0

a13.3

a-c

0.0

a0.8

a6.2

a-c

87.7

b-f

F-H

-FGlucoinductor;Alexin;

Glucoinductor

400;

130+105;400

0.3

ab1.3

a3.5

a0.2

ab0.9

a2.6

a107.2

ab

F-I-F

Glucoinductor

;Ridom

ilGoldR;Glucoinductor

400;

7.5+120;400

0.0

a0.0

a6.5

ab0.0

a0.0

a4.9

a110.4

a

F-L-F

Glucoinductor;Pergado;

Glucoinductor

400;

11.7;400

0.0

a0.8

a2.8

a0.0

a0.6

a2.1

a86.1

c-f

F-M

-FGlucoinductor;Ortiva;

Glucoinductor

400;

18.6;400

0.0

a1.3

a3.3

a0.0

a0.9

a2.4

a85.9

c-g

G-H

-GHeliocuivre;Alexin;

Heliocuivre

60;130+105;60

0.0

a0.5

a4.0

a0.0

a0.4

a3.0

a86.9

b-f


there were no significant differences between plants treatedwith the copper sulphate compounds, the mineral fertilizerKendal TE, prohexadione-Ca and with mustard oil, whichshowed a disease incidence ranging from 18.3% to 27.8%and a disease severity from 10.3% to 18.% (Table 3). Theeffectiveness of copper oxychloride, of the mineral fertil-izer Kendal, has been limited but significantly differentfrom the untreated control (Table 3). Two applications ofBacillus subtilis and thyme oil extract were not enough toachieve a suitable reduction of the pathogenic attacks and,at the last assessment, no significant differences from theuntreated control were observed.

In trial 3, the lowest absolute downy mildew inci-dence and severity were observed until 18 days after thelast treatment by using chemical fungicides. However,acibenzolar-S-methyl, Alexin, Glucoinductor give a sig-nificantly similar disease reduction as the fungicidestested. The efficacy of these products was maintainedfor 25 days after the last application. All the copper-based products are shown to have a significantly lowerdisease incidence and severity than the inoculated con-trol until the end of the trial, whereas copper hydroxideshowed this trend only at the first and second ratingpoints after treatment. The mineral fertilizer Kendal TEgave significantly better downy mildew control thanKendal, mustard oil, and prohexadione-Ca. B. subtilisand thyme oil were confirmed to be slightly effective,but their applications gave a significant reduction com-pared to the untreated control for 18 days after the lasttreatment (Table 4).

In trials 4 and 5, when used alone in three treatments,metalaxyl-M+copper hydroxide, mandipropamid, azox-ystrobin, the mineral fertilizer Alexin, and glucohumateactivator complex showed the highest reduction ofdowny mildew incidence and severity (Tables 5 and 6).When different combinations of various products weretested in rotation, it was possible to reduce the fungicidalapplication to obtain a significantly similar reduction ofdowny mildew incidence and severity. Trials 4 and 5showed the same trend in terms of disease control. Whenthe copper-based products have been applied in rotationwith Alexin there was a significant improvement in theireffectiveness (Tables 5 and 6). When the phosphate-based products Alexin and Glucoinductor wereused in rotation, they provided a statistically similardowny mildew control as the systemic fungicides tested(Tables 5 and 6).

The biomass as fresh weight of basil often reflectedthe degree of disease incidence (Tables 5 and 6); thisT

able

6(con

tinued)

Activeingredient

(code)

Com

mercial

productz

Dosage

DIat

days

afterthe

lasttreatm

ent

DSat

days

afterthe

lasttreatm

ent

Biomass(g)

ga.i.1

00l−

18

1623

816

23

G-I-G

Heliocuivre

;Ridom

ilGoldR;Heliocuivre

60;7.5+120;60

0.0

a0.0

a6.3

ab0.0

a0.0

a4.7

a85.9

c-g

G-L-G

Heliocuivre;Pergado;Heliocuivre

60;11.7;60

0.0

a0.0

a11.0

a-c

0.0

a0.0

a8.3

a-c

89.0

b-e

G-M

-GHeliocuivre;Ortiva;

Heliocuivre

60;18.6;60

0.0

a0.0

a5.3

a0.0

a0.0

a3.9

a94.7

a-e

–Non-inoculatedcontrol

–0.0

a0.0

a2.3

a0.0

a0.0

a1.5

a94.6

a-e

zThree

treatm

entswerecarriedou

t,on

21/3,28

/3,4/04

.Twoartificialinoculations

werecarriedou

t,on

22/03and29

/03

yWith

incolumns,means

follo

wed

byacommon

letterdo

notdiffer

accordingto

Tuk

ey’stest(P

<0.05

)xDosage(m

l10

0l−

1)of

thecommercial

form

ulation

wFor

thecombinedsprayprog

ramsAcorrespo

ndsto

Airon

e(Cop

perox

ychloride+

copp

erhy

drox

ide);Hto

Alexine

(MineralfertilizerP2O552

%,K

2O42

%),Ito

Ridom

ilGoldR

(Metalaxyl-M

+copp

erhy

drox

ide);Lto

Pergado

(Mandiprop

amid);M

toOrtiva(azoxy

strobin);B

toBion(A

cibenzolar-S-m

ethy

l);Fto

Glucoindu

ctor

(Glucohu

mates

activ

ator

complex);G

toHeliocuivre

(Cop

perhy

drox

ideandterpenic

alcoho

ls)


trend was much more clear in trial 5 compared with trial4, where thyme oil extract, Kendal TE, the mustard oil,copper-based product Airone in rotation with metalaxyl-M or with mandipropamide were statistically similar tothe inoculated and non-treated control. Among the plantresistance inducers tested, the phosphate-based productAlexin significantly improved the fresh weight in boththe trials, whereas acibenzolar-S-methyl, applied at 1 g100l−1, was not significantly different from the inocu-lated control.

Discussion

All trials were carried out under conditions favorablefor infection by P. belbahrii. The downy mildew signsobserved in some trials in the non-inoculated controlwere probably caused by natural infection of seeds(Garibaldi et al. 2004a) as well as by the spread ofthe pathogen among plants with consequent crosscontamination. In trial 1, it is possible that P. belbahriiwas present in the greenhouse prior to the applicationof the first treatment, 22 days after sowing. Thishypothesis is supported by the lower efficacy ofacibenzolar-S-methyl (44% of disease incidence re-duction compared with the untreated control at the lastassessment), compared with the results obtained intrials 2–4 that showed a 91%, 83% and 81% reductionof downy mildew at the last assessment, respectively.Results were consistent with prior observations forthis compound in other foliar diseases, such as graymold (Botrytis cinerea) on tomato (Malolepsza 2006),anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenarium) on cucumber(Ishii et al. 1999), and blue mold (Peronospora taba-cina) on tobacco (LaMondia 2009). The copper-basedproducts showed the same trend of acibenzolar-S-methyl and provided a better disease control of basildowny mildew in trials 2–5 compared with trial 1.

Among the tested fungicides, metalaxyl-M+copperhydroxide and azoxystrobin confirmed their efficacy(Gullino et al. 2009). Also mandipropamid was quiteeffective in this study. This fungicide is registered foruse on basil in Italy but, like other fungicides with aspecific mode of action, it is labelled for use in rotationwith fungicides having other modes of action to preventfungicide resistance (Brent & Hollomon 2007). Copperoxychloride+copper hydrochloride, copper sulphateand copper hydroxide and terpenic alcohols showedresults statistically similar to acibenzolar-S-methyl and

phosphite-based products in trials 2 and 3. These copperproducts when applied in rotation with resistanceinducers such as the mineral fertilizer Alexin and withthe glucohumate activator product in trials 4 and 5improved their efficacy.

The results provided by Alexin and by the gluco-humate activator complex, used alone or in alternationwith other products, 20–25 days after the last treat-ment, were statistically similar to those offered by themost active systemic fungicides.

The mineral fertilizer Kendal TE gave a betterresult than Kendal in trials 2 and 3, whereas in trial 1at the last evaluation no differences from the untreatedcontrol were observed for either product.

The biocontrol agent B. subtilis and thyme oil extractgave results significantly different from the untreatedcontrol at the first evaluation in trial 1, and for two of thethree evaluations carried out in trial 2. Downy mildewincidence in plants treated with mustard oil andprohexadione-Ca was significantly different from thatof the inoculated control in all the trials and showed anefficacy at the last evaluation between 43% and 69%and from 33% to 70%, respectively.

Resistance inducers are legal to use under the rulesfor fertilizers in Italy under current regulations. Theirapplication is particularly interesting in the case of mi-nor crops, because of the lack of registered fungicides,as well as in organic farming, where they can contributeto health maintenance and product quality (Kappert etal. 2011; Mersha et al. 2012).

Plant resistance inducers or improvers are reported toprovide disease reduction of oomycetes under differentconditions, for instance against Peronospora destructor,P. parasitica, Bremia lactucae and Pseudoperonosporacubensis under greenhouse conditions (Kofoet &Fischer 2007), and in the open field against Perono-spora manshurica on soybean and P. hyoscyami f.sp.tabacina on tobacco (Perez et al. 2003; Silva et al.2011). The efficacy of several improvers is influencedby different factors, such as host genotype, inoculumdensity, nutrition and climatic conditions: high levels ofdisease control are reported under controlled conditionswhile their effectiveness in the field is variable (Walters& Fountaine 2009). In the tobacco–blue mold and bar-ley–powdery mildew pathosystem, it has been observedthat plant resistance genes can influence the efficacy ofthe resistance inducers products (Martinelli et al. 1993;Perez et al. 2003). In the case of the downy mildews ofvegetables, only the efficacy of phosphonates was


confirmed also under field conditions (Kofoet & Fischer2007) and the positive effects of their post-infectionapplication have been reported (Wicks et al. 1991). Inthe case of Peronospora parasitica on cauliflower,acibenzolar-S-methyl was effective by inducing the pro-duction of pathogenesis-related proteins (Ziadi et al.2001). The same compound proved effective againstPhytophthora blight, caused by P. capsici, on squash(Cucurbita pepo) (Ji et al. 2011), while, Mersha et al.(2012) have shown the effect of rate, type of applicationand pre- or post-inoculation application of acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment against downy mildew of basil.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate thepossibility of adopting disease management programsfocused on a more flexible use of systemic chemicalfungicides in order to reduce the risk of the presence ofresidues at the end of each production cycle. Sprayprograms to control downy mildew of basil must haveshort pre-harvest interval residues. In the case of basilfor pesto production, where harvest is carried out every20 days, this aspect severely restricts the choice ofproducts that should be applied on the basis of theireffectiveness as well as in respect to the MaximumResidue Limits in food, and their compatibility in anintegrated pest management program (IPM). As shownin trials 4 and 5, several combinations of products,applying two products in alternation in three treatmentsat 6-day intervals, enable us to reduce strongly downymildew incidence and severity compared with the un-treated control. These spray programs provide a signif-icantly similar disease control compared with systemicchemicals and do not reduce the marketable yield. Asdemonstrated for the blue mold–tobacco pathosystem,the rotation of effective fungicides with resistanceinducers has improved the disease control as well asmarketable yield (LaMondia 2008). Morever, Molina etal. (1998) reported that the synergistic effect betweenfungicides and induced resistance enabled reduction oftotal fungicide application. In the meantime, the rotationbetween fungicides - especially those with a specificmode of action - and resistance inducers will reducethe selection pressure by the fungicides, thus reducingthe risk of resistance development towards the fewregistered fungicides (Skylakakis 1981; Vallad &Goodman 2004). The results of this work provided evi-dence that some of the resistance inducers andphosphorus-based fertilizers tested provided significantcontrol of downy mildew on basil, when applied aloneas well as in several combinations.

Acknowledgments Work carried out in the framework of theproject SAFEFOODCONTROL, funded by Regione Piemonte“Sviluppo di sistemi e tecnologie innovative per la produzione,conservazione, trasformazione e valorizzazione dell’orto-frutti-coltura piemontese di qualità”. The authors thank Dr. PiterMazzoglio for language revision.

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http://www.istat.it/en/products/databases

BASIL (Ocimum basilicum ‘Sweet Basil Italian Large Leaf’) M. T. McGrath and L.K. Hunsberger

Downy mildew; Peronospora belbahrii Dept of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Cornell University, LIHREC

3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY 11901

Evaluation of biopesticides for managing downy mildew in basil, 2010.

To provide a source of natural inoculum within the experimental area, basil was transplanted into spreader rows about 4 weeks before plants were scheduled to be transplanted into the plots. These rows were adjacent to rows of sorghum-sudangrass planted earlier to provide a more favorable environment for downy mildew to become established by creating shade and blocking air movement thereby promoting a more humid area. These plants were not inoculated. Biopesticides were evaluated in a replicated experiment with field-grown plants of basil. Basil was seeded on 5 Jul in trays in a greenhouse and transplanted on 10 Aug into black plastic mulch with drip irrigation in a field with Haven loam soil at the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center in Riverhead. A late planting date was used to increase the likelihood of downy mildew developing during the experiment. The primary source of initial inoculum in this area is considered to be wind-dispersed spores from affected plants in another area. Each plot had 26 plants in two 10-ft rows on black plastic mulch with 9-in plant spacing and 9-in row spacing. The plots were 6 ft apart in the row. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Fungicides were applied weekly for 7 weeks beginning before symptoms were observed in plots using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer and a hand-held boom equipped with a single-nozzle boom operated at 45 psi. A twinjet 8002E nozzle delivering 30 gal/A was used on 26 Aug, 2 Sep, and 9 Sep. An 8006E nozzle delivering 40 gal/A was used on 16, 23, and 29 Sept and 7 Oct. Rates were applied lower than intended on the first three dates due to a calculation error. The number of plants affected and percentage of leaves affected on up to 10 plants was determined at each assessment. Incidence and average severity on affected plants was used to calculate overall severity for the canopy of each plot. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was calculated for canopy severity. A destructive sampling was done at the end of the season on 13 Oct. Similar assessment of downy mildew incidence and severity was done with these plants, then they were held enclosed in a plastic bag at 60 F for 7 days before re-assessing them to determine residual control. Average monthly high and low temperatures (oF) were 83/67 in Aug, 77/62 in Sep, and 66/50 in Oct. Rainfall (in.) was 2.02, 2.87, and 3.32 for these months, respectively.

Symptoms of downy mildew were first observed in this experiment on 16 Aug on one leaf in a spreader row. Symptoms were not found in plots until 20 Sep, which was after the fourth application. Few significant differences were detected among treatments. The conventional fungicide, Revus, was not significantly better than most of the biopesticide treatments. It was not as effective as expected based on previous evaluations conducted in FL. Results may have been affected by the fact disease onset was late in the season and occurrence remained low. While there were few significant differences among treatments, the biopesticide that appears to be the least effective (Oxidate) is one of the two products currently labeled for managing downy mildew in organically-produced crops. However, it was not possible to follow the 5-day spray interval specified on the label for this use. At the first assessment only one treatment, ProPhyt, had no symptoms in all four replicate plots. These two possible results are in agreement with observations of substantial differences in control made by a NY grower who used Oxidate and a phosphorous acid fungicide in his organic and conventionally-managed, respectively, greenhouse-grown basil. The treatment with the lowest AUDPC value was a tank-mix of low label rates of Organocide and copper.

Plants affected by downy mildew (%) Severity Post harvest

Treatment (rate) z 24-Sep 6-Oct 13-Oct AUDPC y Plants

affected (%) Incidence

(%)

Non-treated control…………………………………. 12.66 abcx 34.36 ab 49.96 50.65 ab 53.61 2.83

Oxidate (128 fl oz/100 gal water)…………...…..….. 25.08 a 56.96 ab 57.32 104.00 a 71.94 10.49

Regalia (1% v/v)…………………………………….. 3.26 c 43.00 ab 47.02 74.58 ab 67.50 8.85

Actinovate (12 oz/A)………………………………... 12.73 abc 41.37 ab 45.79 70.31 ab 74.17 9.50

Organocide (2 oz/gal)……………………………….. 5.62 bc 27.87 b 69.03 66.89 ab 50.83 2.36

Sporatec AG (1 qt/A) + (BioLink at 2 fl oz/gal)…… 7.34 bc 44.19 ab 36.48 64.86 ab 56.67 10.44

Sonata ASO (3 qt/A) + (BioLink 2 fl oz/gal)……….. 21.21 ab 33.84 ab 41.54 62.90 ab 55.95 5.03

Companion (1 gal/A)……………………………….. 5.80 bc 37.60 ab 52.78 60.52 ab 53.61 7.07

Timorex Gold (0.75% v/v)………………………….. 14.15 abc 29.13 b 35.70 48.13 ab 77.78 7.31

ProPhyt (4 pt/A)…………………………………….. 0.00 c 22.34 b 58.19 44.49 b 36.11 4.35

Revus (8 fl oz/A)w…………………...……………… 5.30 bc 20.29 b 56.59 42.97 b 33.33 7.32

Organocide (1 oz/gal) + NuCop HB (1.0 lb/A)……... 5.01 bc 23.30 b 45.38 35.72 b 32.78 6.07

P-value (treatment) 0.0003 0.0010 0.3934 0.0173 0.0947 0.4519

z Rate of formulated product/A. Applications dates were 1=24 Aug, 2=1 Sep, 3=6 Sep, 4=14 Sep, 5=22 Sep, 6=28 Sep, and 7=7 Oct.

Treatments listed after the control in order based on AUDPC values.

y AUDPC calculated from plant severity data.

x Means in a column followed by the same letter or no letter are not statistically different from each other (Tukey’s HSD, P=0.05).

w Conventional fungicide standard was Revues (8 fl oz/A).


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CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus ‘Dasher II’) M. T. McGrath and L.K. Hunsberger

Downy mildew; Pseudoperonospora cubensis Dept of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Cornell University, LIHREC

3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY 11901

Efficacy of biopesticides for managing downy mildew in organically-produced cucumber, 2010.

The objective of this study was to evaluate biopesticides using a cucumber cultivar that has exhibited relatively low susceptibility

to downy mildew compared to other cultivars in cucumber evaluations conducted at North Carolina State University since 2005. This

integrated approach was taken because downy mildew is considered a difficult disease to manage organically. K-Phite was the only

biopesticide evaluated that is not approved for organic production. The biopesticides were compared to an organic standard treatment, the copper fungicide NuCop, and a conventional fungicide standard program of Manzate Pro-Stick during the vegetative period followed by

Bravo Ultrex during the harvest period. The conventional fungicide program consisted of protectant (contact) products because most of the

biopesticides evaluated also lack targeted activity and mobility. Most biopesticides were tested alone. Organocide was tested at a low

label rate tank-mixed with NuCop at a low label rate. Organic production practices were used when feasible. A spring cover crop was grown for organic matter and nitrogen, as well as to keep the ground covered and protected until cucumbers were planted. The field was

plowed and disked. Pro-Grow 5-3-4 organic fertilizer was spread at 1000 lb/A and incorporated. An oat plus spring pea cover crop was

seeded on 8 Apr. The unusually hot and dry summer conditions resulted in the non-irrigated cover crop growing poorly and desiccating

before it could be incorporated. It was chopped and then disked to incorporate on 23 Jul. SoilBuilder was applied and incorporated at 1

gal/A. Due to the condition of the cover crop when incorporated, it was assumed that it would provide an insignificant amount of nutrients.

On 2 Aug Pro-Grow 5-3-4 fertilizer (500 lb/A) and peanut meal 8-1-2 fertilizer (625 lb/A) were spread over rows to be planted and

incorporated by disking, then plastic mulch and drip tape were laid. A transplanter with a waterwheel was used to prepare holes for

seeding, plus apply fertilizer in the process. Neptune's Harvest hydrolyzed fish emulsion fertilizer was used at 2 oz/gal. Cucumber was direct-seeded by hand on 13 Aug. Three seed were placed in each hole and thinned to one plant once established. Each plot was a single,

27-ft row with 18 plants at 18-in. spacing. Plots within a row were spaced 9 ft apart. Rows were spaced 8.5 ft apart or 14.2 ft apart to

accommodate driveways. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Two outbreaks of insect pests occurred

during the experiment. Conventional insecticides were selected because of the perceived need for fast-acting chemistry considering the quantity of insects present when detected and potential impact on the experiment. Asana XL (9.6 fl oz/A) was applied for cucumber

beetles on 18 Aug. Assail 30SG (2.5-4 oz/A) was applied for melon aphids on 22 Sep. Weeds were controlled between rows with a

cultivator, and along the plastic edge with a hand-operated rototiller and by hoeing. A preventive, 7-day schedule was used for all

treatments. Fungicides were applied for 6 weeks beginning on 25 Aug using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with a single-nozzle boom operated at 45 psi. A twinjet 8002E nozzle delivering 28 gal/A was used on 25 Aug, 1 Sep, and 8 Sep. An 8006E nozzle

delivering 28 gal/A was used on 17, 22, and 30 Sep and 7 Oct. Rates were applied lower than intended on the first three dates due to a

calculation error. Downy mildew severity was assessed by estimating incidence of symptomatic leaves and then rating average severity on

the affected leaves. These measurements were used to estimate canopy severity. Assessments were done weekly. Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was calculated for severity from 24 Sep through 13 Oct. A square root transformation was used when needed

prior to analysis to achieve homogeneity of variance. Yield data was not obtained due to the late onset of downy mildew and the impact on

plant condition of aphids and storms with strong wind. Average monthly high and low temperatures (oF) were 87/70 in Jul, 83/67 in Aug,

and 77/62 in Sep. Rainfall (in.) was 3.46, 2.02, and 2.87 for these months, respectively. Drip irrigation was used as needed to supplement rainfall.

Downy mildew began to develop on cucumbers on Long Island, NY, later in 2010 than in previous recent years. Environmental

conditions were less favorable for pathogen dispersal and infection in the region due to the unusual dry conditions. Cloudy conditions with

rain or high humidity are needed for successful pathogen dispersal and infection. Symptoms of downy mildew were first detected on Long Island in the cucumber sentinel plots at LIHREC for the downy mildew forecasting system on 7 Sep 2010. Symptoms were not observed in

the experimental plots until 17 Sep. Rain fell on 8 days during September: 0.26 in. on 3 Sep, 0.77 in. on 4 Sep, 0.92 in. on 17 Sep, 0.03 in.

on 23 Sep, 0.08 in. on 27 Sep, 0.36 in. on 28 Sep, 0.08 in. on 29 Sep, and 0.37 in. on 30 Sep. None of the treatments evaluated suppressed

downy mildew to a detectable level compared to the non-treated control in this experiment, including the conventional fungicide treatment.

Treatments are listed in the table based on AUDPC for canopy severity summed over the season with the exception of the non-treated

control, which is listed first. Suppression did not occur as expected with the one integrated treatment consisting of a biopesticide

(Actinovate) applied preventively then combined with mobile conventional fungicides (Previcur Flex and Ranman) that have targeted

activity for downy mildew and have been documented to be highly effective in other evaluations. Lack of treatment affect likely is at least partly due to the fact downy mildew remained at a low level in this experiment due to environmental conditions. At the last assessment,

only 28% of leaves had symptoms of downy mildew in the non-treated control, and severity on these leaves averaged only 13%. At two

assessments the non-treated control had the highest values for downy mildew suggesting that many of the treatments tested were providing

some suppression. Additionally, plants were damaged by high winds during storms and aphids.

Plant Disease Management Reports 5:V100 Page 1

7A

Downy mildew canopy severity (%)z

Treatment (rate/A) (application dates) y 24-Sep 29-Sep 6-Oct 13-Oct AUDPC

Nontreated……………………………………………………..…… 0.07 2.80 5.34 3.86 abv 20.48 abc

Taegro (3.5 oz/100 gal) (1-5), Companion (1 gal) (6-7) …………... 0.01 0.47 1.15 2.89 ab 58.55 a

Regalia (1% v/v) (1-7) ……………………………………..…..….. 0.04 0.39 4.91 10.48 a 54.97 ab

Serenade MAX (3 lb) + Biolink 2 fl oz/gal (1-7) …………...…….. 0.07 0.65 0.28 6.92 ab 42.67 abc

K-Phite (2 qt) (1-7) ……………………………….…………...…... 0.06 1.57 0.53 2.56 ab 37.44 abc

Sporatec AG (1 qt) + Biolink 2 fl oz/gal (1-7) …………………….. 0.02 0.17 1.85 4.07 ab 27.82 abc

Companion (1 gal) (1-7) ………………..…………..……………… 0.12 2.67 1.35 3.64 ab 26.69 abc

Organocide (1 oz/gal) + NuCop HB (1.0 lb) (1-7) ………………… 0.11 0.21 1.46 3.61 ab 23.19 abc

Actinovate (12 oz) (1-7) …………………………………..…….... 0.05 0.63 1.38 1.97 ab 22.43 abc

Sonata ASO (4 qt) + Biolink 2 fl oz/gal (1-7) ……………………... 0.06 0.90 0.91 9.00 ab 19.05 abc

Timorex Gold (0.75% v/v) (1-7) ……………………………..….... 0.11 2.06 0.31 2.53 ab 18.30 abc

NuCop HB (2.0 lb) (organic standard) (1-7) …………………..….. 0.00 0.28 0.45 2.13 ab 11.07 abc

Actinovate (12 oz) (1-7) + conventional mobile fungicides (5-7)x .. 0.21 0.48 0.22 0.69 b 3.29 c

Manzate Pro-Stick 3 lb (1-3), Bravo Ultrex 1.8 lb (4-7)w…………. 0.00 0.09 0.09 0.73 b 6.04 abc

P-value (treatment) 0.2658 0.0710 0.2346 0.0175 0.0076

z Percent leaf tissue with symptoms of downy mildew was estimated and severity was assessed for affected leaves. Canopy severity

was calculated from these values. Table contains de-transformed values when square root transformation was used.

y Rate of formulated product/A. Applications dates were 1=25 Aug, 2=1 Sep, 3=8 Sep, 4=17 Sep, 5=22 Sep, 6=30 Sep, and 7=7 Oct.

x After downy mildew was detected, Actinovate was tank-mixed with Previcur Flex (1.2 pt/A) (5, 7) or Ranman (2.75 fl oz/A) (6).

w Conventional fungicide standard was Manzate early season and Bravo during fruit production.

v Means in a column followed by the same letter or no letter are not statistically different from each other (Tukey’s HSD, P=0.05).

Plant Disease Management Reports 5:V100 Page 2

7A

BASIL (Ocimum basilicum ‘Sweet Basil Italian Large Leaf’) M. T. McGrath and L.K. Hunsberger Downy mildew; Peronospora belbahrii Dept of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Cornell University, LIHREC 3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY 11901

Evaluation of biopesticides for managing downy mildew in basil, 2011.

Biopesticides were evaluated in a replicated experiment with field-grown basil in a field with Haven loam soil at the Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center in Riverhead, NY. To provide a source of natural inoculum within the experimental area, basil was transplanted into spreader rows about 4 weeks before plants were scheduled to be transplanted into the plots. These rows were adjacent to rows of sorghum-sudangrass planted earlier to provide a more favorable environment for downy mildew to become established by creating shade and blocking air movement thereby promoting a more humid area. These plants were not inoculated. Basil for the experiment was seeded on 14 Jul in trays in a greenhouse and transplanted on 10 Aug into black plastic mulch with drip irrigation. A late planting date was used to increase the likelihood of downy mildew developing during the experiment. The primary source of initial inoculum in this area is considered to be wind-dispersed spores from affected plants in another area. Each plot had 17-20 plants in two 10-ft rows on black plastic mulch with 9-in. plant spacing and 9-in. row spacing. The plots were 6-ft apart in the row. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Fungicides were applied weekly on a preventive schedule. Applications were made with a backpack CO2-pressurized sprayer and a hand-held boom equipped with a single-nozzle boom and an 8006VS nozzle operated at 55 psi and delivering 51 gal/A. A 7-day spray schedule was used for all treatments except Oxidate, which was applied 3 times each week. It was applied twice on the day other treatments were applied, once before the others and about 1 hour later after the other treatments were made, and again about 3 days later. All treatments were applied on 11 Aug, 17 Aug, 24 Aug, 31 Aug, 7 Sep and 14 Sep. Revus was selected as the conventional fungicide standard because it has provided consistently good suppression in evaluations of conventional fungicides conducted in FL. It is expected to provide a measure of the maximum control achievable under the experiment conditions. This treatment is important to include especially with a disease like basil downy mildew that may be difficult to control. Downy mildew was rated in each plot every week beginning on 19 Aug. The percentage of leaves per plant with symptoms (sporulation of the pathogen visible on the underside) was estimated for 10 plants in each plot. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was calculated for all assessment dates to obtain a disease severity measurement for the whole period. Average monthly high and low temperatures (°F) were 87/68 in Jul, 82/66 in Aug, and 76/63 in Sep. Rainfall (inches) was 2.35, 10.61, and 6.88 for these months, respectively. There was a hurricane (28 Aug) and several atypical intensive rain events during the 2011 growing season on Long Island.

Environmental conditions were atypical for the region during late Aug and Sep, when this experiment was being conducted, with a hurricane plus rain occurring on many more days than usual. This provided very favorable conditions for disease development but not for applying fungicide treatments or for plant growth. Research plants were damaged by the strong winds and intensive rainfall occurring during the storms, especially during Hurricane Irene on 28 Aug. Rain fell on 10 days during Aug, delivering a total of 10.6 in. Another major rainfall of 3.4 in. occurred over 6-8 Sep. Rainy weather provided favorable conditions for downy mildew. Symptoms of downy mildew were first observed in this experiment on 19 Aug in the spreader row. Symptoms were not found in plots until 25 Aug, which was after the second application. No symptoms were found on plants in any plots on 19 Aug. No significant differences were detected among treatments. Suppression of downy mildew was not detected with any treatment, including the conventional fungicide Revus. These results document the challenges of effectively managing downy mildew in basil when conditions are very favorable. Fungicides were applied on a preventive schedule beginning two weeks before symptoms were observed in plots. Among the biopesticide treatments, the numerically fewest affected leaves were observed in plots treated with ProPhyt. Amount of downy mildew present was similar to plots treated with Revus.

Incidence of leaves affected by downy mildew (%) z

Treatment (rate/A) y 25 Aug 1 Sep 9 Sep AUDPC x

Non-treated control…………………………….... 6.2 14.7 41.0 307.4 ab Companion (1 gal)…………………………….… 5.8 20.4 54.0 390.6 a Oxidate (1% ) + Yukka ag-aide (0.25%)………... 4.9 16.4 56.0 388.7 a Sporatec AG (1 qt) + Saf-T-Side (1.5%)………... 3.0 17.3 53.5 359.0 ab Sonata ASO (3 qt) + Nu-Film P (0.03%)….….… 3.2 18.4 37.8 317.9 ab Organocide (2 oz/gal)…………………………… 3.7 10.4 47.5 291.7 ab Timorex Gold (0.75%)……………………….….. 5.6 9.0 42.5 259.7 ab Actinovate (12 oz)………………………………. 5.8 4.5 44.0 248.9 ab Regalia (1%)………………………………….…. 2.3 7.8 38.0 220.2 ab Organocide (1 oz/gal) + NuCop HB (1 lb)…….... 4.0 7.3 35.3 219.7 ab ProPhyt (2 qt)………..……….………………….. 2.2 4.3 25.5 148.7 b Revus (8 fl oz)…………….…………………….. 3.7 3.4 25.3 142.3 b P-value (treatment) 0.8678 0.0357 0.1085 0.0063

z Means followed by the same letter or no letter are not statistically different from each other (Tukey’s HSD, P=0.05). y Rate of formulated product/A. All treatments were applied on 11, 17, 24 and 31 Aug, and 7 and 14 Sep. Oxidate was also

applied on 22 and 26 Aug and 2, 9, and 16 Sep. Treatments listed after the control in order based on AUDPC values. x AUDPC values were square root transformed before analysis.


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Crop Protection

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Evaluation of systemic acquired resistance inducers for control of downymildew on basil

Zelalem Mersha a, Shouan Zhang a,*, Richard N. Raid b

a Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280 St., Homestead, FL 33031, USAb Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3200 E Palm Beach Rd., Belle Glade, FL 33430, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 10 January 2012Received in revised form17 April 2012Accepted 22 April 2012

Keywords:Ocimum basilicumAcibenzolar-S-methylDL-3-aminobutyric acidIsonicotinic acidSalicylic acidSodium salicylate

* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ1 305 246 7001; faxE-mail address: [email protected] (S. Zhang).

0261-2194/$ e see front matter � 2012 Elsevier Ltd.doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.04.031

a b s t r a c t

Basil downy mildew, caused by Peronospora belbahrii Thines sp. nov., is a devastating foliar disease offresh-cut basil first discovered in the U.S. in South Florida in 2007. Since then the pathogen has beenfound in over 20 U.S. states and has become a major threat to sweet basil production. In this study,acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM, Actigard 50WG), DL-3-aminobutyric acid (BABA), isonicotinic acid (INA),salicylic acid (SA) and sodium salicylate (SS) were evaluated for their potential to control basil downymildew in the greenhouse. Efficacy of these systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers varied in controlof basil downy mildew depending on the rate, method and timing of application. Foliar sprays of ASMapplied pre-, post- or pre- þ post-inoculation at rates ranging from 25 to 400 mg l�1 significantly(P ¼ 0.05) reduced disease severity compared to the non-treated control in all experiments. ASM sprayedat 50 mg l�1 three times on a weekly basis starting 3 and 7 days post- inoculation resulted in a 93.8 and47.1% reduction in disease severity, respectively. Six weekly foliar sprays of BABA as pre- þ post-inoc-ulation at rates equal or higher than 125 mg l�1 significantly suppressed downy mildew compared to thenon-treated control. Foliar treatments of ASM or BABA followed by one or two post-inoculation sprays ofa mixture of potassium phosphite (Prophyt) and azoxystrobin (Quadris) significantly improved efficacyfor disease control. Sporangia counted on ASM treated leaves were significantly lower than leavessampled from the non-treated control. ASM and BABA at concentrations lower than 1.0 mM did notinhibit sporangial germination in vitro. The effect of INA, SA and SS on disease reduction was generallyinconsistent and not significant compared to the non-treated control.

� 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the United Stateshas significantly increased in the past several years because of itshigh demand as a fresh or dried culinary herb, as a source ofessential oil and oleoresin for food flavors, and as an ingredient formanufacture of perfumes, pharmaceuticals and aroma therapeuticproducts (Simon et al., 1990). Annual import of basil has alsoincreased in the past years to meet this growing demand (Furth,2001). US consumers, buyers and distributors, however, areactively seeking greater domestic production due to concerns offood safety (Lopez et al., 2001), increased costs of importation,transportation and storage.

A recently discovered disease, basil downy mildew, caused bythe biotrophic oomycete Peronospora belbahrii Thines sp. nov.

: þ1 305 246 7003.

All rights reserved.

(Belbahri et al., 2005; Thines et al., 2009), is threatening theproduction of this important herb. Since the first report of thedisease from southern Florida in the fall of 2007 (Roberts et al.,2009), many northern and southeastern US states have had majorlosses, in some instances up to 100%, due to this foliar disease(Wyenandt et al., 2010). The range of the pathogen has expanded tothe central and Pacific regions of the US including the HawaiianIslands (Zhang et al., 2009; McGrath et al., 2010; McGrath, 2011).Worldwide, the disease was first discovered in Uganda in 1933(Hansford, 1933) and so far has been reported from fields andgreenhouses in many countries (Garibaldi et al., 2004b, 2005;Khateri et al., 2007; McLeod et al., 2006; Ronco et al., 2008;Voglmayr and Piatek, 2008; Martínez de la Partea et al., 2010).Although there is no research on how the pathogen arrived in theUS, infested basil seeds (Garibaldi et al., 2004a) and/or infectedplant materials are believed to facilitate the spread.

Successful infection by P. belbahrii is favored by cool to warmtemperatures accompanied by high humidity. Profuse sporulationis facilitated by warm and wet conditions. Sporangiophores of


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Z. Mersha et al. / Crop Protection 40 (2012) 83e9084

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P. belbahrii emerge from the stomata, branch dichotomously, andbear a single broadly-ellipsoidal to subglobose sporangium at thetip. An initial symptom of the disease is vein-bound chlorosis of theadaxial leaf surface followed by visually discernible gray to blackishsporulation on the abaxial leaf surface under humid conditions.

Because of the rapid spread and significant economic impact ofthis disease, tremendous efforts have been made to promote publicawareness (Zhang et al., 2009; Raid et al., 2010b; McGrath, 2011), toevaluate the efficacy of fungicides and secure their registration(Raid, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2009a, 2009b; Raid et al., 2010a;Babadoost, 2010; Thompson et al., 2010), and to explore varietiesand breeding lines with high disease resistance (Wyenandt et al.,2010). However, research related to the etiology, epidemiology andmanagement of basil downy mildew in the US is still very limited.

Currently, basil downy mildew is primarily controlled byfungicide application. Only a few biologicals such as Actinovate, thephosphoric acid fungicides such as Prophyt, and the strobilurinfungicide Quadris are registered for control of downy mildew onherbs, but not specifically on basil (McGrath, 2011). However, heavyreliance on fungicides is evoking concerns of the environment andthe potential of downy mildew species to quickly developresistance to Quinon inhibiters, copper and other fungicides. Thisnecessitates soliciting environmentally friendly managementstrategies such as the use of systemic acquired resistance (SAR)inducers. Exogenous application of SAR inducing compounds suchas acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), DL-3-aminobutyric acid (BABA),2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), salicylic acid (SA) and sodiumsalicylate (SS) is one way to achieve induction of resistance againsta wide range of microbial pathogens in plants (Kessmann et al.,1994; Sticher et al., 1997; Cohen, 2002; LaMondia, 2009; Walterset al., 1993, 2005).

In this study, greenhouse experiments were conducted toevaluate these SAR inducers for their potential to control downymildew in greenhouse grown basil. Each inducer was evaluated atdifferent rate, method and timing of application. Optimizedapplication of the two best performing inducers, i.e. ASM and BABA,was explored through combining ASM or BABA at reduced rateswith a mix of fungicides azoxystrobin and potassium phosphite. Inaddition, in vitro effect of the ASM and BABA on sporangialgermination of P. belbahrii was determined.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Experimental plants

Seeds of sweet basil (O. basilicum L.) variety ‘Genovese’ (EdenBrothers, Dohlonega, GA, USA) were planted in 10-cm diameter

Table 1Summary of rate, timing and method of application of five systemic acquired resistance

Treatmenta Factor tested Experimentb

1 2 and 3

ASM Rate (mg l�1) 30 30, 50Method Foliar FoliarTimingd Pre Pre

BABA, INA, SA, SS Rate (mg l�1) 50 50, 100Method Foliar FoliarTiming Pre Pre

a Treatments included: ASM¼ Actigard 50WG (acibenzolar-S-methyl); BABA¼ DL-3- aThe standard chemical controlwas amix of Prophyt (2.5ml l�1) andQuadris (0.7ml l�1). Pla

b Experiments 3, 5, 7 and 9 were repetitions of experiments 2, 4, 6 and 8, respectivelyc Only ASM and BABA were tested in experiments 8 and 9. ASM and BABA were also e

after inoculation or two post-inoculation fungicide sprays at 1 and 3 weeks after inoculad Applied three times pre-inoculation (Pre), three times post-inoculation (Post) or sixe ASM application started 3 days after inoculation.f ASM application started 7 days after inoculation.

plastic pots containing the substrate “Fafard #2 Mix” (Fafard Inc.,Agawam, MA) augmented with slow release fertilizer ScottsOsmocote Plus (Scotts Company LLC, Marysville, OH). The sameseed batches were used for all experiments in this study. Plantswere watered daily, supplemented with Miracle Gro (Miracle-GroLawn Products, Inc. Marysville, OH) as needed and grown for26e36 days in a nursery greenhouse prior to pathogen inoculation.

2.2. Preparation of SAR inducers

Solutions of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), DL-3-aminobutyricacid (BABA), isonicotinic acid (INA), salicylic acid (SA) and sodiumsalicylate (SS) were prepared with sterile deionized wateraccording to treatment descriptions (Table 1). Actigard 50WG,a product of ASM from Syngenta Crop Protection (Greensboro, NC)was used in this study. BABA and INA were purchased from SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO), and SA and SS were from Fisher Scientific(Waltham, MA). To assure complete solubility, each solution wasstirred with a magnet bar for at least 1 h and also vigorously shakenbefore application. Deionized water was sprayed as the non-treatedcontrol and the chemical control was the mixture of potassiumphosphite (Prophyt, Pamol Ltd., Memphis, TN) at 2.5 ml l�1 andazoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC)at 0.7 ml l�1.

2.3. Application of SAR inducers and experimental setup

Pre-inoculation treatments started about 12e20 days afterplanting in the nursery greenhouse. A total of three applicationswere made at weekly intervals. Post-inoculation treatmentsbegan at either 3 or 7 days after inoculation, and they were appliedthree times at weekly intervals. Pre- and post-inoculation treat-ments consisted of a total of six applications, i.e. three pre- andthree post-inoculation treatments, all applied at weekly intervals.Treatments after pathogen inoculation were carried out in an air-conditioned greenhouse. Foliar applications weremade until runoffusing 1000-ml handheld sprayers. The average volume of foliarspray per pot ranged between 4.3ml and 28.0ml from the 1st to the6th spray, respectively. Drenching was made by gently pouring15 ml of a given concentration of ASM onto the center of the potsusing a calibrated plastic test tube. All foliar sprays and drenchtreatments were preceded by 4 h and followed by an overnightwithout irrigation. Number of plants per pot and number of repli-cations per treatment ranged from three to six considering one potwith three to six plants as a replication. All experiments werearranged in a completely randomized design (CRD).

(SAR) inducers evaluated for control of basil downy mildew in greenhouses.

4 and 5 6 and 7 8 and 9c

50, 100, 200, 400 50, 100 25, 50Foliar, Drench Foliar, Drench FoliarPre Pre, Poste, PP Pre, Postf, PP100, 400 250, 500 125, 250Foliar Foliar FoliarPre Pre, PP Pre, PP

mino butyric acid; INA¼ isonicotinic acid; SA¼ salicylic acid; SS¼ sodium salicylate.nts for thenon-treated control in all experimentswere sprayedwithdeionizedwater..valuated in combination with either one post-inoculation fungicide spray at 1 weektion.times pre- and post- inoculation (PP) each at weekly intervals.

Z. Mersha et al. / Crop Protection 40 (2012) 83e90 85

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2.4. Inoculation and disease assessment

Basil leaves with profuse sporulation of P. belbahrii werecollected and maintained in a moist chamber overnight. Sporangiawere gentlywashed off the leaves into sterile distilledwater,filteredthrough four layers of cheesecloth, and the sporangial concentrationwas determined using a haemocytometer under a microscope. Thesporangial concentration used in greenhouse experiments variedfrom 1.0 � 103 to 2.0 � 103 per ml depending on the prevailingweather condition during each experiment. Plants in each pot wereinoculated in the air-conditioned greenhouse by spraying thesporangial suspension onto both sides of the leaf surfaces untilrunoff. Inoculated plants were maintained in humid chambers for24e48 h except during the hotmonths of June to August, 2010whenplants were placed in an open chamber for few more days. Relativehumidity in the greenhouse was maintained high by overheadirrigation using 360 NN-GR Nifty nozzles (Dramm Corporation,Manitowoc, WI) for 5 min at 2-h intervals. Although the tempera-ture of the greenhousewas set to 23.8 �C, it fluctuated depending onthe ambient solar radiation. Disease severity was visually assessedas the percentage of symptomatic leaf area (signs and symptoms) ofall plants in a pot at intervals of 3e8 days.

2.5. Sporulation of P. belbahrii on detached leaves

At the end of experiments 6 and 8, the 10th leaf pairs (countedfrom the bottom to top) of a randomly selected plant from eachtreatment were cut from their petioles and placed on a layer ofmoist filter paper (Whatman # 11) in a 150 � 25 mm Petri dish. Allthe Petri dishes were randomly stacked in a CRD arrangement,wrapped in plastic bags, packed in an ice chest and maintained inthe dark overnight. There were three to four replications for eachtreatment with three (experiment 6) and five (experiment 8) leavesin a Petri dish considered as one replicate. Twenty four hours afterincubation, each leaf was gently splash-rinsed in a clean Petri dishwith 30 ml water. Sporangia were brushed off the leaf surfaces intothe water and counted using a haemocytometer under a micro-scope. Data from sporangial counts were normalized using the ln(x þ 1) transformation.

Table 2Effect of the SAR inducing compounds on disease severity of basil downy mildewcaused by Peronospora belbahrii.

Treatmenta Rate (mg l�1) AUDPCb

Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Exp. 3

ASM 30 88 c 513 e 181 c50 171 f 34 d

BABA 50 616 ab 969 ab 422 b100 684 de 549 a

INA 50 616 ab 1026 a 469 ab100 627 de 489 ab

SA 50 572 b 969 ab 422 b100 798 bcd 516 ab

SS 50 660 a 741 cd 449 ab100 912 abc 456 ab

Non-treated controlc e 660 a 1026 a 482 abChemical controld 0.40 d 1.1 f 13.4 d

a Treatments were applied three times on a weekly basis as pre-inoculation.Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different accordingto Tukey’s test at P ¼ 0.05.

b AUDPC is the area under the disease progress curve of disease severity (%-days).c The non-treated control was a spray of deionized water.d The chemical control was a mix of Prophyt (2.5 ml l�1) and Quadris (0.7 ml l�1).

2.6. In vitro sporangial germination of P. belbahrii

Three weeks old basil plants with profuse sporulation ofP. belbahrii were covered with a plastic bag, maintained in the darkovernight and fresh sporangia were washed off for the in vitroexperiments. A suspensionof 1�104 sporangiaml�1wasprepared insterile deionized water and 750 ml of the suspension was evenlyspread onto the water agar plates amended with ASM or BABA.Solutions of 2% water agar were amended with ASM at concentra-tions of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mM, and with BABA at concen-trations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mM. The Prophyt plus Quadrismix was tested at the same rates as in the greenhouse experiments.After 24 h of incubation, a drop of 0.05% Tryphan blue in lacto phenolwas added onto each plate at its four corners and at the center; andthese sites were considered to be five sampling areas for sporangialcounts. The number of germinating sporangia was counted in eachvisible area (w3.14 mm2) under a binocular microscope at 100�magnification. Sporangial germination (%) relative to the totalsporangiawas calculated. This experimentwas repeated three times.

2.7. Statistical analysis

Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of diseaseseverity was calculated, subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)

using PROC GLIMMIX procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), andtreatment means were separated according to Tukey’s test atP ¼ 0.05. The two way analysis of experiment, treatment, andexperiment � treatment interaction revealed significantdifferences between experiments. Therefore, results from eachexperiment were presented separately. SigmaPlot (Systat SoftwareInc., San Jose, CA) was used for correlation and regression analyses.

3. Results

3.1. Effect of SAR compounds on basil downy mildew

Foliar sprays of ASM significantly reduced the diseasedevelopment (AUDPC) compared to the non-treated control in allgreenhouse experiments (Table 2). However, disease reductionsfrom treatments with BABAwere significant only after the rate andtiming of application were modified (Table 4). Foliar treatments ofINA, SA and SS at test rates in this study did not consistently reducedowny mildew significantly. Thus, results pertaining to these threeSAR inducers were presented only from the first three experiments(Table 2).

3.2. Effect of rate of ASM application

ASM applied pre-inoculation three times on a weekly basis at30 mg l�1 significantly reduced disease severity compared to thenon-treated control in experiments 1, 2 and 3 (Table 2). Despite thelow disease severity during the early phase of epidemics, subse-quent upsurges in disease ratings during the last assessment ofASM treatment at 30mg l�1 (as high as 85%) demonstrated the highrisk of only pre-inoculation sprays with ASM at lower rates.Increasing the rate of ASM from 30 to 50 mg l�1 in experiments2 and 3, however, resulted in highly significant reductions indisease severity and an average increase in control efficacy from63.9 to 85.8% (Table 2). Further increments of ASM rates in exper-iments 4, 5, 6 and 7 produced the same trend of increased efficacyfor downymildew control. On average, efficacy of foliar sprays withASM increased from 86.0 to 89.5, 94.0 and 99.3% as the rate ofapplication was increased from 50 to 100, 200 and 400 mg l�1,respectively (Table 3). A significant reduction in disease severitywas also observed between the rates of 25 and 50 mg l�1 when itwas applied pre-inoculation (Fig. 1).

Table 3Effect of ASM applied at four rates by two application methods and three timings ofapplication on disease severity of basil downy mildew caused by Peronosporabelbahrii.

Treatmenta (timing) Rate (mg l�1) AUDPCb

Exp. 4 Exp. 5 Exp. 6 Exp. 7

Foliar application

ASM (Pre) 50 71 e d 355 e 56 c 101 e100 83 cd 168 e 28 c 113 e200 6 f 161 g400 5 f 7 h

ASM (Postc) 50 11 c 95 e100 2 c 25 e

ASM (PP) 50 6 c 6 f100 1 c 6 f

Drench application

ASM (Pre) 50 230 b 1159 b 661 a 649 bc100 183 b 797 c 465 b 750 b200 195 b 677 cd400 124 c 509 de

ASM (Post) 50 678 a 586 cd100 689 a 542 cd

ASM (PP) 50 666 a 548 cd100 638 a 510 d

Non-treated controle 602 a 1467 a 655 a 888 aChemical controlf 1 f 74 f 3 c 32 e

a Timing of treatment application: Pre ¼ applied three times pre-inoculation,Post ¼ applied three times post-inoculation, PP ¼ applied six times pre- andpost-inoculation, each at weekly intervals.

b AUDPC is the area under the disease progress curve of disease severity (%-days).c ASM was applied post-inoculation starting 3 days after inoculation.d Means with the same letter in a column are not different according to Tukey’s

test at P ¼ 0.05.e The non-treated control was a spray of deionized water.f The chemical control was a mix of Prophyt (2.5 ml l�1) and Quadris (0.7 ml l�1).


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3.3. Effect of method of ASM application

Foliar sprays of ASM were more effective in suppressing basildowny mildew than drench applications (Table 3). Depending onthe rate and timing of ASM applications, 2- to 638-fold greaterreductions in disease severity were recorded when ASM wasapplied as a foliar spray than as a drench. Drench applications ofASM significantly reduced disease severity in three out of the fourexperiments when compared to the non-treated control (Table 3).Sporangial counts from detached leaves of basil plants, whichreceived foliar sprays of ASM post- and pre- þ post- inoculation in

Table 4Effect of foliar sprays of BABA on disease severity of basil downy mildew caused byPeronospora belbahrii.

Treatmenta (timing) Rate (mg l�1) AUDPCb

Exp. 4 Exp. 5 Exp. 6 Exp. 7

BABA (Pre) 100 714 abc 1273 bc250 487 de 567 e400 242 e 1179 c500 448 e 284 f

BABA (PP) 250 129 f 126 gf500 56 f 107 gf

Non-treated controld 602 c 1447 ab 683 a 869 abChemical controle 1 f 80 d 0 f 32 g

a Timing of treatment application: Pre ¼ applied three times pre-inoculation,Post ¼ applied three times post-inoculation, PP ¼ applied six times pre- and post-inoculation, each at weekly intervals.

b AUDPC is the area under the disease progress curve of disease severity (%-days).c Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different according

to Tukey’s test at P ¼ 0.05.d The non-treated control was a foliar spray of deionized water.e The chemical control was amix of Prophyt at 2.5 ml l�1 and Quadris at 0.7ml l�1.

experiment 6, were significantly lower than the non-treatedcontrol, but none were significantly different from drench treat-ments with ASM (data not shown).

3.4. Effect of timing of ASM application

Efficacy of ASM for control of basil downy mildew varied greatlywith the different timing of application. In experiments 6 and 7,ASM foliar sprays applied pre-, post-, and pre- and post-inoculationat the rate of 50 mg l�1 resulted in 89.8, 93.1 and 99.2% of diseasecontrol, relative to the non-treated control, respectively (Table 3).Similarly, efficacy from the same rate in experiments 8 and 9 was69.0, 43.0 and 94.8%, respectively (Fig. 1). Disease suppression frompost-inoculation treatment of ASM, when started three days afterinoculation, was numerically greater (albeit not significantly) thanthe pre-inoculation treatment (Table 3). However, this pre-inoculation treatment had significantly greater effect on diseasereduction than the post-inoculation treatment starting three daysafter inoculation (Fig. 1). This failure to strongly suppress thedisease from post-inoculation treatments was also reflected insporangial counts from the detached leaves in experiment 8whereby ASM treatments at 25 and 50 mg l�1 produced nearly ashigh number of sporangia as the non-treated control (Fig. 1). In allcases, ASM applied pre- and post-inoculation significantly reducedsporulation of P. belbahrii and disease severity than the non-treatedcontrol. In addition, the efficacy of ASM when applied pre- andpost-inoculation was comparable to the standard chemical control(Table 3, Fig. 1).

3.5. Effect of fungicide in combination with ASM application

A pre-inoculation foliar spray of ASM followed by one (Fig. 1,middle panel) or two (Fig. 1, right panel) post-inoculation sprays ofthe mix of Prophyt and Quadris significantly increased diseasesuppression compared to the ASM treatment alone (Fig. 1, leftpanel). However, pair-wise comparison of ASM treatments withone (ASM þ Fungicide 1�) or two (ASM þ Fungicide 2�) post-inoculation fungicide sprays revealed no significant difference insuppression of the disease. In addition, disease severity wassignificantly lower when ASM was applied three times at pre-inoculation followed by a single post-inoculation fungicide spraythan when only the single post-inoculation fungicide was sprayed(Fig. 1). There was no significant difference between treatments indisease severity or sporangial counts when basil plants receivedtwo post-inoculation fungicide sprays with or without ASM (Fig. 1).However, sporangial counts on detached leaves were significantlyreduced when ASM spray was followed by two post-inoculationsprays of fungicides (Fig. 2).

3.6. Effect of rate and timing of BABA application

BABA applied pre-inoculation at 50 mg l�1 had no significanteffect on reducing disease severity in all experiments (Table 2).BABA reduced disease severity significantly only in one out of fourexperiments when it was applied at 100 mg l�1 (Tables 2and 4).BABA applied at 125 mg l�1, however, significantly reduced diseaseseverity compared to the non-treated control with efficacy of 32.8,17.7 and 70.5% when applied pre-, post- and pre- and post-inoculation, respectively (Fig. 2). When the application rate ofBABA was increased to 250 mg l�1, the corresponding efficacieswere increased to 45.1, 40.7 and 80.4% (Fig. 2). BABA applied pre-and post-inoculation at 250 and 500 mg l�1 suppressed the diseasemore than when it was applied only pre-inoculation (Table 4).

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Experiment 8

c

a

b

d

d

g gg

ASM ASM + Fungicide (1x) ASM + Fungicide (2x)

Experiment 8

gg

fg

ef

g g

a

e

Experiment 8

g gfg fg

g g

a

g

Dise

ase

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Fig. 1. Disease severity of downy mildew (upper and middle panels) and sporulation of Peronospora belbahrii (lower panels) after foliar treatment of basil plants with ASM at25 mg l�1 and 50 mg l�1 applied pre-, post-, and pre- þ post-inoculation (PP). Left column of panels: Only ASM was applied. Center column of panels: ASM treatment was followedwith one application of Quadris (0.7 ml l�1) and Prophyt (2.5 ml l�1) at 1 week post-inoculation (ASM þ Fungicide 1�). Right column of panels: ASM treatment was followed withtwo applications of Quadris (0.7 ml l�1) and Prophyt (2.5 ml l�1) at 1 and 3 weeks post-inoculation (ASM þ Fungicide 2�). The chemical control (CC) was applied three times beforeinoculation (left panels), one time (CC0) at 1 week after inoculation (middle panels) or two-times (CC00) at 1 and 3 weeks after inoculation. Data of sporangial counts weretransformed using ln (x þ 1).


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3.7. Effect of fungicides in combination with BABA

One or two post-inoculation sprays of the mix of fungicidesProphyt and Quadris after BABA treatment greatly enhanceddisease suppression when compared to that achieved by BABAalone (Fig. 2). BABA applied pre-inoculation at 125 mg l�1 resultedin a disease reduction of 32.1, 81.1 and 88.8% when it was appliedalone, when it was followed by one, and two post-inoculationfungicide applications, respectively. The trend of disease suppres-sion by BABA was similar when BABA was applied pre-inoculationat 250 mg l�1. However, two weekly fungicide sprays(BABA þ Fungicide 2�) starting 7 days post- inoculation did notsignificantly improve efficacy of control compared to one time ofthe fungicide spray (BABA þ Fungicide 1�). Sporulation was notsignificantly reduced when BABA was applied alone or when fol-lowed by a single spray of the mix of Prophyt and Quadris (Fig. 2).

3.8. In vitro effect of ASM and BABA on sporangial germination

Sporangial germination on water agar medium was not signifi-cantly affected by ASM or BABA at concentrations lower than1.0 mM when compared to the non-treated control (Table 5).Sporangial germination was significantly inhibited as much inthe mix of Prophyt and Quadris as in ASM and BABA at highconcentrations. There was a clear tendency in decline of sporangial

germination as concentrations of ASM or BABA increased in theamended agar medium (Table 5).

4. Discussion

This study demonstrated that ASM and BABA are promising SARinducers for use in the prevention and control of basil downymildew caused by P. belbahrii, a foliar disease recently establishedin North America. To our knowledge, this is the first report on thepotential of using SAR inducers for controlling this disease ingreenhouses. In summary, foliar sprays of ASM at all test ratessignificantly reduced disease severity. Sporangial counts fromdetached leaves of ASM treated plants at the end of the experi-ments also supported the results of disease suppression in thegreenhouse. Efficacy of BABA highly varied based on the rate andtiming of application. BABA applied pre-inoculation and pre- andpost-inoculation at rates equal or higher than 125 mg l�1 signifi-cantly suppressed the disease. ASM or BABA at rates as low as25 mg l�1 and 125 mg l�1, respectively, followed by one or twosprays of a mix of Prophyt and Quadris post-inoculation signifi-cantly reduced disease severity. These findings are of greatimportance given that only very few fungicides are currentlyregistered for control of downy mildew of herbs but none arespecifically labeled for control of downy mildew on basil.

Foliar sprays of ASM on basil at rates ranging from 25 to400 mg l�1 progressively increased protection against downy

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Fig. 2. Disease severity (upper and middle panels) of downy mildew and sporulation of Peronospora belbahrii (lower panels) after foliar treatment of basil plants with BABA at125 mg l�1 and 250 mg l�1 pre-, post-, and pre- þ post-inoculation (PP). Left column of panels: Only BABA was applied. Center column of panels: BABA treatment was followed withone application of Quadris (0.7 ml l�1) and Prophyt (2.5 ml l�1) at 1 week post-inoculation (BABA þ Fungicide 1�). Right column of panels: BABA treatment was followed with twoapplications of Quadris (0.7 ml l�1) and Prophyt (2.5 ml l�1) at 1 and 3 weeks post-inoculation (BABA þ Fungicide 2�). The chemical control (CC) was applied three times beforeinoculation (left panels), one time (CC0) at 1 week after inoculation (middle panels) or two-times (CC00) at 1 and 3 weeks after inoculation. Data of sporangial counts weretransformed using ln (x þ 1).


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mildew irrespective of the timing of applications. Diseasesuppression was drastically increased when ASM was applied atrates up to 50 mg l�1 but the increase was marginal at the highrates, i.e. between 200 and 400 mg l�1. This indicated that

Table 5In vitro effect of ASM and BABA on sporangial germination (%) of Peronosporabelbahrii.

Treatment Rate (mM) Sporangial germination (%)a

(mean � SE)

ASM 0.0b 50.31 a � 4.020.1 39.35 a � 5.590.5 37.54 ab � 5.001.0 18.78 b � 4.962.0 12.32 bc � 3.244.0 9.71 bc � 2.93

Chemical controlc e 0.70 c � 0.70BABA 0.0 57.45 a �4.65

0.5 42.99 ab � 3.841.0 30.44 bc � 4.602.0 24.27 c � 3.544.0 26.09 bc � 6.878.0 13.94 cd � 4.41

Chemical control e 0.00 d � 0.00

a Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different accordingto Tukey’s test at P ¼ 0.05. Results are means from three independent experiments.

b The non-treated control for ASM and BABA was media amended with steriledeionized water.

c The chemical control was amix of Prophyt at 2.5 ml l�1 and Quadris at 0.7ml l�1.

diminishing returns of benefits are to be expected as applicationrates of ASM increase beyond a certain level. The label rate of ASMfor control of downy mildews on cole crops, lettuce, spinach,cucurbits and onions is in the range between 36.5 and 73.1 mg l�1

when the lowest and highest rates of the product are each mixed inthe highest recommended volume of water. In experiments 8 and 9,treatments with ASM at 25 and 50 mg l�1, which were either lowerthan or within the range of those label rates, achieved strongsuppression of basil downy mildew when applied pre- and post-inoculation. ASM applied pre-inoculation at the rate of 25 mg l�1

followed by one application of the mix of Prophyt and Quadrisexhibited an outstanding suppression of this disease.

In two field trials conducted at the University of Florida’s Ever-glades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade, Florida, threeweekly sprays of ASM at the rate of 60 mg l�1 in a spray volume of580 l ha�1 of water significantly reduced disease severity comparedto the non-treated control (Raid, 2008a, 2009b). Control of downymildew was 18.9 and 23.0% in the fall (Raid, 2008a) and winter(Raid, 2009b) of 2007 in his field trials, respectively. An average of83.7% protection against basil downy mildew from a 50 mg l�1 pre-inoculation spray of ASM in our greenhouse study at the TropicalResearch and Education Center, Homestead, Florida, was obviouslyhigher than the results from field trials at Belle Glade. Possiblereasons for this discrepancy are: i) the inoculum-free growingenvironment in the greenhouse warranties the basil plants 3e4weeks to develop an appreciable level of resistance induced by


7A

the SAR treatments, ii) the presence of stable conditions in theprotected greenhouse environment renders more efficaciousapplications of ASM than in the field, and iii) the easy andcomplete access to basil leaf surfaces for treatments with ASM inthe greenhouse.

Excellent disease suppressionwas achieved even from the lowerrates of ASM when applied pre- and post-inoculation. For instance,disease control nearly doubled when ASM at 25 mg l�1 was appliedpre- and post-inoculation rather than when only applied pre-inoculation. However, the protective effect of foliar sprays of ASMapplied pre-inoculation at 50 mg l�1 drastically decreased from95.3% to 21.5% within an interval of 15 days after the last ASMtreatment. Likewise, Raid (2008a) reported a sharp decrease ofprotection from 61.0 to 1.0% at an assessment interval of 12 days inone of the field experiments at Belle Glade. In this case, environ-mental conditions may have strongly favored the resurgence of thedisease as the SAR-induced systemic resistance waned. Theseresults reinforce the notion that continual and periodic applicationsof ASM are necessary to maintain durable efficacy. However,caution should be taken with higher rates of ASM applied pre- andpost-inoculation, since undesirable effects such as leaf deforma-tions could happen, for instance, when ASM was applied at orhigher than 200mg l�1 pre- and post-inoculation (data not shown).

When ASM treatment began within the first 3 days post-inoculation, disease severity was significantly reduced than whenit started 7 days post-inoculation. In the latter case, failure of ASMtreatments starting 7 days post-inoculation to provide protectionagainst basil downy mildew could be attributed to the establish-ment of fungal structures in the plant tissue before significantresistance was elicited by ASM. Investigations of such aspectsincluding pathogenesis, as well as enzymatic activity and analysesof gene activation are warranted to verify the optimum timing ofASM application for improved efficacy against basil downy mildew.

Efficacy of ASM was greater when applied jointly with thefungicide mix (Prophyt and Quadris) than when applied alone. Forinstance, an average control of 47.2 and 72.0% was achieved inexperiments 8 and 9 when ASM alone was applied pre-inoculationat 25 and 50 mg l�1, respectively. Upon a joint application of ASMand one post-inoculation spray of the fungicide mix, the respectiveefficacies rose to 91.8 and 94.4%. This proved an additive effect ofASM and fungicide treatments given the fact that only 67.6% effi-cacy was achieved from the single post-inoculation fungicide spray.LaMondia (2009) also reported increased efficacy and marketableyield of tobacco from lower rates of ASM applied in combinationwith fungicide sprays.

Three pre-inoculation sprays of BABA at rates ranging from 50 to500 mg l�1 resulted in reductions in disease severity between 3.2and 50.9%, and substantial disease control was achieved at BABArates equal or higher than 125 mg l�1. The timing of BABA appli-cation greatly influenced its efficacy. Post-inoculation applicationof BABAwas reported to induce resistance against downymildew ofgrape (Cohen, 2002) and rust of sunflower (Amzalek and Cohen,2007). BABA, applied either post-inoculation or pre- and post-inoculation, also protected tomato and potato from Phytophthorainfestans (Cohen, 2002), tobacco from Peronospora tabacina (Cohen,2002), grape from Plasmopara viticola (Cohen, 2002), and peanutfrom Cercosporidium personatum (Zhang et al., 2001). Fifty percentreduction and complete control of Bremia lactucaewas reported onfield grown lettuce from foliar sprays of BABA at 125 and500 mg l�1, respectively (Cohen et al., 2010). In this study, only 32.1and 50.9% control of P. belbahrii was achieved from BABA treat-ments at 125 and 500 mg l�1, respectively. Cohen (2002) has alsoreported higher than 95% control of P. infestans on tomato aftera single foliar spray of BABA at 2000.5 mg l�1, a rate which is muchhigher than the maximum rate used in our study.

ASM or BABA up to 0.5mMdid not significantly affect sporangialgermination of P. belbahrii compared to the non-treated control(Table 5). Comparison of ASM or BABA with the fungicide standardrevealed that these SAR inducers were non-toxic to P. belbahriiunless applied at high rates. Cohen et al. (2010) confirmed thatinduced resistance is the mechanism involved against B. lactucae inlettuce. In our study, significant reductions of sporangial germina-tion were observed at high concentrations of BABA and ASM.Similarly, Fischer et al. (2009) found that toxicity of BABA onBotrytis cinerea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was concentration-dependent. Further research such as histological, enzymatic andmolecular studies should be conducted to establish the rates atwhich toxicity of ASM or BABA starts to occur in relation toP. belbahrii infection.

SA, INA, SS and ASM share the ability to activate similar genes inthe plant that code for pathogenicity related proteins (Walters et al.,2005) because these compounds are analogs chemically. However,disease suppression achieved with SA, INA and SS in this study wasnegligible and inconsistent. Low to insignificant efficacies of thesecompounds were also previously reported from experiments con-ducted in other pathosystem by others (Zhang et al., 2001). In ourstudy, foliar sprays of SA at 50e500 mg l�1 on basil plants did notresult in an appreciable level of downy mildew control. However,the success of SA and SS to control powdery mildew in barley atrates up to 15 mM (Walters et al., 1993) and of SA to induce resis-tance in tomato against Alternaria solani at a rate of 0.2mM (Walterset al., 2005) may warrant further investigations into their use onbasil against downy mildew at increased rates.

The combination of azoxystrobin and potassium phosphitecertainly achieved significant control of basil downy mildew, but itdid not curtail the epidemic at the later stages when the spraysstopped. Raid (2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2009a, 2009b), Raid et al.(2010a) and Babadoost (2010) tested several chemistries to controldownymildewof basil under field conditions,most of which are notregistered currently for use on basil. Data from these field trialsrevealed excellent performance of, for instance, azoxystrobinagainst downy mildew with control efficacies of up to 97%(Babadoost, 2010). In the field trials in 2009, Raid et al. (2010a)demonstrated high levels of control with Revus (mandipropamid,Syngenta Crop protection Inc.), Pristine (pyraclostrobin andBoscalid, BASF Corporation), Ridomil Gold Bravo (mefonoxam andchlorothalonil, Syngenta Crop protection Inc.), Reason (fenamidone,Bayer), Forum (dimethomorph, BASF Corporation), Quadris, andRanman (cyazofamid, FMC Corporation). These studies providedprerequisites for potential registration of chemistries in the nearfuture for the use to control downy mildew of basil. Based on thefield trials, weekly sprays of registered fungicides with thoroughplant coveragewere recommended to assure sufficient protection ofbasil plants from the continuously wind-borne and water-splashedsporangia of P. belbahrii at times of heavy disease pressure.

Although resistance against pathogens in plants induced byabiotic elicitors is known to be broad spectrum, complete control isnot expected in most cases (Walters et al., 2005). The most prom-ising SAR inducers from this study i. e. ASM and BABA could play animportant role in integratedmanagement of basil downymildew ingreenhouses when applied at optimum rate, by an efficient methodand at a proper timing. Considering the explosive nature of downymildew of basil, proactive protection is a key to success incontrolling this important disease. Based on results from thisresearch, ASM or BABA at low rates could be used proactively at anearly growth stage when disease is absent or incipient undergreenhouse production systems. These SAR inducers can be appliedat weekly intervals separately or in combination with fungicidessuch as azoxystrobin or jointly with azoxystrobin and potassiumphosphite. Future studies are needed to optimize effectiveness of


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these two SAR inducers alone and/or in combinationwith low ratesof other fungicides in order to maximize economical returns of themanagement developed by application of SAR inducers.

Acknowledgments

This research was partially supported by the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Specialty Crop Research Initiativeprogram (2011-51181-30646). The authors are thankful to XiaodanMo, Jiebin Guo, Yuqing Fu, and Thomas L. White for their technicalassistance with the greenhouse experiments. We sincerely thankWaldemar Klassen for critically reviewing this manuscript.

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BASIL (Ocimum basilicum ’Martina’) R. N. Raid Downy mildew; Peronospora spp. University of Florida, IFAS,

Everglades Res. & Ed. Center, Belle Glade, FL 33430

A comparison of select biofungicides and conventional fungicides for control of downy mildew on basil, Fall 2007. Sweet basil, variety ’Martina’, was planted in a 0.4-A commercial field 25 miles south of Clewiston, FL on 9 Oct. The soil, classified as Immokalee fine sand with a soil pH of 7.4, was fertilized according to soil test recommendations. Basil was direct-seeded in four rows with a 10-in. row spacing on top of 8-in. raised beds formed on 6-ft centers. Seeds were densely planted and final plant spacing within the row was approximately 1-in. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with three replications of ten treatments. Experimental units were 4-row, 6-ft bed sections, separated on the end by 4-ft alleys. Chemical treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer. The hand-held boom was equipped with three Tee-Jet 11003 flat-fan nozzles. Foliar sprays were applied at 30 psi, delivering a final spray volume of 62 gal/A. Fungicide treatments commenced on 25 Oct at the 4-6 leaf stage, with subsequent applications on 1 and 7 Nov. Biotune, an adjuvant specifically formulated for use with Serenade and Sonata, was added to those respective treatments at the recommended rate. For all other treatments, the nonionic surfactant Induce was added at a rate of 0.125% v/v. Disease pressure arose from natural inoculum and downy mildew lesions were first observed in the trial area on 29 Oct. Downy mildew was initially assessed on 6 Nov by randomly collecting ten leaves per experimental unit from the first node above ground level. Disease severity was calculated by visually estimating the percent leaf area exhibiting downy mildew signs or symptoms. Leaves were stored under refrigerated conditions (50 F) until 19 Nov, when downy mildew was re-assessed. Severity data were transformed using the arcsine transformation prior to analyses. In addition, whole plant ratings were conducted in the field on 18 Nov by using a 0-10 scale, with 0 representing no disease and 10 representing downy mildew throughout the entire canopy. Whole plant ratings were performed on the two central rows at two randomly selected locations per experimental unit. Downy mildew pressure in the experimental area was considered extreme. As the crop neared harvest maturity, the dense foliar canopy created favorable leaf wetness conditions for downy mildew development. By the end of the trial, nearly the entire canopy within the untreated check exhibited downy mildew sporulation and/or chlorosis/necrosis incited by the disease. Both conventional and biofungicide treatments exhibited significant downy mildew control at the first rating; however, biofungicides exhibited no significant residual control on sampled leaves post-harvest (18 Nov rating), and control rapidly deteriorated in field plots over time, as indicated by the whole plant ratings. In order to obtain economic control, it may be necessary to apply biofungicides more frequently than one time per week. Tanos and the phosphonic compound ProPhyt were intermediate in their control, with the strobilurin-containing compounds Amistar and Pristine providing the best control. Residual control as measured by the disease severity on 18 Nov with the strobilurin/boscalid premixture Pristine was excellent, being statistically superior to all other treatments. It should be noted that fungicide treatments were selected for experimental comparisons only. Their use in this trial does not imply that they are registered, nor is it recommended that they be used alone in a comprehensive disease management program. Phytotoxicity was not observed with any treatment in this experiment. Fungicide treatment and rate/Az

% Severity 6 Novy 18 Novx

Whole plant disease ratingw

Check …………………………………... 66 a 100 a 9.5 a Kocide DF 2 lb…………………………. 23 bc 94 bc 7.7 b ProPhyt SL 3 pt ………………………… 6 d 55 de 5.2 c Actigard 50DF 0.5 oz ………………….. 26 bc 99 ab 7.7 b Actinovate WP 12 oz …………………… 26 bc 91 c 8.0 b Serenade Max WP 4 lb …………………. 36 b 96 abc 8.0 b Sonata ASO 4 pt ..……………………… 38 b 92 bc 7.5 b Tanos 50DF 8 oz ………………………. 10 cd 73 d 5.8 c Amistar 80WDG 4 oz …………………. 5 d 39 e 1.7 d Pristine WDG 16 oz …………………… 3 d 3 f 1.0 d z Rate of formulated product per acre. y Mean disease severity on ten randomly selected leaves per plot. Leaves were collected and assessed on 6 Nov from

the first node above ground. x Mean disease severity on the leaves collected on 6 Nov following 12 days in refrigerated storage. This rating

provides an indication of residual control. w Disease ratings performed on a 0-10 scale with 0=no visible disease, 2 = disease visible in lower third of canopy

only, 4 = disease visible in lower to mid canopy, no necrosis, 6 = disease visible in lower to mid canopy, some necrosis in lower canopy, 8 = disease visible throughout entire canopy, no necrosis in mid to upper, and 10 = disease visible throughout entire canopy, necrosis prevalent throughout.

v Means in a column followed by a letter in common are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s LSD (P<0.05).


7A

Basil (Ocimum basilicum’Martina’) R. N. Raid

Downy mildew; Peronospora spp. University of Florida, IFAS,

Everglades Res. & Ed. Center,

Belle Glade, FL 33430

Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on basil, Fall 2007.

Sweet basil of the variety ’Martina’ was planted in a 0.4-A commercial field 25 miles south of Clewiston, FL on 9

Oct. The soil, classified as Immokalee fine sand with a soil pH of 7.4, was fertilized according to soil test recommendations.

Basil was direct-seeded in four rows with a 10-in. row spacing on top of 8-in. raised beds formed on 6-ft centers. Seeds were

densely planted and final plant spacing within the row was approximately 1-in. The experiment consisted of a randomized

complete block design with three replications of ten treatments. Experimental units were 4-row, 6-ft bed sections, separated

on the end by 4-ft alleys. Chemical treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer. The hand-held boom was

equipped with three Tee-Jet 11003 flat-fan nozzles. Foliar sprays were applied at 30 psi, delivering a final spray volume of

62 gal/A. Fungicide treatments commenced on 25 Oct at the 4-6 leaf stage, with subsequent applications on 1 and 7 Nov. A

nonionic surfactant, Induce, was added to all fungicide mixtures at a rate of 0.125% v/v. Disease pressure arose from natural

inoculum and downy mildew lesions were first observed in the trial area on 29 Oct. Downy mildew was initially assessed on

6 Nov by randomly collecting ten leaves per experimental unit from the first node above ground level. Disease severity was

calculated by visually estimating the percent leaf area exhibiting downy mildew signs or symptoms. Leaves were stored

under refrigerated conditions (50 F) until 19 Nov, when downy mildew was re-assessed. In addition, whole plant ratings

were conducted in the field on 18 Nov by using a 0-10 scale, with 0 representing no disease and 10 representing downy

mildew throughout the entire canopy. Whole plant ratings were performed on the two central rows at two randomly selected

locations per experimental unit.

Downy mildew pressure in the experimental area was considered severe. As the crop neared harvest maturity, the

dense foliar canopy created favorable leaf wetness conditions for downy mildew development. All of the lower leaves rated

in the untreated check exhibited downy mildew sporulation and/or chlorosis/necrosis brought on by the disease. Of the

fungicides examined, the broad spectrum protectant Bravo provided the least control. In examining whole plant ratings,

phosphonic compounds K-Phyte and ProPhyte provided for severities significantly lower than those obtained with Bravo, but

significantly higher than those obtained with the other fungicides. Results obtained with the systemic fungicide Ridomil

suggest that insensitivity has not yet developed with this particular Peronospora species, and it provided good control.

Translaminar and/or systemic fungicides Revus, Forum, Ranman and Reason also provided excellent control and would

appear to be good candidates for further investigation. It should be noted that fungicide treatments were selected for

experimental comparisons only. Their use in this trial does not imply that they are registered, nor is it recommended that

they be used alone in a comprehensive disease management program. Phytotoxicity was not observed with any treatment in

this experiment.

Fungicide treatment and rate/Az

% Severity

6 Novy 18 Nov

x

Whole plant

disease ratingw

Check …………………………………... 33 av 100 a 7.3 a

Bravo Ultrex 82.5WDG 2 lb…………… 14 b 64 b 5.7 a

Forum F 6 fl oz………………………… 2 bc 19 c 0.0 d

Revus 250 SC 6 fl oz…….…………….. 0 c 11 c 0.0 d

Ranman SC 2.75 fl oz………………….. 3 bc 23 c 0.3 cd

K-Phyte L 3 pt…………………………. 3 bc 25 c 2.7 b

Previcur EC 2 pt……………………….. 2 c 38 bc 2.0 cd

Reason 500 SC 6 fl oz….……………… 1 c 11 c 0.7 cd

Ridomil EC 1 pt………………………... 1 c 16 c 0.7 cd

ProPhyte L 3 pt ………………………... 1 c 16 c 3.0 b

z Rate of formulated product per acre.

y Mean disease severity on ten randomly selected leaves per plot. Leaves were collected and assessed on 6 Nov from

the first node above ground. x Mean disease severity on the leaves collected on 6 Nov following 12 days in refrigerated storage. This rating

provides an indication of residual control. w Disease ratings performed on a 0-10 scale with 0=no visible disease, 2 = disease visible in lower third of canopy

only, 4 = disease visible in lower to mid canopy, no necrosis, 6 = disease visible in lower to mid canopy, some

necrosis in lower canopy, 8 = disease visible throughout entire canopy, no necrosis in mid to upper, and 10 = disease visible throughout entire canopy, necrosis prevalent throughout.

v Means in a column followed by a letter in common are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s LSD

(P<0.05).

7A

BASIL (Ocimum basilicum ) R. N. Raid Downy mildew; Peronospora spp. University of Florida, IFAS,


Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on basil, Winter 2007. Sweet basil was planted in a 0.4-A commercial field 5 miles west of Boynton Beach, FL on 29 Nov. The sandy soil was fertilized according to soil test recommendations. Basil was direct-seeded in four rows with a 10-in. row spacing on top of 8-in. raised beds formed on 6-ft centers. Seeds were densely planted and final plant spacing within the row was approximately 1-in. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with three replications of ten treatments. Experimental units were 4-row, 6-ft bed sections, separated on the end by 4-ft alleys. Chemical treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer. The hand-held boom was equipped with three Tee-Jet 11003 flat-fan nozzles. Foliar sprays were applied at 30 psi, delivering a final spray volume of 62 gal/A. Fungicide treatments commenced on 12 Dec at the cotyledon stage, with 3 subsequent applications on 24 Dec, and 1 and 12 Jan. A nonionic surfactant, Induce, was added at a rate of 0.125% v/v to assist coverage. Disease pressure arose from natural inoculum and it is significant to note that downy mildew was observed in the trial area on the date of initial application, but visual incidence was low. Downy mildew was assessed on 19 Jan. Disease ratings were conducted using a 0-10 scale, with 0 representing no disease and 10 representing the level of downy mildew in the untreated control. Data were then converted to percent downy mildew control for comparison sake. Downy mildew ratings were performed on basil located along a 1-ft section of the two central rows at two randomly selected locations per experimental unit. Fresh crop biomass was sampled by measuring aggregate fresh weight of 10 randomly selected plants collected from the two central rows. Plant beds were loosened with a shovel prior to removal to extract all root material. Soil was washed from roots prior to weighing. Downy mildew pressure in the experimental area was considered extreme. As the crop neared harvest maturity, the dense foliar canopy created favorable leaf wetness conditions for downy mildew development. By the end of the trial, the entire canopy within the untreated check exhibited downy mildew sporulation and/or chlorosis/necrosis incited by the disease. All treatments reduced disease relative to the untreated control, with the treatments containing Forum, Amistar, Revus, and Ranman resulting in the greatest disease reduction among treatments. However, fresh biomass was highest with the Pristine and Amistar treatments, although biomass for Ranman, Forum and Revus were comparable to Amistar. Fresh biomass in the Previcur and Tanos treatments were not significantly different from the untreated control. It should also be noted that fungicide treatments were selected for experimental comparisons only. Their use in this trial does not imply that they are registered, nor is it recommended that they be used alone in a comprehensive disease management program. Phytotoxicity was not observed with any treatment in this experiment. Fungicide treatment and rate/A

Fresh biomassz (grams/10 plants)

% Downy mildewy control

Untreated check………………………………………………….. 59 f x 0 f Presidio 4F 4 fl oz……………………………………………….. 90 de 58 c Ranman 250SC 4 fl oz…………………………………………… 125 bc 70 b Revus 250SC 6 fl oz……………………………………………... 124 bc 73 ab Amistar 82.5WDG 4 oz…………………………………………. 137 ab 73 ab Forum 6F 6 fl oz………………………………………………… 122 bc 82 a Tanos 50DF 8 oz………………………………………………… 73 ef 45 d ProPhyt 4L 4 pt …………………………………………………. 106 cd 57 c Pristine WDG 16 oz ……………………………………………. 155 a 58 c Previcur 6F 2 pt ………………………………………………… 76 ef 33 e z Aggregate fresh biomass of 10 basil plants (including roots) harvested at random from the two central rows

within each experimental unit. y Level of downy mildew control expressed as a percentage relative to the untreated check (0 %). x Numbers in a column followed by a letter in common are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s

LSD P< 0.05.


7A

BASIL (Ocimum basilicum ) R. N. Raid Downy mildew; Peronospora spp. University of Florida, IFAS,


Evaluation of fungicides for control of downy mildew on basil, Winter 2007. Sweet basil was planted in a 0.4-A commercial field 5 miles west of Boynton Beach, FL on 29 Nov. The sandy soil was fertilized according to soil test recommendations. Basil was direct-seeded in four rows with a 10-in. row spacing on top of 8-in. raised beds formed on 6-ft centers. Seeds were densely planted and final plant spacing within the row was approximately 1-in. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with three replications of ten treatments. Experimental units were 4-row, 6-ft bed sections, separated on the end by 4-ft alleys. Chemical treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer. The hand-held boom was equipped with three Tee-Jet 11003 flat-fan nozzles. Foliar sprays were applied at 30 psi, delivering a final spray volume of 62 gal/A. Fungicide treatments commenced on 12 Dec at the cotyledon stage, with 3 subsequent applications on 24 Dec, and 1 and 12 Jan. A nonionic surfactant, Induce, was added at a rate of 0.125% v/v to assist coverage. Disease pressure arose from natural inoculum and it is significant to note that downy mildew was observed in the trial area on the date of initial application, but visual incidence was low. Downy mildew was assessed on 19 Jan. Disease ratings were conducted using a 0-10 scale, with 0 representing no disease and 10 representing the level of downy mildew in the untreated control. Data were then converted to percent downy mildew control for comparison sake. Downy mildew ratings were performed on basil located along a 1-ft section of the two central rows at two randomly selected locations per experimental unit. Fresh crop biomass was sampled by measuring aggregate fresh weight of 10 randomly selected plants collected from the two central rows. Plant beds were loosened with a shovel prior to removal to extract all root material. Soil was washed from roots prior to weighing. Downy mildew pressure in the experimental area was considered extreme. As the crop neared harvest maturity, the dense foliar canopy created favorable leaf wetness conditions for downy mildew development. By the end of the trial, the entire canopy within the untreated check exhibited downy mildew sporulation and/or chlorosis/necrosis incited by the disease. All treatments reduced disease relative to the untreated control, with the treatments containing Forum, Amistar, Revus, and Ranman resulting in the greatest disease reduction among treatments. However, fresh biomass was highest with the Pristine and Amistar treatments, although biomass for Ranman, Forum and Revus were comparable to Amistar. Fresh biomass in the Previcur and Tanos treatments were not significantly different from the untreated control. It should also be noted that fungicide treatments were selected for experimental comparisons only. Their use in this trial does not imply that they are registered, nor is it recommended that they be used alone in a comprehensive disease management program. Phytotoxicity was not observed with any treatment in this experiment. Fungicide treatment and rate/A

Fresh biomassz (grams/10 plants)

% Downy mildewy control

Untreated check………………………………………………….. 59 f x 0 f Presidio 4F 4 fl oz……………………………………………….. 90 de 58 c Ranman 250SC 4 fl oz…………………………………………… 125 bc 70 b Revus 250SC 6 fl oz……………………………………………... 124 bc 73 ab Amistar 82.5WDG 4 oz…………………………………………. 137 ab 73 ab Forum 6F 6 fl oz………………………………………………… 122 bc 82 a Tanos 50DF 8 oz………………………………………………… 73 ef 45 d ProPhyt 4L 4 pt …………………………………………………. 106 cd 57 c Pristine WDG 16 oz ……………………………………………. 155 a 58 c Previcur 6F 2 pt ………………………………………………… 76 ef 33 e z Aggregate fresh biomass of 10 basil plants (including roots) harvested at random from the two central rows

within each experimental unit. y Level of downy mildew control expressed as a percentage relative to the untreated check (0 %). x Numbers in a column followed by a letter in common are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s

LSD P< 0.05.


7A

Basil (Ocimum basilicum var.‘Large Leaf Italian’) R. N. Raid

Downy mildew; Peronospora belhbari University of Florida, IFAS,


Belle Glade, 33430

Evaluation of BAS-651 for control of basil downy mildew, Spring 2010.

Sweet basil of the downy mildew susceptible variety ‘Italian Large Leaf’ was planted in a 0.25-A field at

the Everglades Research and Education Center in Belle Glade on 8 Apr. The soil, classified as Pahokee Muck

with a soil pH of 7.1, was fertilized according to soil test recommendations. Basil was direct-seeded in two rows

spaced at 12 in. with a 1-inch in-row plant spacing on top of 6-in. raised beds formed on 3-ft centers. The

experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with four replications of eight treatments.

Experimental units were 2-row 12-ft bed sections, separated on the end by 5-ft alleys. Experimental units were

bordered on each side by nonsprayed guard beds which served as disease spreader rows. Chemical treatments

were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer. The hand-held boom was equipped with three Tee-Jet 11002 flat-fan

nozzles. Foliar sprays were applied at 30 psi, delivering a final spray volume of 60 gal/A. A spray adjuvant

Induce was used with all applications at 0.125% vol/vol. Fungicide treatments were applied on approximately a

weekly basis with applications being initiated at the cotyledon stage on 19 Apr. Subsequent applications were

made on 25 Apr and 3 May. Disease arose from natural inoculum. Disease severity was assessed by visually

estimating the percentage of the entire canopy exhibiting downy mildew symptoms on 10 May at two randomly

selected locations per experimental unit. Downy mildew ratings were also made on a 0 to 5 scale relative to the

untreated check, with 0 representing 0 disease and 5 representing the level of disease in the untreated check on 10

May.

Environmental conditions for downy mildew were very conducive, with abundant inocula arising from

mature basil plantings in the surrounding area. Disease pressure in the experimental area was considered severe

at the time of the displayed ratings. All fungicide treatments provided for significant reductions in downy mildew

severity. Treatments receiving BAS 651 performed well, whether alone or in alternation, although slightly less

control was obtained with alternations. Phytotoxicity was not observed with any treatment in this experiment.

Fungicide treatment and rate/Az

Downy mildew

ratingy

Disease Severityx

(%)

Untreated check…………………………………………………….….. 5.0 aw

49 a

BAS 651 F 14.0 fl oz (Induce 0.125% v/v) ………………………….. 0.8 ef 3 d

BAS 651 F 14.0 fl oz (Silwet 0.125% v/v)…………………….……... 1.4 de 9 cd

BAS 651 F 14.0 fl oz (Agridex 0.125% v/v)……………………….... 0.5 f 3 d

BAS 651 F 13.7 fl oz alt. w/ Maneb 4F 2.0 qt (Induce 0.125% v/v).. 2.0 cd 10 bc

BAS 651 F 13.7 fl oz alt. w/ Nutri-Phite SL 3.0 pt (Induce 0.125% v/v). 1.5 cd 8 cd

Nutri-Phite SL 3.0 pt alt. w/ Maneb 4F 2.0 qt (Induce 0.125% v/v)…..… 3.1 b 16 b

Nutri-Phite SL 3.0 pt (Induce 0.125% v/v)… ……………………….…… 2.1 c 11 bc

z Treatments with (alt. w/) indicate alternation. Adjuvant and rate indicated in parentheses.

y Mildew rated on a 0 to 5 scale with 0 representing no disease and 5 representing the level of disease in the

untreated check on 10 May. x Percentage of the canopy exhibiting downy mildew symptoms on 10 May.

w Numbers in a column followed by a letter in common are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s

LSD P< 0.05.


7A

Basil (Ocimum basilicum ‘Italian Large Leaf’) R. N. Raid

Downy mildew; Peronospora behlbarii University of Florida, IFAS,


Belle Glade, 33430

Evaluation of Regalia, alone and in tank-mixture, for control of basil downy mildew, Fall 2010.


the Everglades Research and Education Center in Belle Glade on 24 Sep. The soil, classified as Pahokee Muck



experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with four replications of five treatments.






weekly basis with applications being initiated at the 4-5 leaf stage on 14 Oct. Subsequent applications were made

on 21 and 28 Oct and 4 Nov. Disease originated from natural inoculum. Disease severity was assessed by

visually estimating the percentage of the entire canopy exhibiting downy mildew symptoms on 5 and 11 Nov at

two randomly selected locations per experimental unit. Marketable yield was determined by cutting 25 stems per

experimental unit and calculating the percentage of basil tips at least 6 inches in length that were free of downy

mildew symptoms on 12 Nov.




severity when compared to the untreated check. At the time of the second rating, only the addition of Nutri-Phite

to Regalia provided significant improvement over Regalia alone. This was the only treatment resulting in any

marketable stem cuttings, producing only 24%. This highlights the destructive nature of this disease.

Phytotoxicity was not observed with any treatment in this experiment.

DM Severityz % Marketable

stemsy Fungicide and rate of product/A 5 Nov 11 Nov

Untreated check…………………………………………….. 66 ax 91 a 0 b

Regalia 1% v/v……………………………………………… 51 b 70 b 0 b

Regalia 1% v/v + Kocide 3000, 2.0 lb…..………………… 48 bc 63 b 0 b

Regalia 1% v/v + Nutri-Phite SL, 3.0 pt……………………. 38 c 38 c 24 a

Regalia 1% v/v + Sonata 4.0 qt…………………………….. 39 c 60 b 0 b

zDowny mildew severity as rated the percentage of total plant canopy exhibiting downy mildew symptoms at two

randomly selected locations per experimental unit. yPercentage of stem tips at least 6 inches in length not exhibiting visible downy mildew symptoms at time of

harvest on 12 Nov. xNumbers in a column followed by a letter in common are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s

LSD P< 0.05.


7A

Basil (Ocimum basilicum ‘Italian Large Leaf’) R. N. Raid, and D. Sui

Downy mildew; Peronospora behlbarii University of Florida, IFAS,


Belle Glade, 33430

Evaluation of fungicides for control of basil downy mildew, Fall 2010.


the Everglades Research and Education Center in Belle Glade on 24 Sep. The soil, classified as Pahokee Muck



experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with four replications of nine treatments.






weekly basis with applications being initiated at the 4-5 leaf stage on 14 Oct. Subsequent applications were made

on 21 and 28 Oct and 4 Nov. Disease originated from natural inoculum. Disease severity was assessed by

visually estimating the percentage of the entire canopy exhibiting downy mildew symptoms on 5 and 11 Nov at

two randomly selected locations per experimental unit. Marketable yield was determined by cutting 25 stems per

experimental unit and calculating the percentage of basil tips at least 6 inches in length that were free of downy

mildew symptoms on 14 Nov.




severity when compared to the untreated check. Revus, Ridomil Gold, and Quadris provided the most efficacious

control, followed by Zampro, and Ranman, which provided intermediate levels of control. Mildew resulted in a

totally unmarketable crop when left uncontrolled. Only Quadris, Ridomil Gold, and Revus resulted in losses less

than 20% when basil was cut for fresh market stems. Phytotoxicity was not observed with any treatment in this

experiment.

DM Severityz % Marketable

stemsy Fungicide and rate of product/A 5 Nov 11 Nov

Untreated check…..………………………………………….. 64 ax 88 a 0 d

Nutri-Phite SL, 6.0 pt………………………………………… 25 b 39 b 24 c

Presidio 4F, 4.0 fl oz…………………………………………. 14 c 29 cd 37 c

Ranman 400SC, 4.0 fl oz……………………………………. 10 cd 20 de 56 b

Revus 250SC, 8.0 fl oz………………………………………. 3 de 0 g 85 a

Zampro SC, 14.0 fl oz……………………………………….. 3 de 12 ef 68 b

Ridomil Gold EC, 16.0 fl oz………………………………… 6 cde 4 fg 86 a

Quadris SC, 15.0 fl oz……………………………………….. 1 e 6 fg 89 a

Bravo Weatherstik F, 1.5 pt…………………………………. 25 b 31 bc 25 d

zDowny mildew severity as rated the percentage of total plant canopy exhibiting downy mildew symptoms at two

randomly selected locations per experimental unit. yPercentage of stem tips at least 6 inches in length not exhibiting visible downy mildew symptoms at time of

harvest on 14 Nov. xNumbers in a column followed by a letter in common are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s

LSD P< 0.05.


7A

RUTH V. HAZZARD UMass Extension Agriculture and Landscape Program, University of Massachusetts

Agricultural Engineering Bldg, 250 Natural Resources Way, UMass, Amherst, MA 01003 Phone (413) 545-3696 or 427-3067; FAX (413) 545-5858; email [email protected]

EDUCATION and TRAINING M.S., Entomology. (1989) University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA B.A., Education. (1978) Goddard College, Plainfield, VT EMPLOYMENT HISTORY Vegetable IPM Extension Educator, Team Leader UMass Extension Vegetable Program. Dept. of Plant Soil & Insect Science. Responsible for vegetable extension programs and for research on IPM, organic, season extension and reduced tillage in vegetable crops. October 1994 to present. IPM Specialist and Project Leader for Vegetable Integrated Crop and Pest Management Program, UMass Extension, Department of Entomology. Responsible for developing and implementing state-wide IPM programs in vegetable crops and research on disease and insect IPM in vegetable crops. 1989 to 1994. PROFESSIONAL SERVICE AND AWARDS Chair, Northeast Vegetable IPM Working Group, Northeastern IPM Center, USDA/CSREES. 2004-2009;

co-chair, 2001 to 2004. Steering Committee, New England Vegetable and Berry Conference and Trade Show 1991 to present

(Member, 1990 to present; Program Chair 1997-2001; General Chair, 2003). Local Hero Citizen Award, Communities Involved in Sustaining Agriculture, Northampton, MA, 2003. USDA/SARE Northeast, Panel member 2007-8; 2008-9 Agroecosystems. USDA/CSREES Organic Program, Review Panel member, July, 2004. Member: Entomological Society of America. (1986 to present), Northeast Organic Farming Association

(1989 to present), New England Vegetable and Berry Growers Association (Program Committee) (1990 to present).

Town of Amherst Agricultural Commission; member 2004-2011; Chair 2005-2011. North Amherst Community Farm; member, Board of Directors, 2006 to 2009. University of Massachusetts Distinguished Academic Outreach Award, Amherst, MA, 2000-2001 PUBLICATIONS IN REFEREED JOURNALS (selected) Barber, N. A., E. T. Kiers, R. V. Hazzard, and L. S. Adler. 2013. Context-dependency of arbuscular

mycorrhial fungi on plant-insect interactions in an agroecosystem. Frontiers in Plant Science, in press.

Barber, N. A., N. Theis, E. T. Kiers, R. V. Hazzard, and L. S. Adler. 2013. Linking agricultural practices, mycorrhizal fungi, and traits mediating plant-insect interactions. Ecological Applications, in press.

Barber, N. A., L. S. Adler, N. Theis, E. T. Kiers, and R. V. Hazzard. 2012. Herbivory reduces plant interactions with above- and belowground antagonists and mutualists. Ecology 93:1560-1570.

Cavanagh, A. R. Hazzard, L. S. Adler, and J. Boucher. 2009 Using Trap Crops for Control of Acalymma vittatum (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Reduces Insecticide Use in Butternut Squash. J. Environ. Entomol. 102(3): 1101-1107

Adler, LS and R. Hazzard. 2009. A comparison of perimeter trap crop varieties: Effects on herbivory, pollination and yield in butternut squash. Environmental Entomology 38(1): 207-215

Andersen, C., R. Hazzard, R. Van Driesche and F. X. Mangan. 2006. Alternative Management Strategies for Control of Phyllotreta cruciferae and Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Brassica rapa in Massachusetts, J. Econ. Entomol. 2006, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 803 – 810.

Andersen, C., R. Hazzard, R. Van Driesche and F. X. Mangan. 2005. Overwintering and Seasonal Patterns of Feeding and Reproduction in Phyllotreta cruciferae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Northeastern United States. J. Environ. Entomol. Vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 794 - 800.

Kuhar, T. P., V. M. Barlwo, M. P. Hoffman, S. J. Fleischer, E. Groden, J. Garner, R. Hazzard, Wm G. Wright, S. A. Pricher, J. Spease III, P. Westgate. 2004. Potential of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymentoptera:Trichogrammatidae) for biological control of European corn borer (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) in solanaceous crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 97 (4): 1209-1216.

7A

R. Hazzard Gleason, Mark L., S.K. Parker, R. E. Pitblado, R. X. Latin, D. Speranzini, R. V. Hazzard, M. J. Maletta,

W. P. Cowgill, Jr., and D. L. Biederstedt. 1997. Validation of a commercial systems for remote estimation of wetness duration. Plant Disease 81:825-829.

Hazzard, R.V. and D. N. Ferro. 1991. Feeding responses of adult Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to eggs of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and to green peach aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol. 20(2): 644-651.

EXTENSION PUBLICATIONS, REPORTS, PROCEEDINGS & CHAPTERS (selected) Brown, A., R Hazzard, B. Sideman, K. Donald & C. Morenon. Expanding Winter Harvest and Sales for

New England Vegetable Crops, 2012 Annual Report. LNE10-297, posted online SARE database. Hazzard, R.V. and J. Howell, editors. 2013 (in press). 2014-2015 New England Vegetable Management

Guide. UMass Extension Publication. 290 pp. www.nevegetable.org. Hazzard, R.V., editor. Vegetable Notes, Volume 1-24, Issues 1-20, 1989-2013. University of

Massachusetts Extension Publication. 2013 Co-editors: K. Campbell-Nelson, S. Scheufele, L. McKeag. http://extension.umass.edu/vegetable/

Cavanagh, A., Hazzard, R., Brown, A. 2011. Efficacy of three OMRI listed materials, alone and in combination, for control of striped cucumber beetle. 2009. Arthropod Management Tests 2011, Vol. 36, #E28.

Cavanagh, A., Hazzard, R., Brown, A. 2011 Efficacy of three OMRI listed materials, alone and in combination, for control of Colorado potato beetle in eggplant. 2009. Arthropod Management Tests 2011, Vol. 36, #E31

Cavanagh, A, R. Hazzard, M. B. Dicklow, R. Wick and A. Brown. 2010. Using IPM in the Field: Diseases of Cucurbit Crops: Scouting and Management Guide. 45 pp. UMass Extension Publication.

Bonanno, R., ed. and K. Everts, D. Handley, R. Hazzard, C. Heidenreich, J. Howell, B. Majek, J. Whalen, & R. Wick, co-editors. 2007. Northeast Vegetable & Strawberry Pest Identification Guide. 50 pp.

Hazzard, R., A. Brown & P. Westgate. Using IPM in the Field: Sweet Corn Insect Mangaement Field Scouting Guide. UMass Extension publication. Color. 18 pp.

Hazzard, R. 2007. Using perimeter trap crops to manage striped cucumber beetle and bacterial wilt and Organic sweet corn production. Proceedings of the 2007 Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention, Hershey, PA Jan 30-Feb 1, 2007.

Cavanagh, A., R. Hazzard, & K. Stoner. 2008 Final Report. Achieving High Quality Brassica Crops on Diversified Farms. SARE Project Number: LNE04-202. Published at http://www.sare.org/reporting/report_viewer.asp?pn=LNE04-202&ry=2007&rf=1

Hazzard, R. V., A Carter, P. Westgate. 2003. Implementing a bio-intensive strategy for caterpillar control in sweet corn. Final Report, NE SARE Project # 99LNE99-118. March 31, 2003. 77pp.

Hazzard, R.V., G. Ghidiu and T. J. Boucher. 2000. European corn borer. Chapt. 13 in, Northeast Pepper Integrated Pest Management Manual. Univ. of Ct Coop. Ext., T. Jude Boucher, ed. Pg 67-76.

PRESENTATIONS (selected) Hazzard, R. 2013. On-Farm IPM Field Walks: organic and IPM vegetable disease and insect management.

Series included: Bolton/April 17; Dighton/May 22;Waltham/June 3;Deerfield/August 3; Dover/August 14; Millis/September 18.

Hazzard, R. 2013. Deep Zone Tillage on vegetable farms. NRCS Soil Health Workshop, S. Deerfield, MA. 3/14/2013

Hazzard, R. & L. Doody. 2013. Meeting the Needs of Vegetables in Winter Storage, NOFA Summer Conference, Amherst MA. 8/9/2013.

Hazzard, R. 2012. Update on Insect Management in the 2012 New England Vegetable Guide. New England Vegetable and Berry Growers All Day Meeting, Concord, MA. 1/30/2012

Hazzard. R. 2011. Maintaining Quality in Winter Vegetables in Storage. Winter Growing Session, New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference, Manchester, NH, 12/13/11

Hazzard, R. 2011. Update on Organic Insect Management in Vegetables. Organic Session, New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference, Manchester, NH, 12/13/11

Hazzard, R. and Gideon Porth. 2011. Managing Striped Cucumber Beetles, Flea Beetle and European Corn Borer in Vegetables and Pest Managemetn in Organic Vegetables. Farmer/Researcher Session,

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Midwest Organic and Sustainable Education Service (MOSES) 2011 Conference. February, 2011, LaCrosse, WI.

Hazzard, R. 2009. Adapting UMass Vegetable IPM Guidelines to Organic Farms. Massachusetts NRCS Staff Training on Organic Farming, Holden, MA, Dec 7, 2009.

Hazzard, R. 2009. Managing late blight. Panel, Northeast Organic Farming Conf. Aug 2009. Hazzard, R. 2009. Cucurbits in New England: perimeter trap crops and disease management. Agric-vision

Fruit and Vegetable Conference, January 22, 2009, Rougement, Quebec, CA. Hazzard, R. Integrated pest management for organic vegetables. Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable

Agriculture Conference, February 5, 2008. State College PA. Hazzard, R, A. Brown and P. Westgate. Advancing IPM in Sweet Corn: Reduced-risk Materials,

Biocontrols,& Grower Education. 2007 EPA Ag Sector Contacts Meeting, Oct. 2007, Lowell MA Hazzard, R. Lettuce and greens – IPM strategies for the market grower. New England Vegetable & Fruit Conference, December 13, 2007.

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Katie Campbell-Nelson 84 Cleveland St, Greenfield, MA 01301 413-834-1090 [email protected] EDUCATION

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 2009: M.S. in Plant and Soil Science Thesis: Assessment of Ammonia Volatility from Surface-Applied Liquid Dairy Manure Earlham College, Richmond, IN 2005: B.A. in Peace and Global Studies Areas of Concentration: Environmental Studies Thesis: Sustainable Agriculture and a Liberal Arts Education AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EXTENSION EXPERIENCE

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA

2013 – Current: Vegetable Crop Extension Educator

Prepare and present educational materials for Extension programs in Vegetable Crop Management on topics such as nutrient and pest management. Facilitate a team in vegetable crop extension work. Conduct financial administration grant writing and reporting. Work with growers to conduct on-farm research, provide hands-on training and conduct research trials.

2009 – 2011: Researcher Turf Pathology/Breeding Laboratory

Oversaw functional operations of a research lab, field plots, and office. Supported budgetary needs through fundraising, grant writing, and fee-based services. Gave scientific presentations, ran workshops, edited and wrote publications, and managed the lab website. Performed field and laboratory research on fungicide resistance among turf pathogens and breeding of grasses.

2007-2009: Research Assistant Crop, Dairy, Livestock and Equine Extension (CDLE)

Worked with a team to conduct biofuel and nutrient management research in field crops; also developed sampling techniques. Wrote and edited publications (newsletters and Best Management Practices). Collaborated with farmers for research and education.

Northeast Organic Farming Association, Western Massachusetts, USA

2005-2007: Ad, Exhibit, Sponsor Coordinator NOFA Summer Conference Committee

Solicited grant funding and individual sponsorship. Organized and maintained contact database. Communicated conference information between many groups and individuals. Collaborated with a dedicated committee to produce successful conferences with over 1,200 attendees and over 200 workshops.

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TEACHING EXPERIENCE

Community Involved in Sustaining Agriculture, South Deerfield, MA

2012 – 2013: Mentor “Holistic Management International: Whole Farm Planning”

Assist beginning women farmers in completing whole farm planning through collaborative research, site visits and other support as needed.

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA

2011-Current: Adjunct Instructor “Tropical Agriculture” Introduce and train students on tropical crops, cropping systems and regions around the world.

Sharpened student skills in writing, speaking and research on current social, economic and environmental issues in tropical agriculture

“Sustainable Agriculture” (online and on campus)

Provide students with a broad overview to the subject including history, current events, and understanding of the environmental, economic and social impacts of agriculture. Organized and led classes on farm field trips with service learning and research components.

“Sustainable Living” (online and on campus)

Class designed to help students understand the impact of personal decisions on local to global issues while encouraging them to increase awareness and take action on alternatives to current practices. Taught Holistic Decision making process. Includes a service learning component.

FARMING EXPERIENCE

2009-2013: Bostrom Farm, Greenfield MA (animal care, CSA manager, greenhouse work)

2005 – 2007: Foundry Village Farm, Colrain MA (vegetables, mushrooms, farmers market)

1983 – Current: Indonesia, India, Indiana, and Massachusetts (life-long small scale farmer) PUBLICATIONS

Popko, J.T., Ok, C.-H., Campbell-Nelson, K., Hulvey, J., and Jung, G. 2013. A qualitative Assay for In Vitro Detection for Potential Propiconazole Resistance in Isolates of the Dollar Spot Fungus, Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. Volume 12, 2013 103-109.

Ok, C.H., Popko, J. T., Jr., Campbell-Nelson, K., and Jung, G. 2011. In vitro assessment of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa resistance to fungicides and plant growth regulators. Plant Dis. 95:51-56

Campbell-Nelson, K., "Assesment of Ammonia Volatility from Fall Surface-Applied Liquid Dairy Manure" (2009). Masters Theses. Paper 273. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/273.

Campbell-Nelson, K. "Relationship of Subsistence Farming to the Global economy in Eastern Indonesia" The Natural Farmer Winter 2006-2007: 29-31. Vol. 2, No. 71. Print

LANGUAGES

English – native language

Bahasa Indonesia – speak fluently and read/write with high proficiency

Spanish – basic competence

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http://www.umass.edu/turfpathology/documents/Popko_Qualitative_2013_ITS.pdf

Robert L. Wick Professor, Department of Plant Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003; Tel. 413-545-1045, FAX 413-545 2115

1. Education 1981 Ph.D. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 1977 M.S. University of Connecticut 1972 B.S. University of Connecticut 2. Professional Experience/Employment History 2003-current Professor, Dept. Plant Soil and Insect Sciences, Univ. of Massachusetts 2006 Fulbright Scholar, taught Diagnostic Plant Pathology for one semester in Bangladesh 1997-2003 Associate Professor, Dept. Plant Soil and Insect Sciences, Univ. of Massachusetts 2003-2007 Cooperating U.S. Scientist, USDA/Bangladesh Integrated Pest Management Project 1999-2003 Cooperating U.S. Scientist, USDA/Bangladesh Integrated Pest Management Project 1990-1997 Associate Professor, Dept. Univ. of Massachusetts 1985 Consultant for Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council/USAID 1984-1990 Assistant Professor, Suburban Experiment Station, Univ. of Massachusetts 1983-1984 Assistant Professor, Dept. Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 3. Major Areas of Expertise Diagnostic plant pathology, Diseases of Vegetables, Herbs, Ornamentals and Turfgrasses; Mycology and Nematology. Identification of Phytophthora species. 4. Biographical Sketch Wick has worked in extension and diagnostic plant pathology his entire professional career. He works primarily with vegetable and ornamental crops, and turfgrasses. He teaches plant pathology, mycology, forest pathology and diagnostic plant pathology at the University of Massachusetts and taught a course in diagnostic plant pathology in 2006 for a semester at Bangladesh Agricultural University (Fulbright Scholar Award). Recently he helped establish the first dedicated plant disease diagnostic clinic in Bangladesh (USDA/Bangladesh cooperative research grant). Wick reported the first case of basil downy mildew in Massachusetts (second report in the U.S) and has been researching the disease since. 5. Service to Scientific Societies 2006-2009 Councilor, Northeast Division (NED), American Phytopathological Society 1996-97 President, NED, American Phytopathological Society 1996-97 Compiler, APS; Develop standard names for diseases of floricultural crops 1995-96 Vice President, NED, American Phytopathological Society 1994-95 Secretary/Treasurer, NED, American Phytopathological Society 1994-95 Turfgrass and Ornamentals Working Group, American Phytopathological Society, Chair 1990-91 Diseases of Ornamentals and Turfgrasses Committee, American Phytopathological Society, Chair 1989-90 Organized a national workshop on the identification of Rhizoctonia at Michigan State University,

in conjunction with the annual meeting of APS 1986-87 Organized a national workshop on the identification of Phytophthora species at Ohio State

University. 1988-89 Diagnostics Committee, American Phytopathological Society, Chair

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6. Teaching at University of Massachusetts and International Teaching and Training Previously taught at UMass: Biological Control of Plant Pathogens, Turfgrass Pathology and Nematology Currently teaching at UMass: Plant Pathology, Diagnostic Plant Pathology, Mycology and Forest Pathology. Bangladesh: 1985, two workshops on Diagnostic Plant Pathology. 2006, a semester course in Clinical Plant Pathology with 63 graduate students. 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 workshops on Plant Disease Diagnostics. 7. Selected Publications Selected Refereed Journal Articles Wick, R. L., Lerner, J., Pair, S. D., Fletcher, J. Melcher, U. Mitchell, F. and Bruton, B. D. 2001. Detection of

cucurbit yellow vine disease in squash and pumpkin in Massachusetts. Plant Disease 85:1031. Wick, R. L. and Dicklow, M. B. 2002. Epipremnum, a new host for Phytophthora capsici. Plant Disease 86:1050. Wade, W. N., Scouten, A. J., McWatters, K. M., Wick, R. L., Demirici, A., Fett, W. F., and L. R. Beuchat. 2002.

Efficacy of ozone in killing Listeria monocytogenes on alfalfa seeds and sprouts and effects on sensory quality of sprouts. Journal of Food Protection 66:44-51.

Dukes, J. et al. 2008. Responses of insect pests, pathogens and invasive species to climate change in the forests of northeastern North America: What can we predict? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39: 231-248.

Wang, H., Wick, R. L. and Xing, Baoshan. 2008. Toxicity of nanopqarticulate and bulk ZnO, Al2O3 and TiO2 to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environmental Pollution 157 (4), p.1171-1177.

Wick, R. L. and Brazee, Nicholas. 2009. First Report of Downy Mildew caused by a Peronospora Species on Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Massachusetts. Plant Disease 93: 318.

Brazee, N. J. and Wick, R. L. 2009. Armillaria species distribution on symptomatic hosts in northern hardwood and mixed oak forests in western Massachusetts. Forest Ecology and Management 258:1605-1612.

Egel, D., Ruhl, G., Hoke, S., Dicklow, M. B. and Wick, R. 2010. First report of black leg of hydroponic basil in the U.S. caused by Plectosporium tabacinum. Plant Disease, 94:484.

Ojiambo, P. S., Holmes, G. J., Britton, W., Keever, T., Adams, M. L. Babadoost, M., et al. 2011. Cucurbit downy mildew ipmPIPE: A Next Generation Web-based Interactive Tool for Disease Management and Extension Outreach. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2011-0411-01-RV.

Brazee, N. J. and Wick, R. L. and Wargo, P.M. 2011. Effects of hydrolyzable tannins on in vitro growth of Armillaria calvescens and A. gallica. Plant Disease, doi: 10.1094/PDIS-00-00-0000. Available online, June 2, 2011.

Brazee, N. J., Hulvey, J.P., and Wick, R.L. 2011. Evaluation of tef1, rbp2, and nLSU sequences for identification of isolates representing Armillaria calvescens and A. gallica from northeastern North America. Fungal Biology, doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.05.008. Available online, June 1, 2011.

Brazee, N. J. and Wick, R. L. 2011. Armillaria species distribution and site relationships in Pinus- and Tsuga-dominated forests in Massachusetts. (In press; Canadian Journal of Forest Research).

Brazee, N. J., Marra, R.E., and Wick, R.L. 2011. Genotypic diversity of Armillaria gallica from mixed oak forests in Massachusetts. (Accepted for publication; Mycologia).

Books

Daughtrey, M., Wick, R. L. and Peterson, J. 1995. Compendium of Flowering Potted Plant Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul. 128 pp.

Plant Disease Management Reports: 12 reports Biological and cultural tests: 23 reports Fungicide nematicide tests: 15 reports

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Appendix 1-Registrant Questionnaire

Registrant please return to IR-4 Project Headquarters, Michael Braverman, Biopesticide and Organic Support Program Manager, 500 College Road East; Suite 201 W; Princeton, NJ 08540-6635, Tel: (732) 932-9575 ext. 4610, Fax: (609) 514-2612, [email protected]

Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert L. Wick

Address: 109 Fernald Hall

University of Massachusetts

Amherst, MA 01 003

Telephone: (413) 545-1045

Proposal Title: Organic Management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Demonstration Stage

Registrant name and address: Albaugh Incorporated

1525 NE 36th St

Ankeny, IA 50021

Product Name: Basic Copper 53

Active Ingredient: Basic copper sulfate

Trade Name: Copper sulfate

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The following section is to be completed by the Biopesticide Registrant. The PCR form is to be completed by the researcher for Early and Advanced Stage Proposals (Due Oct. 21, 2013 )

1) Is this product EPA registered through BPPD? Yes~_No /

Is this use covered by your current label? Yes __ No_/

If this product is not yet registered with EPA, describe where you are at in collecting the toxicology data or Stage of the registration process. If this project was previously funded, describe how the registration status has changed since last year.

rT ;S r~i'!>vt:...rJ o--s, o.- Col\ver-T,'I9/\~ C~~·cv/

Is label and toxicology work currently limiting product only to non-food uses?

2) Assuming the efficacy data are favorable, what is the likelihood that this use will be added to your label?

/o-b-e I.

3) Considering the use rate(s), what is considered to be the farm-level cost for the treatment in $/acre?

4) How would you rank the importance of the proposed use compared to other potential uses?

Ul\ So.~ ct.-

5) If you are only considered a potential registrant (do not currently own rights to the product), rank your degree of interest in this product.

N/~ 6) Were you involved or consulted in the development of the treatments or proposal?

No 7) What financial support are you planning on providing, if any?

_,-7esrr froc:Jve-rr

Name of Registrant representative

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Title

Other comments- Please attach a letter of support for this project by October 21, 2013

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ALBAUGH, INC.

October 10, 2013

IR-4 Project Headquarters Attn: Michael Braverman Biopesticide and Organic Support Program Manager 500 College Road East Suite 201 W Princeton, NJ 08540-6635

Dear Dr. Braverman:

GEORGIA OFFICE PO. Box 2127

Valdosta, GA 31604-2127 229.244.3288 (Phone)

229.244.5841 (FAX)

I am writing in regards to the IR4 Biopesticides and Organic Support project proposal entitled,

"Organic Management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Advanced Stage/' which is being proposed by Dr.

Rob Wick at the University of Massachusetts. Albaugh Inc. supports this proposal to test Basic Copper

53 alone and in combination with other fungicides or plant bioactivators for control of downy mildew in

basil. Currently, producers have few organic options available for this emerging disease and we believe

Basic Copper 53 could be a viable option for management in organic production.

Based on receipt of positive results from field trials, Albaugh Inc. would support IR-4's request to add basil to the Basic Copper 53 label.

Thank you for considering this grant proposal. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me by email at [email protected] or by phone at (229)-244-3288.

Sincerely,

Morris Gaskins Registrations Manager Albaugh, Inc.

Ag~!at.~nc. PREMIER SUPPLIER OF OFF-PATENT CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS

www.albaughinc.com

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Appendix 1—Registrant Questionnaire Registrant please return to IR-4 Project Headquarters, Michael Braverman, Biopesticide and Organic Support Program Manager, 500 College Road East; Suite 201 W; Princeton, NJ 08540-6635, Tel: (732) 932-9575 ext. 4610, Fax: (609) 514-2612, [email protected] Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert L. Wick Address: 109 Fernald Hall University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 Telephone: (413) 545-1045 Proposal Title: Organic Management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Demonstration Stage Registrant name and address: Certis USA, LLC 9145 Guilford Rd Suite 175

Columbia, MD 21046 Product Name: Cueva FC Active Ingredient: Copper octanoate (10%) Trade Name: Cueva

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The following section is to be completed by the Biopesticide Registrant. The PCR form is to be completed by the researcher for Early and Advanced Stage Proposals (Due Oct. 21, 2013 ) 1) Is this product EPA registered through BPPD? Yes _x___No ____ Is this use covered by your current label? Yes ___ _No _x If this product is not yet registered with EPA, describe where you are at in collecting the toxicology data or Stage of the registration process. If this project was previously funded, describe how the registration status has changed since last year. Is label and toxicology work currently limiting product only to non-food uses? 2) Assuming the efficacy data are favorable, what is the likelihood that this use will be added to your label? Likely 3) Considering the use rate(s), what is considered to be the farm-level cost for the treatment in $/acre? 8-17$ 4) How would you rank the importance of the proposed use compared to other potential uses? High 5) If you are only considered a potential registrant (do not currently own rights to the product), rank your degree of interest in this product. 6) Were you involved or consulted in the development of the treatments or proposal? Yes 7) What financial support are you planning on providing, if any? None, product only Name of Registrant representative H. Brett Highland Date 10/10/13

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Title Product Development Manager E US, Certis USA Other comments – Please attach a letter of support for this project by October 21, 2013

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Appendix 1—Registrant Questionnaire Please fill out the first page of this form for each crop/biopesticide combination and send to the registrant. Registrant please return to IR-4 Project Headquarters, Michael Braverman, Biopesticide and Organic Support Program Manager, 500 College Road East; Suite 201 W; Princeton, NJ 08540-6635, Tel: (732) 932-9575 ext. 4610, Fax: (609) 514-2612, [email protected] Principal Investigator: _ Dr. Robert L. Wick Address: 109 Fernald Hall University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ma 01003 Telephone: (413) 545-1045 Proposal Title: Organic Management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Advanced Stage Registrant name and address: ISAGRO-USA Attn: Chris Leon 430 Davis Drive; Suite 240

_Morrisvile, NC 27560_________________________ Product Name: Badge X2 Active Ingredient: 14% copper hydroxide + 14% copper oxychloride Trade Name: Badge X2

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The following section is to be completed by the Biopesticide Registrant. The PCR form is to be completed by the researcher for Early and Advanced Stage Proposals (Due Oct. 21, 2013 ) 1) Is this product EPA registered through BPPD? Yes No X Is this use covered by your current label? Yes No X

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If this product is not yet registered with EPA, describe where you are at in collecting the toxicology data or Stage of the registration process. If this project was previously funded, describe how the registration status has changed since last year.

Badge X2 is currently EPA registered, NOP and OMRI listed but the EPA RED does not include basil as a registerable crop at this time. Isagro-USA would support IR-4 submission of Badge X2 for basil and other crops where copper could potentially benefit the grower for resistance management in mixture with other products and for control of bacterial and other diseases.

Is label and toxicology work currently limiting product only to non-food uses?

No 2) Assuming the efficacy data are favorable, what is the likelihood that this use will be added to your label?

Extremely likely with IR-4 submission for label expansion. 3) Considering the use rate(s), what is considered to be the farm-level cost for the treatment in $/acre?

$5 – 10/acre 4) How would you rank the importance of the proposed use compared to other potential uses?

This could be very beneficial to organic growers with limited options or for conventional growers that also have the option to tank mix with other products for broadened spectrum and improved disease control.

5) If you are only considered a potential registrant (do not currently own rights to the product), rank your degree of interest in this product. 6) Were you involved or consulted in the development of the treatments or proposal?

Yes 7) What financial support are you planning on providing, if any?

TBD

Chris Leon October 10, 2013 Name of Registrant representative Date Technical Manager, Americas Title Other comments – Please attach a letter of support for this project by October 21, 2013

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October 10, 2013 H. Brett Highland, PhD. Certis USA, Product Development Manager, Eastern US 1069 Eisenhower Dr. Nokomis, FL 34275 [email protected] IR-4 Project Headquarters Attn: Michael Braverman Biopesticide and Organic Support Program Manager 500 College Road East Suite 201 W Princeton, NJ 08540-6635 Re: Proposal Titled “Organic Management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Advanced Stage” Dear Dr. Braverman:

I am writing in support of this proposal to test Cueva alone and in combination with other fungicides or plant defense activators for control of downy mildew of basil. Currently, basil producers have few organic options available for this emerging disease and we believe Cueva could be a viable option for management in organic production. Based on receipt of positive results from field trials, Certis would be very likely to add basil downy mildew to the Cueva label. Thank you for considering this grant proposal. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me by email at [email protected] or by phone at 941.484.4523. Sincerely, Dr. Brett Highland Product Development Manager Certis USA

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October 10, 2013 Dr. Michael Braverman Biopesticide and Organic Support Program Manager IR-4 Project, Rutgers University 500 College Road East, Suite 201W Princeton, New Jersey 08540 Re: IR-4 Biopesticide Grant Program Dear Dr. Braverman: Isagro-USA would like to support the proposal of Dr. Susan ScheufeleRobert L. Wick to test Badge X2 alone and in combination with other fungicides or plant bioactivators for control of downy mildew in basil. Currently, producers have few organic options available in basil and we believe Badge X2 could be a viable option for management in organic production and as a tank mix option in conventional programs for resistance management and enhanced control. Based on receipt of positive results from field trials, Isagro-USA would support IR-4’s request to add basil to the Badge X2 label. Thank you for considering this grant proposal. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me by email at [email protected] or by phone at (601) 927-9410. Sincerely, Chris Leon Technical Manager, Americas Cc: A. Mariani S. Scheufele

Isagro USA, Inc. 430 Davis Dr., Suite 240

Morrisville, NC 27560 Phone: 919-321-5200

Fax: 919-321-5220

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October 10, 2013 Tim Johnson, PhD Product Development Director Northeast U.S. and International Marrone Bio Innovations 14 Baldtop Heights Danville, PA 17821 IR-4 Project Headquarters Attn: Michael Braverman Biopesticide and Organic Support Program Manager 500 College Road East Suite 201 W Princeton, NJ 08540-6635 Re: Proposal Titled “Organic Management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Advanced Stage” Dear Dr. Braverman:

I am writing in support of this proposal to test Regalia alone and in combination with other fungicides for control of downy mildew of basil. Currently, basil producers have few organic options available for this emerging disease and we believe Regalia could be a viable component for management in organic production when used in combination with copper products. Thank you for considering this grant proposal. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me by email at [email protected] or by phone at 570-441-8775. Sincerely,

Timothy B. Johnson Dr. Tim Johnson Product Development Director Marrone Bio Innovations

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Organic management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Advanced Stage

Dr. Robert L. Wick

Statement of Work

Since its first occurrence in New England in 2008, basil downy mildew has affected basil crops each year and presents a serious threat organic basil production in the Northeast region. The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy of OMRI-listed copper products alone and in rotation with an OMRI-listed plant defense activator. A field trial will be conducted at the University of Massachusetts Crops Research and Education Center in South Deerfield, MA. Products will be applied to foliage in a matter consistent with their labels or recommendations from product registrants. Assessments of disease severity, crop yield, and copper residue will be made following product applications. The performance period will commence on 01 January, 2014 and will continue through 31 December, 2014. A final report summarizing the project goals, methods, and results in standard scientific format will be provided within 30 days of completion of the project or the end of the project period, whichever comes first.

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Organic management of Basil Downy Mildew at the Advanced Stage

Dr. Robert L. Wick

Budget Justification

A. Senior/Key Person Funding in the amount of $1,200 (rounded to the nearest $100) is requested to fund 0.09 summer months of Dr. Robert Wick’s summer effort/salary. This covers $1,165 for salary and $20 for fringe costs. Dr. Wick will contribute guidance on experiment setup, and expertise on the pathogen-plant system that will enhance our ability to carry out, analyze, and interpret our results.

B. Other Personnel Other personnel involved in this project include one senior technical staff who will provide technical assistance with experiment setup, crop management, fungicide applications, data analysis, and editing the final report and any other technical reports produced as a result of this study. They will work on the project 3 hours per week for 16 weeks and $1200 is requested to cover their salary plus $330 for fringe (0.3 calendar months). Other personnel also include one technical staff who will be responsible for experiment setup, maintaining the research plot, applying fungicide treatments, collecting and analyzing data, and writing the final report and other technical reports. This individual will work 16 hours per week for 16 weeks and $4,000 is requested to cover their salary plus $70 for fringe (1.6 calendar months). An additional $800 in salary and $10 in fringe is requested in order to hire an hourly undergraduate student who will contribute 6 hours per week for 12 weeks and will assist with seeding and planting, crop management in the field, and data collection.

C. Fringe Benefits The total amount requested to cover personnel fringe benefits for this project is $430. Fringe rates are calculated at the rate of 28.3% for senior technical staff ($330), and at the rate of 1.71% for summer faculty ($20) and technical staff ($70), and at 1.42% for the student hourly worker ($10).

D. Equipment E. Travel F. Participant Support Costs G. All Other Direct Costs

1. Materials and Supplies Funding in the amount of $800 is requested for materials and supplies. This total includes $200 to be used to purchase and shipping of supplies such as seed trays ($50); potting soil ($110), seeds ($10); and fertilizers ($30). The remaining $600 will be used for purchase and shipping of field supplies such as irrigation supplies including drip tape, header pipe and fittings ($260); plastic mulch ($40); fertilizer ($100) and sprayer equipment ($200).

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2. Publication Costs Funding of $40 is requested to cover the fee to submit a technical report describing the experiment design and results to the journal Plant Disease Management Reports.

3. Consultation Services No funding is requested.

4. Computer Services No funding is requested.

5. Subawards/Consortium/Contractual Costs No funding is requested.

6. Equipment or Facility Rental/Users Fee No funding is requested.

7. Alterations and Renovations No funding is requested.

8. Other Funding in the amount of $300 is requested to cover the cost of disease diagnostic testing ($200) in order to confirm presence of pathogen, and plant tissue testing ($100) in order to quantify residue of copper products on basil foliage. These analyses will be performed at the UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Laboratory (four tests at the trustee approved fee rate of $50 per sample) and the UMass Soil and Plant Tissue Testing Laboratory (five tests at the trustee approved fee rate of $20 per sample).

9. Other No funding is requested.

10. Other No funding is requested.

7A

Documents

CRITERIA FOR RANKING EVALUATIONS OF IR-4 ...ir4.rutgers.edu/Biopesticides/Proposals/7A.pdfReviewer’s Initials CRITERIA FOR RANKING EVALUATIONS OF IR-4 ADVANCED STAGE BIOPESTICIDE