CRed carbon reduction Low-carbon Energy Innovations: Bridging the Gaps between Science and Reality: What UEA is doing? Energy Science Director: HSBC Director

CRedcarbon reduction

Low-carbon Energy Innovations: Bridging the Gaps between Science and Reality:

What UEA is doing?

Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia

Energy for Innovation: Norwich 4th February 2009

Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvCRed

Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal5th October 2007

• Low Energy Buildings and their Management• Low Carbon Energy Provision

– Photovoltaics– CHP– Adsorption chilling– Biomass Gasification

• Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings


What UEA is doing?

• Low Energy Buildings and their Management

Original buildings

Teaching wallLibrary

Student residences

Nelson Court 楼

Constable Terrace 楼

Low Energy Educational Buildings 低能耗示范建筑

Elizabeth Fry Building

伊丽莎白楼

ZICER楼

Nursing and Midwifery

School 护理与育产学院

Medical School医学院

Medical School Phase 2医学院 2 期

The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994

8

Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.

Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.

Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

Conservation: management improvements

Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.

ZICER Building

• Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.

• Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor

Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005

The ground floor open plan office

The first floor open plan office

The first floor cellular offices

The ZICER Building –

Main part of the building

• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing

1111

Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space

Regenerative heat exchangerIncoming

air into the AHU

1212

Air enters the internal occupied space空气进入内部使用空间

Operation of Main Building

Air passes through hollow cores in the

ceiling slabs空气通过空心的板层

Filter过滤器

Heater加热器

1313

Operation of Main Building

Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.

Space for future chilling

将来制冷的空间 Out of the building出建筑物

Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气

The return air passes through the heat

exchanger空气回流进入热交换器

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures

Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room

Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat.

热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量

Winter Day

Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment

Warm air

Warm air

Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room

Slabs also radiate heat back into room

热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中

板层也把热散发到房间内

Winter Night

In late afternoon

heating is turned off.

Cold air

Cold air



Draws out the heat accumulated during the day

Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day

把白天聚积的热量带走。冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器

Summer night

night ventilation/ free cooling

Cool air

Cool air



Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space

concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning

空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少 / 停止对空调的使用

Summer day

Warm air

Warm air



1818

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements

800

350

Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

原始供热方法新供热方法

建造209441GJ

使用空调384967GJ

自然通风221508GJ

Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings

与其他建筑相比 ZICER 楼的能量需求

Materials Production 材料制造 Materials Transport 材料运输On site construction energy 现场建造Workforce Transport 劳动力运输Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy

基本功暖 / 供冷能耗Functional Energy 功能能耗Refurbishment Energy 改造能耗Demolition Energy 拆除能耗

28%54%

34%51%

61%

29%

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Years

GJ

ZICER

Naturally Ventilated

Air Conditrioned

Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings

Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER as built recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year.

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Years

GJ

ZICER

Naturally Ventilated

Air Conditrioned





What UEA is doing?

• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays

ZICER Building

Photo shows only part of top

Floor

232323

Arrangement of Cells on Facade

Individual cells are connected horizontally

As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive

If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.

Cells active

Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow

Use of PV generated energy

Sometimes electricity is exported

Inverters are only 91% efficient

• Most use is for computers• DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient

• Need an integrated approach

Peak output is 34 kW 峰值 34 kW

EngineGenerator

36% Electricity

50% Heat

Gas

Heat Exchanger

Exhaust Heat

Exchanger

11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses

86%

Localised generation makes use of waste heat.

Reduces conversion losses significantly

Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP

61% Flue Losses

36%

UEA’s Combined Heat and Power

3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

27

Conversion efficiency improvements

1997/98 electricity gas oil Total

MWh 19895 35148 33

Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277

Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699

Electricity Heat

1999/2000

Total site

CHP generation

export import boilers CHP oil total

MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission

factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277

CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422

Before installation

After installation

This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

2828

Conversion efficiency improvements

Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA

Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer

A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit

节流阀Throttle Valve

冷凝器

绝热

Condenser

Heat rejected

蒸发器

为冷却进行热提取

Evaporator

Heat extracted for cooling

高温高压

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

低温低压

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

Compressor

压缩器

Absorption Heat Pump

Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated

节流阀Throttle Valve

冷凝器

绝热

Condenser

Heat rejected

蒸发器

为冷却进行热提取

Evaporator

Heat extracted for cooling

高温高压

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

低温低压

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

外部热

Heat from external source

W ~ 0

吸收器

吸收器

热交换器

Absorber

Desorber

Heat Exchanger

A 1 MW Adsorption chiller

1 MW 吸附冷却器

• Reduces electricity demand in summer

• Increases electricity generated locally

• Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

• Uses Waste Heat from CHP

• provides most of chilling requirements in summer

The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power

• Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands

• Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat• Will have under 7 year payback• Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw

mills• Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing student numbers by 250%

• 1990-2006 – 5870 -14,047 students

(239% INCREASE)– 138,000 -207,000 sq.m

(49% INCREASE)– 19,420 - 21,652 T of CO2

(10% INCREASE)

• 1990-2006– 3308 -1541 kg/student

(53% reduction)– 140 -104 kg/CO2/sq.m

(25%reduction)

• 2009 with Biomass in operation– 24.5% reduction in CO2

over 1990 levels despite increases in students and building area

– More than 70% reduction in emission per student

The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power





What UEA is doing?

Target Day

Results of the “Big Switch-Off”

With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?

36

The Behavioural DimensionElectricity Consumption

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

No of people in household

kW

h i

n p

erio

d

1 person

2 people

3 people

4 people

5 people

6 people

Variation in Electricity Cosumption

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

1

% D

iffe

ren

ce f

rom

Ave

rage

1 person 2 people 3 people4 people 5 people 6 people

Social Attitudes towards energy consumption have a profound effect on actual consumption

Data collected from 114 houses in Norwich between mid November 2006 and mid March 2007

For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER] can vary by as much as 9 times.

When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times

05000

100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Degree Days

Mo

nth

ly C

on

su

mp

tio

n (

kW

h)

Relatively large scatter – indicative of poor controlAbnormally high consumption could be indicative of malfunctionUpper and lower bands drawn +/- 1.5 standard deviations would initiate around 2 reporting incidents a year (based on monthly reporting.


Managing Heating Requirements in an Office Building

Electricity Consumption in an Office Building in East Anglia


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct

2003 2004 2005

Co

ns

um

pti

on

(k

Wh

)

• Consumption rises to nearly double level of early 2005.

• Malfunction of Air-conditioning plant.

• Extra fuel cost £12 000 per annum

• Additional CO2 emitted ~ 100 tonnes.

Low Energy Lighting Installed

Electricity Consumption in Office Buildings (kWh/m2)


Annual Household consumption of Electricity in Norwich 3720 kWh

17885Typical140125289

9754Good Practice

Air-conditioned

Naturally ventilated Building 3Building 2Building 1

Local Authority Offices Commercial Buildings

Electricity Consumption per employee (kWh/annum)

Building 1 3817

Building 2 4695

Building 3 3226

40

A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future: A summary

4. Using Renewable Energy

5. Offset Carbon Emissions

3. Using Efficient Equipment

1. Raising Awareness

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

O

2. Good Management

41

World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management

Second cohort January 2009

A partnership between

• The Norwich Business School and • The 5** School of Environmental Sciences

Sharing the Expertise of the University

And FinallyLao Tzu (604-531 BC)

Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."See www2.env.uea.ac.uk/cred/creduea.htm for presentation

Documents

CRed carbon reduction Low-carbon Energy Innovations: Bridging the Gaps between Science and Reality: What UEA is doing? Energy Science Director: HSBC Director