April 2005 COST529_April05.ppt 1

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

COST Model Inventory Workshop

12 to 15 April 2005

University of Madeira, Funchal

Stuart Mucklejohn

UK National Representative to COST529GE Consumer & Industrial- Lighting, Melton Road, Leicester LE4 7PD, UK

Modelling plasmas for light generation -

Some thoughts on the needs of the lighting industry

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

New product development

Product improvement

Fault finding

Production processes

Education

Training

What are models used for ?

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

What is a lamp ?

Light generating component of a system used to illuminate things

Within the European Union:

An energy using product (EUP)

A product subject to the WEEE directive

A product subject to the RoHS regulations

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

What is a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp ?

A light emitting high temperature chemical reactor

Characteristics:

Plasma has electron temperature = gas temperature

Operating pressure 1 to 50 atm, up to 200 atm for UHP

Local thermodynamic equilibrium is a reasonable assumption

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Uses of HID lamps

Road lighting

Car headlamps

Stage/studio lighting

Horticulture – greenhouse lighting

Interior lighting – warehouses & shopping malls

Floodlighting – sports & architectural

Projection systems

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Types of HID lamps

Description Typical application

Low-pressure sodium road lighting

High-pressure sodium road lighting

High-pressure mercury road lighting

Metal halide with silica arctube interior, sports, malls

Metal halide with ceramic arctube interior, malls, streets

Ultra high pressure projection systems

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Some characteristics of HID lamps

Power range 20 to 20 kW

Output 1600 to 2000000 lumens

Life 500 to 28000 h

Size 50 to 500 mm

Global market >500x106 € per annum

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

LampPowerSupply

Optics &Fixture

ApplicationApplication

Radiation

Heat

Electrical Characteristics

Heat

Monitoring&

Control

Monitoring&

Control

Environment

LampPowerSupply

Optics &Fixture

ApplicationApplication

Radiation

Heat

Electrical Characteristics

Heat

Monitoring&

Control

Monitoring&

Control

Environment

LampPowerSupply

Optics &Fixture

ApplicationApplication

RadiationRadiation

HeatHeat

Electrical Characteristics

Electrical Characteristics

HeatHeat

Monitoring&

Control

Monitoring&

Control

EnvironmentEnvironment

The system includes light source & the receptor

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Components of HID lampsOuter enclosure - glass outer jacket & metal connectors

Arctube - silica or ceramic

Electrodes - tungsten

Leadwires – molybdenum, niobium

Chemical additives - mercury, sodium, metal halides

Gas fill - argon, krypton85

Joins

Seals

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Nb leadwire

Mo winding

W tip (electrodes)

Arc chamber

Arctube body (PCA)LegSeal

Nb leadwire

Mo winding

W tip (electrodes)

Arc chamber

Arctube body (PCA)LegSeal

Nb leadwire

Mo winding

W tip (electrodes)

Arc chamber

Arctube body (PCA)LegSeal

A metal halide lamp with ceramic arctube

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Interactions within HID arctubes

Gas phase 1000 to 6000 K light generation

Liquid – Gas 700 to 1300 K dose evaporation

Solid – Gas 700 to 1500 K corrosion

Liquid – Solid 700 to 1300 K corrosion

Solid – Solid 700 to 1500 K corrosion

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Temporal phenomena

Steady state

Transient

Non-LTE

Reaction kinetics

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

CDM 75 – 150 W

Discharge Column 83 %

(Utot=90 V, UAK=15 V)

IR 53 %

UV

4 %

2 %

VIS IR cond

thermal15 %=0.2

Tw=1300 K

17 %

%%

%

dischargetube wall

VIS36 %

IR28 %

Ele

ctro

des

9 %

Energy balance for a metal halide lamp

From Philips Lighting & the ALITE program

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Life cycle of HID lampsAssumes life of 10000 h

Production Raw materials, processes, testing

0 to 100 h Rapidly changing properties to 100 h

100 to 1000 h Significant changes in output

1000 to 10000 h Slowly changing output, failures

End of life Disposal

Recycling

Environmental impact

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Radiation properties of optically thick radiators (line broadening, transitions probabilities)

Radiation properties of optically thin radiators (reduced emission coefficients)

Diffusion coefficients & mobilities of plasma species

Viscosities of buffer gases

Thermochemical parameters for: plasma species (discharge properties)

liquid - gas reactions (dose chemistry)

solid - gas reactions (corrosion)

solid - liquid reactions (corrosion)

Kinetic parameters for material transport mechanisms

Fundamental data

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Lamp voltage rise through life

Lamp voltage & colour changes for vertical & horizontal operation

Luminous efficacy through life

Output from 200 to 3000 nm

Lamp life

Examples of predictive models needed

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

History

Many descriptions of models at conferences

Large number of scientific publications

Valuable resource for the lighting industry

But ……..

Some reports/papers very difficult to find

Software no longer available & not designed for operation by third parties

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

NumeLiTe NumeLiTe

Aviso fitting in situ at Albi Aviso fitting with 150W 4000K lamp

NumeLiTe NumeLiTe

Aviso fitting in situ at Albi Aviso fitting with 150W 4000K lamp

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COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

April 2005 COST529_April05.ppt 20

COST Materials Action 529: Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century

Many thanks to:

Barry Preston (GE Lighting)

Raghu Ramaiah (GE Lighting)

Acknowledgements