Cookstove News Vol. 7 No. 3

7/28/2019 Cookstove News Vol. 7 No. 3

1/32

Coo kstoveVoL 7 no. 3Summer, 1987Trees: A ReneSustainable E r tii e i- - -R d-e ;

A g r o f o r e s t r y E A P I / P I / F I S Ia n d t h e n e ed s o u r c eM e e r i a l $C r &d o n

for Inst itutional ReformAlso?Eucalyptus updateBread ovens inZimbabweAn efficient stove designfrom Captain Cook'sjournalsElectricityfrom vacuumBooksComing events

News, Features,FeauesDesigns and Cooperationin Permaculture and Appropriate Technology


2/32

CCUri Pp, a

NewsDangerous Eucalyptus Plus Waste Create Potential Boon 3Mali Stove Project 4ReportsSensible Bread Oven Program in Zimbabwe 5

DesignsTried and True Fuel-Efficient Cooking 6Internal Flue Pots for Fuel Efficiency 6Electricity from Vacuum 8Energy: Focus on AgroforestryAgroforestry and the Need for Institutional Reform 9Cooperat ionThe Networks 2 1Information Resources 2 2Books 2 5Coming Events 3 0

Coo kstove N e w s is published byAprovecho Institute four times a year.Subscriptions for four issues cost $20for institutions, $10 for individuals.Back numbers are available at $2.50each, postpaid (air mail enclose an ad-ditional $0.75 each). Cookstove Newsmay trade free subscriptions to researchgroups, consultancies, artisans, educa-tors, and individuals who cannot affordto pay in exchange for relevant pub-lishable information. We welcomesponsorship of readers in poor couri-tri&s by those who can afford it.Aprovecho Institute is a non-profit,tax-exempt organization. Contribu-tions above $10 are tax-deductible inthe U.S.A. and help support our freeservices to people who cannot pay.All opinions expressed are the re-sponsibility o f the author, and do not

necessarily represent the views held bythe editors.Unless otherwise stated, all articlesand graphics may be freely reproducedor quoted, provided appropriate creditis given.Editor:Production: Stephen MalleryStephen MalleryPrinter: Save Our eeoSystems (SOS),Eugene, Oregon.To contact us, write:Cookstove NewsAprovecho Institute80574 Hazelton RoadCottage Grove, OR 97424 U.S.A.(503) 942-9434


3/32

Newspage3

Eucalyptus Update:Dangerous Eucalyptus Plus WasteCreate Potential Boon

by Andy GrumpThere is a growing school of thoughtamong scientists, environmentalists andfarmers alike that extensive plantationsof eucalyptus trees reduce soil fertility,deplete water reserves and generally in-crease the likelihood of soil erosion.

Farmers in India are experiencing thesefirst hand.Another problem that has taxed plan-ners and scientists for years is how todispose increasing amounts of sewagecreated by burgeoning human settle-ments.Researchers at India's Central Soil and

Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI) inHaryana state have found a solution combine the two. They have discoveredthat untreated sewage can be used to pro-mote eucalyptus growth on wastelands.In 1981, untreated sewage waspumped into trenches dug on derelictland and eucalyptus trees were planted inridges between them. Now the land is

covered with flourishing trees, and pre-viously full, open sewage ponds havedisappeared, bringing a reduction inhealth hazards.Dr Ranbir Chabbra of the CSSRI en-thuses, "land disposal of sewage is thecheapest and most cost-effective methodof disposing urban waste waters becauseit utilizes the entire biosystem as a liv-ing filter."Untreated sewage generally containsbacteria, heavy metals, toxins, pesti-

"land disposal ofsewage utilizes theentire biosystemas a livingfilter."cides, and other man-made pollutantssuch as detergents. Its offensive odor

CorrectionThe Winter issue of Cookstove News (vol. 7 no. 1) contained a misprint

and may have misled readers about instructions for cooking with a solar boxcooker (p. 22). "Grains and beans take about one-fourth the water (than whencooked in a conventional oven)," should have read "Grains and beans takeone-fourth less water." In other words, reduce the amount of water from 4cups to 3 cups. (For rice use only I 1/4 cups water per cup of rice.)Water boils in a solar box cooker but does not boil away; it is retained inthe covered black pot. Most fresh vegetables need no additional watertheycook in their own juices.If you are interested in being on the mailing list of the newly formed Inter-national Solar Box Cooker Society, write to them cio Aprovecho Institute,80574 Hazelton Rd., Cottage Grove, OR 97424 U.S.A.


4/32

page 4makes it completely unsuitable forgrowing any crop that might be used forhuman consumption. However, it is per-fectly acceptable for growing trees usedfor timber and fuel.

Eucalypts (commonly known as gumtrees) have become the most widelyplanted hardwood trees in the world.There are now estimated to be more thansix million hectares of commercial euca-lyptus plantations worldwide, and thistree now constitutes over 40 percent ofall current planting of hardwood in thetropics. Plantations of gum trees havebeen successfully established in morethan 60 countries, mostly for commer-cial purposes.Under the guise of providing buildingmaterials and fuel, eucalyptus trees havebeen promoted for playing an importantrole in improving the living standards ofpeople in rural areas of the Third World,making the establishment of new planta-tions possible. Land, which in the pasthad been devoted to food production, hasbeen given over to producing trees forthe prospects of substantial foreign ex-change earnings.

However, as many protest movementspoint out, these plantations fail to meetthe real needs of poor communities.The desperate lack of food felt by the ru-ral poor is exacerbated as the eucalyptsswallow up more and more land that waspreviously used to grow essential foodcrops. Virtually all the benefits are re-ceived by those associated with the in-dustrial processes for which the wood ismost commonly used.The success of the new sewage-basedschemes in Haryana state tend to con-tradict these assertions, providing sub-stantial benefits for local, albeit urban,inhabitants. A single hectare of eucalyp-tus irrigated by sewage water can cam

Mali Stove ProjectOne of the goals of VITA's MaliStove Project, which was recentlygranted a US$300,000, 18-monthextension, is to broaden the privatesector base for production and distri-bution of improved stoves. Threeadditional manufacturers are to beestablished in Bamako, with mecha-nisms in place to meet quality con-

trol needs. A marketing study is tobe conducted in the Mapti area, andthree stove projects also are to beset up in that city. The project isintended to strengthen their close re-lationship with the Malian Associa-tion for the Promotion of the Phys-ically Handicapped, expanding from9 to 15 the number of handicappedworkers fully employed in the pro-duction of project stoves.Source: VITA NEWS (Arlington,Virginia, U.S.A.), January 1987.

USS750 in the first year, rising toUS$2,700 in the second year. Further-more, the sludge that builds up in thefurrows proves to be an excellent ferti-lizer and can bring in extra revenue.Protest movements, such as die fa-mous "tree-hugging" Chipko Andolan,may well be in for a long and hard fightin their attempts to stop eucalyptusplanting. The planting schemes have thebacking of most state forestry depart-ments, the Indian central government,and, now, the Pollution Control Board,Source: Development Forum, JulyAugust1987.


5/32

ReportsSensible Bread Oven Program in Zimbabwe

The popularity of bread as a tasty andconvenient alternative to sadza is alreadyestablished in the rural areas of Zimbab-we. But the distance of some areas fromthe towns where bread is commerciallyproduced often makes it only occasional-ly available.This situation has encouraged manywomen's groups to try to organize bak-ing cooperatives. Not only do they wantto produce bread locally but they alsowant to generate income. Unfortunately,many of these initiatives have come upagainst serious problems, such as highcosts for transporting flour, poor availa-bility of flour, low profits (becausecommercial competition keeps priceslow), and the sporafically high cost ofthe fuel needed to fire the poorly de-signed ovens.Some efforts have been made to findsolutions to these problems. A startingpoint has been the development of amore suitable type of oven that is prov-ing itself more convenient to operateand economical in fuel consumption.The oven is made Out of two oildrums, one placed inside the other. It isfired from underneath; the smoke passesthrough a gap between the two drums.About 20 loaves can be baked on twotrays in the inner drum. The whole unitis built into a brick structure and has achimney. The metal parts have costabout M O (USS35-38).Because many rural baking groupshave to buy their fuel, the less fuel theyneed the more profit they can make. Ofcourse, this also helps prevent treesfrom being cut down.The problem of the availability of

Page 5

flour (often due to transportation) can beovercome by people growing a part ofthe wheat they need for baking. Al-though this is not possible in someareas, other cereals could be substituted.One quarter of the flour used could bemaize or sorghum without the bread be-ing much different in taste. As peopleproduce more of their own flour locallythey will be able to make more profitmaking bread. Also, brown flour (whichis slightly cheaper) should be consideredbecause it is more nutritious than re-fined white flour, and tastier, too. Thebaking oven might be used not only fora bread-baking enterprise, but also increches for making buns or maizebreadto supplement the children's food.Bakeries need a lot of fuel. Theyshould be a success, but not burden thecommunity by cutting down the remain-ing scarce wood resources. Groups in-tending to start baking cooperativesshould demonstrate their responsibilityby planting and maintaining at least onehectare of fenced plantation to insuretheir fuel supplies. Gum trees can be cutafter three to four years for use as fuel.To help rural baking cooperatives suc-ceed, courses have been arranged at sev-eral training centres, such as in Glenfor-est, Silveira House, ALOZ, Chitepo,and Hlekweni. The courses teach peoplehow to construct this convenient, fuel-saving oven, how to bake nutritiousbread with a variety of recipes, and bowto manage the money side of such abusiness enterprise.Source: The Alternative, vol. 3, no. 5,October 1986, Development TechnologyCenter, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.


6/32

DesignsTried and True Fuel-Efficient Cooking:Traditional Indonesian Earth Stove

An apparently efficient cooking sys-tem has been in existence for some timein the islands of Rod and Sumba in In-donesia. There is only one descriptionof this in English which appeared in the1773 edition of Cook's Journals. Hereis how it was described:

"They dig a hollow under ground, in ahorizontal direction, like a rabbit bur-row, about two yards long (2 m), andopening into a hole at each end, one ofwhich is large and the other small: bythe large hole the fire is put in, and thesmall one serves for a draught. The earthover this burrow is perforated by circularholes, which communicate with the cav-ity below; and in these holes are setearthen pots, generally about three toeach fire, which are large in the middleand taper towards the bottom, so thatthe fire acts upon a large part of theirsurface. Each of these pots generallycontains about eight or ten gallons, andit is surprising to see with how small aquantity of fire they may be kept boil-

Internal-Flue Pots for Improved Efficiencyby David A. Bainbridge

David Bainbridge can be contacted at theDry Lands Research Institute, Universi-ty of California, Riverside, CA 92521,U.S.A.The need to improve fuel useefficiency for cooking with biofuelshas led to considerable investment oftime and research on cookstovedesign. Unfortunately little effort hasbeen made to improve pot efficiencywhich may offer comparable savings.

ing; a palm leaf or a dry stalk, thrust innow and then, is sufficient: in this man-ner they boil all their victuals, and makeall their syrup and sugar."Because of the quantity of heat trans-ferred in this cooking system, meals canbe cooked using palm fronds a verypoor fuel. The system certainly seemsto warrant Captain Cook's enthusiasmand it deserves testing for possible usein villages everywhere."A somewhat similar cooking arrange-ment is made when sugarcane juice isconverted into gur in the field in Indiabut there is an inlet and a hole for thepan in which juice is boiled. There is nooutlet other than the hole on which thepan rests.Is anyone willing to try this systemin areas which are very cold? It may pro-vide a means of heating floor space.Source: News Notes, Action for FoodProduction (AFPRO), New Delhi, India,May 1987.

One of the first steps in aresearch and development programshould be a careful review oftraditional cultures that have operatedunder similar environmentalcontraints. Although somedevelopment consultants appear todisagree, ingenuity and wisdom arenot unique to our time and a review ofthis type can provide lessons fromhundreds of years of experimentationand refinement. Solutions developed


7/32

under these constraints are also likelyto be simple enough to be replicatedin other societies without expensivetooling, materials, or training.Applying this principle to theproblem of energy shortages and highcooking demand led me to theMongolian internal flue pot, able toheat water with little, more than a fewtwists of straw.Two identical small pots werepurchased to test this approach. Afunnel was welded into a hole cut in

the center of one pot to make aninternal flue. The two pots were thenraced against each other by makingtwo repeated runs with a smallalcohol burner. In each case the potwas cooled to tap water temperatureand then two cups of cool water wereadded. The alcohol burner was run atfull flame throughout the testing. Tofurther mimic real conditions the testswere done on a cool day, 53c1F, w i t h asteady wind.The results were more dramaticthan expected. The internal fluereduced time to boiling from 12.5 to9 minutes, a saving of 28%, evenwith what is probably a far fromoptimal design. The magnitude of thissaving suggests that more workshould be done with internal fluepots, especially for cold, windy areaswith limited fuel..An internal flue will be mostcompatible with simple waterheating, where cleaning considerationsare not a problem. Smooth flueconnections should make an internalflue suitable for most other uses.The flue configuration willdepend on the fuel source and burnerdesign. A tall pot with a ribbed fluemight be most effective. An insulatedjacket or ceramic foam coat for thepot could further improve efficiency.An integrated design of both improved

page 7

stove and cooking pot would be mostadvantageous.Flyash foamed with an organicsolution, now being refined by PlinyFiske at the Center for MaximumPotential Building Systems inAustin, Texas, is an excellentcandidate for both pot insulation andimproved stove design. Flyash is areadily available resource (wasteproduct of coal burning) in manycountries and the foam solution usesreadily available waste products. Theresulting foam, either open or closedcell, is a refractory material with verygood insulating properties.


8/32

Page 8

A scientist of the Department ofAtomic Energy (DAE) claims to havebuilt a machine that generates electricityfrom empty space, or vacuum.Fourty-nine-year-old Mr. ParamahansaTiwari says his experimental machinenear Bombay has confirmed his 10-year-old theory that space is not empty but isfilled with energy that can be extracted.Mr Tiwari's paper on "Generation ofelectrical power from absolute vacuum"has just been sent for publication in aprofessional journal in the UnitedStates.

Now a senior engineer with the Nucle-ar Power Board, Mr Tiwari has beenworking with the DAE for 25 years, dur-ing which time he, studied physics for ahobby. As a project engineer at Naroraatomic power station 10 years ago, hecaused ripples in the physics communityby his controversial theory that space isfilled with a dynamic medium whoseswirling motion is the source of all mat-ter and energy.

Mr Bruce Depalma, an American in-ventor in California, was the first to testMr Tiwani's space vortex theory. I lebuilt what he called the "N-generator,"which extracted electricity from space.Recently, Mr Tiwari independently builtand tested a machine similar to that of Mr Depalma, which, he said, also ex-tracted power from vacuum.Mr Tiwari's (and Mr Depalma's) spacepower generator (SPG) is nothing but amagnetized cyclinder rotating at highspeed with the help of a motor. Poweris extracted from this device by connect-ing a wire between the surface of thecylinder and its axis.

Electr ic i ty from VacuumAccording to Mr Tiwani's paper, hisSPG delivers 2.5 times more powerthan what is spent driving the motor andmagnetizing the cylinder. This excesspower, he says, comes from the inter-atomic space of the rotating cyclinder.According to Mr Tiwari's hypothesis,vortex motion of the space mediumcreates small "voids," which physicistscall electrons particles whose movementconstitutes electric current. I t is the

production of "voids" in the inter-atomicspace of the spinning cyclinder thatgives rise to the observed electrical volt-age between the axis and the surface ofthe cyclinder.

Further increases of power outputfrom Mr Tiwari's SPG will take time"since development of (a) current collec-tion system which can extract thousandsof amperes at very low voltage is in-volved," he says in his paper.Source: Newstime, India

KnowledgeWhen you know a thing, tohold that you know it, andwhen you do not know athing, to allow that you donot know it, this is knowl-edge. ConfuciousSource: R T Journal, September1986, Ins t i t u t e o f Engineeringand Rural Technology, Allahabad,INDIA.


9/32

Focus

Presented at the Society for EconomicAnthropology Meeting, Food andandUvestyoCfonaRvesde3-4 April, 1987.

Agroforeshy is receiving long overdueattention as a resource-efficient and envi-ronmentally positive method of farming(Richards,198'2; Majise and Labelle,1982; Anon, 1985; Cannell and Jack-son, 1985). Research on traditionalfarming systems in many areas of theworld suggests that complex polycul-tures with trees have many advantagesover modem systems of extensive, in-tensively managed, annual monocul-tures. These agroforestry systems maybe one of the few options that have thepotential to help small-scale subsistencefarmers. Yet the increasing interest inagroforestry and even greater promotionof agroforestry in information releasesand aid programs has not been accompa-nied by strong, interdisciplinary re-search programs to make agroforestrysystems work. The reasons for this fail-ure are primarily institutional, and insti-tutional reform must come if agrofores-try systems are to be used to their fullpotential.

Defining Agro forest ryBefore exploring these issues in moredetail, a definition of agroforestry and itspotential advantages is in order. Agrofor-

4 I t t f i k v /14:aigei;I 511/,

f,i),0074)

On Making Dreams Reality:4 0 4 4 4groforestry holt

.N #

Ptg1 460 0-t ,

and theNeed for t t 1 1 ) 0 institutional Reform

estry means many thingsto different people (King,1968; Grainger, 1980;the editors, 1982). In theWest, the term is usually applied tothe integration of trees typicallyone species grown for timber withpasture (Anon, 1986). At the other endof the spectrum are a variety of complexagroforestry systems, including home orkitchen gardens (Ninez, 1984; Ninez,1985; NEchon et al., 1986) and othersystems that include trees with a varietyof crops, both annual and perennial, andanimals (Russell, 1968; Posey, 1984;Fermindes et al., 1984; Alfieri, 1983).The definition developed by Lundgrenand Rahn= (1982) is one of the sim-plest and most comprehensive:

Agroforestry is a collective name forland-use systems and techniques wherewoody perennials (trees, palms, bam-boos, etc.) are deliberately used on thesame land management unit as agricul-tural crops and/or animals, either in thesame form of spatial arrangement ortemporal sequence. In agroforestry sys-tems there are both ecologic and eco-nomic (and cultural:DB) interactions be-tween the different components.


10/32

Page 10

The advantages of agroforestry sys-tems include the potential for increasedresource-use efficiency, both above andbelow ground. Roots grow to 50-60 mdeep on some trees and canopies reach5-70 m high. Trees can draw upon re-sources, groundwater, nutrients, etc.,that are unavailable to annual plants.They can help bring nutrients into afarming system and keep them there.This enables agroforestry systems tofoster environmental rehabilitation andthe potential for improved living condi-tions on marginal or degraded lands(Boonkird et al., 1984).The complexity of these systems pro-vides many other benefits, including re-duction of pests, microsite modificationto allow plants with diverse m icrocli-mate requirements to be grown in asmall area, and the production of a di-verse variety of products for subsistenceand sale, including fuel, food, fodder,

Two primary factorsaccount for thedisparity betweenagroforestry'sgreat promise butdepressing reality:ignorance andinstitutional failure.

building material, material for tools, fi-ber, medicine, and so forth. Trees alsocan provide a number of other benefits:soil improvement, erosion control,shade, windbreaks, flood management,ground water management, fog drip forwatering, and habitat for wildlife,among others (Bainbridge, 1987).

This wide range of products and pur-poses combines with an increased re-source base to help minimize risks forthe farmer. By spreading out cultural andmanagement requirements over the year,these systems can also reduce peak workloads and ensure a more stable subsis-tence and cash economy. These benefitsand advantages have become increasing-ly well known and appreciated in recentyears, although Smith (1952) first de-scribed them almost sixty years ago.Challenges Facing AgroforestryIf the advantages are apparent, and thepotential for agroforestry systems is sogreat, then why hasn't there been moreactivity and success with agroforestrysystems?Two primary factors account for thedisparity between agroforestry's greatpromise but depressing reality: ignor-ance and institutional failure. These are

intimately interwoven, and althoughthey are not insoluble, they certainly arechallenging.Overcoming ignorance is perhaps easi-er than reforming institutions and con-siderable progress has been made. Afterall, it was not until the IDRC report byBene and others (1977) that agroforesuywas legitimized. No major agroforestryjournals were published until the Inter-national Tree Crops Journal began in1980; Agroforestry Systems started in1982. The establishment of the Interna-tional Council for Agroforestry Re-search (ICRAF) in 1977 gave interna-tional research a boost but a comprehen-sive work program wasn't developeduntil 1982 (Lundgren and Raintree,198'2).Despite some improvement in recentyears, the resources committed to agro-


11/32

forestry remain miniscule comparedwith expenditures for single commodi-ties such as maize and wheat. Yet theneed for information to design andmanage complex agroforestry systemsusing as many as 100, primarily indige-nous species, in different areas of theworld, is much greater. Thousands ofspecies need to be evaluated and coulduse efforts akin to those devoted to riceor maize.This lack of information is the resultof institutional failure. Primary respon-sibility for this failure can be attributedto the educational systems of developedcountries, particularly the United States,which once played a dominant role intraining foresters and agricultural spe-cialists and continues to exert a stronginfluence on what is taught and studied.In both forestry and agricultural science,the fundamental importance of ecologi-cal and cultural interactions and the ef-fects of management decisions havebeen ignored. Instead, emphasis hasbeen placed on increasing production ofannual cash crops or single-purpose treecrops using large-scale monoculture onintensively managed lands. A dispropor-tionate amount of resources are usedwith no concern for the consequences.This is in large part a reflection of thepriorities and failures of the governmentand legislature and should not be seen asan indictment of the educational systemsby themselves. But the impact of the ed-ucational system is more direct and, inmany subtle ways, more far-reaching.The bias in the U.S. agricultural com-munity is indicated by the listings onAgricola (the USDA's national agri-cultural information system) which has18,886 maize citations and only six formultipurpose trees. Multipurpose teesare used as an example because they are

Page 11

particularly important for nroforestrysystems (Nair et al., 1984; von Carlo-witz, 1986; Bainbridge, 1987). Recentwork in the tropics has provided someinformation on multipurpose trees forthese areas but temperate and arid landtrees have, with few exceptions, beenignored (Felker, 1981; Mathur, 1985;11111011111111111RNW

In both forestry andagricultural science,the fundamentalimportance ofecological and culturalinteractionshave been ignored.

Bainbridge, 1986a, Bainbridge, 1986b;Jarrell and Bainbridge, 1987).The information currently available onagroforestry is hard to get. Most of itfalls within what librarians refer to asthe nonconventional literature, or litera-ture that reports high-quality researchbut that is poorly distributed and indexed(Posnett and Reilly, 1986, Posnett andBaulkwill, 1982). For example, eventhe often excellent materials fromICRAF are very hard to obtain; ordersare filled slowly or not at all.It is not surprising that graduates ofthe Western agricultural programs re-turned home to develop similar pro-grams rather than studying existing tra-ditional systems that integrated a varietyof trees with other crops and animals.The increasing resistance of local peopleto these single-tree crop programs(Anon, 1984; Kardell et al., 1986), is fi-nally receiving some attention and hasdone much to encourage reconsideration


12/32

Page 12n u m m u n i n o o r a s rof forestry goals and objectives. It is un-fortunate that more communities did nothave the will to resist or the ability topublicize their justifiable anger againstthese often destructive and ill-advisedschemes. (See, for example, Shiva andBandyopadhyay's 1986 critique of euca-lyptus.)

"Man has becomeso absorbed inthe truth of the partsthat he hasabandonned the questfo r the truthof the whole."The emphasis on narrow specializedresearch in educational institutions fur-

ther compounds the problem, becausethis approach is inappropriate for evalu-ating, understanding, and designingcomplex agricultural systems custom-tailored for a wide range of environ-ments, As Fukuoka (1985) correctlyobserves, "Man has become so absorbedin the truth of the parts that he hasabandonned the quest for for the truth ofthe whole. Or perhaps, inevitably, hisattempt to know the parts has made himlose sight of the whole." This special-ist-oriented research also is unable to de-liver usable information to end users.Some of the more important issues thatare often ignored because of this narrowfocus include cultural factors, decisionmaking choices, temporal spacing of la-bor requirements, a variety of institu-tional factors, and the external costs ofenvironmental degradation. Interdiscipli-nary research is absolutely essential for

progress in agroforestry and the im-provement of agriculture in general.Research in agroforestry has been se-verely impeded by the cultural and sexu-al biases that once dominated and stillinfluence educational programs and re-search funding. The pervasive feelingthat tree crops are somehow inferior toannual grains, and that farmers who usethem are stupid or at the very leastprimitive, has encouraged research pro-grams that emphasize Western-style ag-riculture rather than building on existingcomplex agroforestry systems. Evenwithin the agroforestry community, sin-gle-tree species are promoted and intro-duced widely without considering localplant materials that could provide thesame benefits with a balanced preditor/prey/symbiont community already inplace.Single-specie plantation has led to fra-gility in many forestry programs, a factdemonstrated by the Eucalyptus borer,

The pervasivefeelingthat tree crops aresomehow inferior toannual grains hasencouraged researchprograms thatemphasize Western-style agriculture ratherthan building onexisting complexagrofores try systems.

Phoracantha semipunciala (Penrose,1985), and the Leucaena jumping louse,l ie teropsylla cubana (McCauley, 1986;


13/32

Ford, 1987). It is wise to be very cau-tious and humble when introducing spe-cies or recommending agroforestry sys-tems to be tranferred from one area toanother (Hoskins, 1982; Wegrzyn,1986).The bias against women as researchersand against consulting with women inassistance programs has also been a ma-jor obstacle to progress in agroforesuyresearch and development. Hammer's(1983) study of fuel use in Bara, Sudanis an example of the type of informationabout resource use and management thatonly women can obtain from women. Amale researcher, even a very determinedand observant one, simply could not getthis detailed and important information.The importance of women in agricul-tural systems also is frequently over-looked. As Fortmann and Rocheleau(1985) reveal, women are often the mostimportant element in the agriculturalsystem and may play a dominant role infuel and food gathering and use. Theyalso may have the best understanding ofplant resources and the environment andmust be included more directly in re-search and development programs. Theneed for combined male/female researchteams also is clear but it has been givenlittle attention.

The decision making processes offarmers also have been neglected. Glad-win (1979, 1983) has laid the ground-work for a much more careful appraisalof why farmers and foresters plant andharvest crops. The success of a develop-ment or environmental restoration pro-gram may hinge on understanding thisprocess. All too often it has been as-sumed that people will accept an inno-vation because "it is good for them."Yet experience has shown that many ex-pert recommendations are anything but

Page 13

"good for them." Rambo and Sajise(1986) report the resistance of localfarmers to a higher-yield rice with inferi-or straw. The failure of an attempt totransfer the Australian Icy farming tech-niques to the Middle East is also in-structive. Although it was not as com-plex as an agroforestry system, it did in-volve plants with associated Rhizobiam

The wisdom andknowledge offarmers,and their abilityto teach, is all too oftenignored by expertswho view themas inferiors.

(Springborg, 1986). Many other exam-ples can be found, and the fault usuallyarises from an oversimplistic view ofhow people live and what are the needsof both people and animals.It is worth noting that some successwas achieved in a subelement of theAustralian effort that relied on Australi-an farmers rather than experts as teachers(Springborg, 1986). The wisdom andknowledge of farmers, and their abilityto teach, is all too often ignored by ex-perts who view them as inferiors. Farm-er-to-farmer extension work was of con-siderable value in the transfer of chinam-pa agriculture between two areas inMexico (Gomez-Pompa and Truman,1987) and in the early success of theGreen Revolution in Mexico (Neider-hauser, 1987). -Temporal spacing of labor and incomealso is given less attention than it de-serves. Timing is of great importance


14/32

Page 14nmommummonnommogorfor forestry systems because economicreturns,f r omt het reesmaybemany

years away. Kronick (1984) discussesthe importance of, and methods for,temporal analysis in agroforestry work.Developing intercrops that are compati-ble with trees may be essential to makethe agroforestry system economicallyviable while the trees are growing(Keswani and Ndunguru, 1983; Poulsen,1985; Yamoah et al., 1986; Chuan-chu,1983; Howes and Rummery, 1984). Theemphasis, however, is often on the tech-nical rather than the economic issues in-volved.

The reluctance to include economiesin agroforestry is not unique. Econom-ics, and particularly the indentificationand internalization of what are now ex-ternal costs (such as environmental deg-radation and loss of genetic diversity),will be a key element in agroforestry de-velopment. It may be essential to helpreform agriculture- in areas that are in-creasingly stressed and to provide cashcrops to meet international debt pay-ments and foreign exchange require-ments.

Agroforestry should also include a re-view of institutional needs and arrange-ments so projects can proceed with min-imal interference and maximum supportfrom regulatory and administrative pro-grams. This must include not only theobvious actors, such as schools and for-estry departments, but also the marketsystem, the commercial sector, religiousgroups, and the economic community.Research should also include an evalu-ation of tax policy and possible incen-tives tO promote long-range planning.Taxation policy can be a strong determi-nant of tree survival or disappearance.As Tliirgood (1981) relates, the ruinoustaxation policy of the Ottomans led to a

Mult ipurpose tr ee cropsSome uses a n d functionsTrees used in agroforestry projectsshould be local species wheneverpossible and planted in mixed standsrather than monoculture& The uses

and functions that trees can provideinclude Fuel wood, tinder, charcoal,liquid Fodder animals, birds, etc.(fruit, nuts, leaves, etc.) Food fruit, pits, nuts, sap,leaves, bark, etc. Host for food production, mush-rooms, sugar scale insects, etc. Host for fiber production, silkworms, etc. Bee food (honey source) Erosion control Reinforcement for land stabiliza-tion and landslide management Ground water management Flood water management Soil improvement Shade, microclimate modification Wind break Noise barrier Fog precipitation Building materials lumber,poles, etc. Reinforcing material Fencing Material for tools, garden use, fur-niture, etc. Prospecting tools Industrial materials insulation,stoppers, tanning agents, dyes,soaps, oil, gum, resin, rubber,wax Fiber Medicine Habitat for wildlife Religious purposes Ornamental


15/32

virtual disappearance of fruit trees inparLs of the Mediterranean.The U.S. research and educational sys-tem has further compounded the prob-lem of research direction by separatingbasic, applied, and management re-search. Basic research at the universitylevel is often completely divorced fromfield problems, while applied and man-agement-level research are ignored or leftfor extension system personnel who donot have the time or resources to dothem well.The long-term nature of research inagroforestry also impedes progress anddiscourages research. Few academic pro-grams provide the opportunity for long-term research. "Publish or perish" pres-sures are very strong and encourageshort-term studies of simplified systemsunder controlled conditions. This leadsto an emphasis on laboratory or green-house studies, where results are moreeasily predicted and sanitary data can beobtained quickly. The fact that thesesimplified studies may have little or nobearing on actual in-field behavior caus-es little concern for a faculty memberfacing tenure review.Yet the triviality of much that is doneand published is cause for concern(Chagraff, 1977). The distinction be-tween facts and knowledge (Kerr, 1984)and between information and understand-

To accumulateeach inch of topsoilon the sulface ofthe planet requires300 to 1,000 yearsThe Alliance, Vol. 7, No. 7

(Salem, Oregon)

ing has been obscured. The vital impor-tance of reflection and wisdom has beenalmost entirely forgotten.The short-term nature of most researchprograms also discourages and impedesresearch in agroforestry. Typical fundingcycles of one, three, or (more rarely)five years are not very compatible withagroforestry research projects that cantake ten, twenty, fifty or one hunchedyears. The, importance of long-termfunding has been recognized in only afew programs, most notably the Long-Tenn Ecological Research Program ofthe National Science Foundation(Callahan, 1984).

Conc lus ionsand Recommendat ions

Page 15

These Many failures of the educationaland research system are a microcosm ofthe problems in other institutions. Theroot causes are in most cases the same:ignorance and bias. Improving researchand education systems would do muchto break down these barriers to sustain-able development, even though it willtake many years to see well-trained agro-foresters in positions of influence. Yeteven as junior staff, these individualsand reeducated foresters, agronomists,and decision makers can influence thenature and progress of research and de-velopment activities and improve theliving conditionSand environment forsubsistence farmers around the world.

Reformation of the educational sys-tems should include the followingsteps:1. The introduction of ecological(Bainbridge, 1985) and cultural literacyrequirements for all forestry and agricul-tural students,

2. The development of interdiscipli-


16/32

Page 16nary graduate programs in agroforestry.3. The development of an intensive,well-funded international program to de-velop, in a short time, a comprehensivecensus of the worlds useful trees, theirecological and cultural relationships, andmanagement information, particularlyfrom traditional systems of agroforestry.This would be invaluable and wouldhelp development program managers re-sist the temptation of reliance on intro-duced species.

4. The development of a program toencourage women to enter agricultureand forestry programs and to facilitatetheir field work with grants and fellow-ships.5. The development of a programgeared to simplified agroforestry sys-tems that can be easily and economical-ly integrated with the more commonsubsistence farming systems. Thesewould use specialty crops (medicine orfood or crops of other high value) ormultipurpose trees to provide cash cropsand multiple benefits such as fuel andfertilizer.

6. A comprehensive interdisciplinaryreview of the rewards and incentives sys-tem in academia and the development ofalternatives that foster long-term inter-disciplinary research in the field. (Tenurereview might, for example, be based ona review of three selected articles forquality, rather than simply the quantityof referenced publications. The Nobelprize review, for example, allows only12 references.)7. A review of funding methods andrevisions of programs to encouragelong-term interdisciplinary research pro-grams. Russell (1982), Callahan (1983),and Bawden et al. (1984) provide a goodstarting point.8. Promotion of research programs

that involve basic, applied, and manage-ment-oriented research.9. Development of programs that fa-cilitate farmer-to-farmer exchanges and

farm-managed research.10. Establishment of a workinggroup to develop the methodology andfoundation of research strategies for verycomplex systems. This might be con-vened by the NRC or NAS with repre-sentatives from ecology, ecosystems,anthropology, soils science, atmospher-ic science, forestry, economics, socialsciences, and agriculture. Some combi-nation of pragmatic trial and error ap-proximations and refined ecophysiologi-cal modeling will probably be needed forthese very complex systems (Huxley,1984).11. Establishment of regional agro-forestry research centers, based on thevery successful program of Precodepa(Noiderhauser, 1986) and a series of soilecology research programs emphasizingnitrogen fixation and symbiotic interac-tion of multipurpose trees, with Nif-TAT., as a beginning model.12. Development and disseminationof an agr, forestry library, perhaps basedon the excellent Appropriate Technolo-gy Library package developed by KenDarrow of Volunteers in Asia (Baldwin,1986).* This library includes 1,000books, more than 140,000 pages, andfits into a small suitcase. It sells forabout USS1,000 with a battery-poweredfiche reader. A photovoltaic charger al-lows the system to be used almost ev-erywhere in the world. TRANET's(1985) program of assembling appropri-ate technology books for libraries alsois an excellent program to emulate.Sponsors were found to ship collections* See page 25 for more informationabout the A.T. Library.


17/32

of the best books to small institutions,libraries, and communities in the devel-oping world.13. Development of funding sourcesto provide wider distribution of keyjournals (Agroforestry Systems; Interna-tional Tree Crops Journal; AgricultureEcosystems; Environment; and others.)for government and aid organizationsand, translated into 25-30 languages, forfarmers, teachers, and extension peoplein critical areas of concern.

With special thanks to those whohave shared their knowledge and enthu-siasm for agroforestry, Wesley Jarrell,Arturo Gomez-Pompa, Kathy Truman,Victor Wegrzyn, Eugene Anderson,'John Neiderhauser, Miguel Alfieri, Ste-phen Mitchell, and Michael Jenkins.David A. BainbridgeDry Lands Research InstituteUniversity of California, RiversideRiverside, CA 92521

Alfieri, M.1983 Agroecology: The ScientificBasis of Alternative Agriculture,(Agroecology, UC Berkeley), 162 pp.

Anon.1985 "Forestry: Essential for Devel-opment: An Interview with FAO Direc-tor General Edouard Sauma," UnasylNa37(1) 5 pp.1986 "Multipurpose Forestry Comple-ments Wairarapa Hill Country," NewZealand fr il l. o f Agric., Apri l 7.

Bainbridge, D.A.1985a "Ecological Education Timefor a New Approach," Bulletin Ecolog-ical Society o f America (Winter).

Acknowledgements

References

Page 171985b "The Rise of Agriculture: ANew Perspective" Ambio, 14(3), 1481511986a "Multipurpose Tree Crops forArid Lands," 2nd International Perma-culture Conference (Olympia, Washing-ton), 18 pp.1.9g6b "Quercus, A Multipurpose TreeCrop for Temperate Climates," Interna-tional Tree Crops Journal 3, 291-298.QA: 291-298.1987 Multipurpose Tree Crops: ABibliography (Dry Lands Research In-stitute, Riverside), 8 pp.

Baldwin, J.1986 "Appropriate Technology Mi-crofiche Reference Library," WholeEarth Review, 53;53. (VIA address:Appropriate Technology Project, VIA,P.O. Box 4534, Stanford, California94305.)

Bawden, R., Macadam, RD., Packham,RG., and Valentine,1984 "Systems Thinking and Practicein the Education of Agriculturalists,"Agriculture Systems 13, 205-225.

Bcne, I.G., Beall, KW., and Cote, A.1977 Trees, Food, and People landmanagement in the tropics (Interna-tional Development Research CenterOttawa, Canada), 52 pp.

Boonkird, S.-A., Fernandes, E.C.M., andNair, P.K.R.1984 "Forest Villages: an agrofores-try approach to rehabilitating forestland degraded by shifting cultivationin Thailand," Agroforestry Systems 2,8 7-1 02 .

Brown, L.R. and Wolfe, E.C.1986 "Assessing Ecological Decline,"The State of the World (Worldwatch In-stitute, Washington, D.C., 1986).

Callahan, I.T.1984 "Long-Term Agricultural Re-search," BioScience 34, 363-367.

Cannel!, M.G.R. and Jackson, I.E., eds.1985 The Attributes of Trees as Crops


18/32

Page 18IMINMEIMMENSIONNIENNIER111110101001.

(Inst. Terrestrial Ecology, Huntington,United Kingdom), 592 pp.Chagraff, E.

1977 Voices in the Labrynth: Nature,Man and Science (The Seabury Press,New York), 163 pp.Chuan-chun, W.W.

1983 "The Interplaming of Trees andCrops: Agro forestry systems practicedin South China," Mountian Res. andDev. 3( 4 ) ,4 09 -4 13 .

Dregne,1984 Desertification of Arid Lands(Harwood Publ., New York), 242 pp.

Editors1982 "What is Agroforestry?" Agra-forestry Systems 1(1) 7-12.

Felker, P.1981 "Use of Tree Legumes in Semi-Arid Regions," Economic Botany35(2), 174-186.Fernandes, E.C.M., Oktingati, A., andMaghembe, J.1984 "The Chaga Homegardens: Amultistoried agroforestry cropping sys-tem on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tan-zania)," Agraforestry Systems 2, 73- 86.

Ford, LB.1987 "Psyllid Meeting in Hawaii,"Intl. Soc. Trap. Foresters News 8(1),2.

Forunanm L. and Rocheleau, D.1985 "Women and Agroforestry: Fourmyths and three case studies," Agrofor-estry Systems 2(4), 254-272.

Fukuoka, M.1985 Natural Farming (Japan Publica-tions Inc., Tokyo), 273 pp.

Gladwin, C.1979 "Cognitive Strategies and Adop-tion Decisions: A case study of non-adoption of an agronomic recommen-dation," Economic Development andCultural Change 28(1), 155-473.

1983 "Contributions of Decision TreeMethodology to a Fanning SystemsProgram," Human Organization 42(2),146-157.Gomez-Pompa, A. and Truman, K.1987 "The Traditional Yucatecan

Maya System of Agriculture and Re-source Management," Issues in Agri-culture Series Seminar (Dry Lands In-stitute, Riverside),11 February 1987.Grainger, A.

1980 "The Development of TreeCrops and Agroforestry Systems," Int l,Tree Crops Journall, 3-14.

Hanuner, T.1983 Wood for Fuel: Energy CrisisImplying Desertification: The case ofBora, The Sudan. #160 (Derap Publish-ers, Bergen, Norway), 142 pp.

Hoskins, J.1982 "Observations on Indigenousand Modem Agroforestry Activities inWest Africa," UNU Workshop on Ag-roforestry (Frieberg), 31 May-5 June.

Howes, K.M.W. and Rummery,1984 Integrating Agriculture and Fo-restry: Workshop proceedings (NatrajPub., Debra Dun), 238 pp.

Huxley, P.A.1985 Evaluation of MultipurposeTrees, in The Attributes of Trees asCrops (Inst. Terrestrial Ecology, Hunt-ington, U.K.), 592 pp. (See Carmenand Jackson, eds.)

Jarrell, W.M. and Bainbridge, D.A.1987 Agroforestr y: The Need for Eco-logical Perspective, Work ing Paper It2(Dry Lands Research Institute, River-side).Kardell, L., Steen, E., and Fabiao, A.1986 "Eucalyptus in Portugal AThreat or Promise?" Ambio 15(1), 6,-13.

King, K.F.S.1968 Agri-silviculture The Taun-. gya system, Bulletin number 1.


19/32

(Department of Forestry, University ofIbadan, Nigeria), 109 pp.Kerr, DE.

1984 Barriers to Integrity: ModernModes of Knowledge Utilization(Westview Press, Boulder), 113 pp.

Keswani, C I . and Ndungra, B.J.1982 Intercropping (Intl. Develop-ment Research Center, Canada).

Kronick, J.1984 "Temporal Analysis o f Agrofor-estry Systems for Rural Development,"

Agroforestry Systems 2, 165-176.Lundgren, B. and Raintree, LB.1982 "Agroforestry," presented at theConf. of Directors of National Agro-forestry Research Systems in Asia(Jakarta).

Majise and Labelle, R.1982 A Selected Bibliography of Ag-roforestry, (WRAF, Nairobi, Kenya),60 pp.

Mathur, C.M.1985 "Plantation for Fuel and Fodderand Small Timber in RajasthanDesert," Trans Isdt. and tleds 10(2) 18.

McCauley, D.S.1986 Research and DevelopmentChallenges for Multipurpose Tree Spe-cies in the Asia-Pacific Region: Thecase o f the Leucaena pry his infesta-tion, WP-87-4 (East West Center, Hon-olulu, Hawaii), 12 pp.

Miehon, G., Mary, F., and Bompard, J.1986 "Multistoried Agroforestry Gar-den System in West Sumatra, Indone-sia," Agroforestry Systems 4, 315338.Nair, P.K.R., Fernandes, RCM., andWarnbugu, P.N.1984 "Multipurpose Leguminous Treesand Shrubs for Agroforestry,"Agrofor-estry Systems 2(3), 145-163.

Niederhauser, J.1987 Personal communication.

Page 191986 "Precodepa, A Successful Modelfor a New Concept in Regional Coop-eration for Urban Development," Am.Potato Journal 62, 237-240.

Ninez, V.1984 Household Gardens, Potatoes inFood Systems Research Series, Report#1 (CIP, Lima), 41 pp.1985 "Food Production for HomeConsumption: Nature and function ofhome gardens in household econo-mies,"Archivos Latinoamericano denatricion 35(1). (Reprint by CIP,Lima, 1986, 29 pp.)

Penrose, R.L.1985 "The Eucalyptus Borer, a pestnew to California," Plant Pest and Dis-ease Report 4(3), 80-82.

Posey, D.A.1984 "Keepers of the Campo," Gar-den, Nov/Dee., 8-11+.

Posnett, N.W. and Reilly, P.M.1986 "Nonconventional Literature inTropical Agriculture and a National Ag-ricultural Bibliography: An Assess-ment," /AALD Quarterly 31(1), 27-33.

Poulsen, G.1985 "Trees on Cropland: Preservingan African Heritage," Ceres 18(2), 2432.

Raintree, J.B.1982 "Readings for a Socially Rele-vant Agroforestry," paper presented atthe International Workshop on Profes-sional Education in Agroforestry, Nai-robi, 26 pp.

Rambo, A.T. and Sajise, P.E.1986 "Al ternative Crops," Science324, 801-802.Richards, P.1982 Agroforestry: Annotated Bibl i-ography no. F-24 (Commonwealth Ag-ricultural Bureau, Slough, England), 45pp.

Russell, M.G., ed.1982 Enabling Interdisciplinary Re-


20/32

Page 20search (University of Minnesota, Agri-cultural Experiment Station), Misc.Pub. No. 19.

Russell, W.M.S1968 "The Slash and Burn Tehnique,"Natural History 78(3), 58-65.

Shiva, V. and Bandyopadhyay,1986 Ecological Audit of EucalyptusCultivation in Rainfed Regions(RESTNRP, Delua Dun, India).

Smith, J.R.S.1952 [19291 Tree Crops (Devin-Adair,Westport, Connecticut), 4078 pp.

Thirgood, J.V.1981 Man and the Mediterranean For-est: A History of resource depletion(Academic Press, New York), 194 pp.

TRANET1985 Sponsored Library Program,P.O. Box 567, Rangeley, ME 04970.

von Carlowitz, P.G.1986 "Multipurpose Tree Yield Data their current state of knowledge,"Agroforestry Systems 4, 291-314.Wegerzyn, V.

1986 Personal communication (DLRI,Riverside).Yamoah, C.F., Agbocaa, A.A., and Wil-son, G.F.

1986 "Nut rient Contribution andMaize Performance in Alley CroppingSystems," Agroforesrtry Systems 4,247-254.

Conservation Code(From the March 1987 issue of Development Forum)

Dear EditorI have recently prepared a Conservation Code which I'd like to sharewith the readers of DF to elicit comments or endorsements:A Conservalion Code

I WILL RESPECT all living things, and the natural environment on which theydepend, for each is a link in the chain that supports life on earth.I WILL NEVER BUY OR SELL endangered animals or plants or the productsderived from them.I WILL MAKE USE of the natural environment in such a fashion that no spe-cies will disappear as a result of my actions.WILL STRIVE to stabilize the global populations of humans and their live-stock, for these compete directly for space and sustenance with the other livingthings on earth.I WILL UTILIZE' non-renewable natural resources sparingly and will utilize re-newable resources no faster than their ability to be regenerated. I will not wastefuel of other natural supplies.I WILL NOT POLLUTE the environment so as to degrade the quality of the air,soil or water; and I will otherwise set an example of good conservation conduct.I WILL RESPECT the environment wherever I go and will support the defenseof nature by others, including officials and organized groups. I will call attentionto cases of pollution and other abuses of nature, both civil and military.I WILL REJOICE in the beauty and wonder of nature all the days of my life. -Arthur H. Westing, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI),Pipers Wig 28, S-17173 Solna, SWEDEN.


21/32

Cooperation p a g e 21tolumnics,

Wanted: Cookstove News Ed it o rStephen MaEery, who has edited and managed CN so well for the past five is-sues, is unable to continue in this work. We are soliciting applications for theright person to fill his position.The work includes: generating, selecting, and editing relevant news and featurestories; coordinating information-sharing in the "Cooperation" section; managingthe production and distribution of the book to CN subscribers; and managing sub-

scription accounts.Room and board and a small stipend are offered in exchange. In addition, there areother possibilities for generating income, both in developing Aprovecho's publica-tions and in other work in the Cottage Grove area.To apply, write us a letter telling us about yourself, your background, and whyyou think you might like to work with Aprovecho. Send your applications orqueries for more information to Aprovecho, 80574 liazelton Road, CottageGrove, OR 97424, or call (503) 942-9434.

Publ icat ion Assistance Of fe re dI would like to inquire if there is any group or individual in need of assistancewith publications. I have worked with Peace Corps, Aprovecho Institute, GATE,VITA, VIA, and EDI in the development of books and pamphlets. My skills in-

clude the ability to produce understandable written copy, illustrations, book de-signs, and layouts. My technical experience includes work with cookstoves, curric-ulum development, training, charcoal production, construction, and solar energy. Iam particularly good at working with people who have neither the time, nor theskill to put their ideas clearly into print. Anyone who is interested is invited tocontact me, Michael Boutette, at 1380A West 5th, Eugene, OR 97402, U.S.A.(503) 687-1018.


22/32

Page 22

More In fo rmat i on About Fue l -Ef fic ient Li me Ki ln s

The Institute of Engineering & RuralTechnology in Allahabad, India sent CNan article from the January 1987 editionof Invention Intelligence entitled"Improved Burning of Limestone." Itcame in response to a call for informa-tion on fuel-efficient lime kilns pub-lished in CN 6:2 (July 1986). The arti-cle reads:

The lime is burnt in country-type rec-tangular bhattis. But these bhattis arehighly heat wasteful and moreover, limeproduced is not of uniform quality, be-ing over-burnt and under-burnt in differ-ent pockets of the kiln.A kiln design that is amenable tomuch greater control and that has highthermal efficiency has been developed atthe Central Building Research Institute(CBRI), Roorkee, India. This has beenused to successfully burn magnesiumand dolomitic limes at a stipulated tem-perature. It has been found suitable forburning high-calcium limes and chemi-cal grade limes. The salient features ofthe kiln are the following: it is a brick mason ary structure, its design ensures both smooth run-ning of kiln and periodic removal oflime, it works on natural draft and has ar-rangements for draft control, it works continuously but also can beadapted for day working only, the kiln is thermally efficient and heat

losses are minimal, it produces uniform-quality lime, lime produced in this kiln under stan-dardized working conditions will havelittle core or unburnt limestone, it can be operated by skilled trained la-bor, and contamination of burnt lime with fuelis minimized.

Because of the monopolization ofhigh-calcium limestones for steel,chemical, paper, sugar, and other indus-tries, the building industry will have todepend on dolomitic limestones in thefuture. Dolomitic limestones cannot beburnt in existing rectangular kilns, butcan in specially designed kilns. It isequally suitable for burning high-calcium limestone, too.A sma l l

-s c a l ek i l nh asb ee nd es ig ne d

and installed at CBRI and can also besealed up for larger production.The kiln has been visited by a numberof manufacturers, and they have shownconsiderable interest in it. Some peoplehave expressed their willingness to in-stall such a kiln.The cost of the kiln is Rs 60,000(IJS$4,600) including accessories, chim-ney and dampers. It burns about tentonnes of limestone in 24 hours.

A separate scheme for instrumentationis being worked out at the institute.This course of action will be able to beappended to the present scheme and willbe found highly useful in securing


23/32

page 23

stricter control of kiln operation. Thefull technical know-how and construc-tion details of drawings, specifications,etc. will be made available only after thelicense is obtained through the NRDC.The terms and conditions are: lumpsumpremium Rs 1,000 (USS75); recurringroyalty nil; nature of license nonexclu-sive; and period of license 14 years.Eight parties have obtained licensefrom NRDC for commercializing this

Mapof the fuelwoodsituationin developingcountriesat a scale of 1:25,000,000,available from FAO, Via Termedi Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Ita-ly.

A map accompanied by an ex-planatory brochure in English,French, Spanish and Arabicidentifies areas of fuelwoodscarcity, based on an FAO sur-vey conducted for the UN Con-ference on New and RenewableSources of Energy. As of1980, two billion people orthree-quarters of the populationof developing countries de-pended on fuelwood for dailydomestic energy needs. Scarci-ty affects 100 million while 1.5billion face growing deficits.Source: Development Forum,March 1987.

process and two parties are already inproduction.Also included in the inform atiun sentto CN was a list of references takenfrom the book Small Scale Production

of Lime for Building, by John Spiro-poulos, and available through GATE,P.O. Box 5180, D-6236 Eschbom 1,Federal Republic of Germany.

Firewood collection is often a woman's task


24/32

Page 24

V I TA In qui ry Serv iceIn the developing world, Volunteers inTechnical Assistance probably is bestknown for the VITA Inquiry Service.For 25 years, technical information hasbeen provided by mail, free of charge, toindividuals and groups, responding tothe expressed needs of people who seektheir own solutions to help themselves.At the center of the system is theVITA volunteer, a highly skilled indi-vidual who has a strong desire to helpothers. He or she becomes personallyinvolved through direct correspondencewith the requester, and this attachmentcan last as long as the requestor feels aneed for technical assistance. Today

there are more than 4,000 VITA volun-teers whose skills are accessible througha computerized skills roster. Technicalinquiries are farmed Out to volunteers af-ter a computer search selects the appro-priate names. VITA can answer inquiriesin English, French, or Spanish.Frequently asked technical questionsare also answered with standard respons-es, using basic documents that havebeen tested over the years for their use-fulness in developing country situa-tions. A new feature of the Inquiry Ser-vice is the creation of detailed technicalpapers, written by VITA volunteers.These papers are edited by VITA forsimplicity and clarity of language andcover subjects for which Mere are repeat-ed requests for information.

Occasionally, simply outlined plans,devised by VITA volunteers to solveparticular problems and that have beenfound to be useful in many parts of theworld, are used to respond to requestsabout such things as a simple well-

drilling rig or an inexpensive solarcooker. Many of these drawings are con-tained in the Village Technology Hand-book, published by VITA in 1971 andnow available in French and Spanish.This handbook is often found in theback pocket of Peace Corps volunteersand development workers in remote ruralvillages.In recent years, more and more re-quests from the Third World are frompeople who want to start a small busi-ness, upgrade an existing enterprise, orenter some kind of income-generatingactivity to augment family income. Inaddition to responding to technical ques-tions, VITA now also provides informa-tion on equipment suppliers, markets,and licensing. Sometimes VITA acts asa broker between a developing countryentrepreneur and an American supplieror investor. The end result of the VITA

inquiry process is the development ofsmall businesses and jobs.The inquiry service is funded in partby the U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment, and is provided free ofcharge to residents of developing coun-tries.For more information contact: BrijMathur, Volunteers in Technical Assis-tance, 1815 North Lynn St., Arlington,VA 22209, U.S.A.; tel: (703) 276-

1800; telex: 440 192 VITAUI; cable:VITA1NC.Source; News Notes, Action for FoodProduction (AFPRO), New Delhi, India.


25/32

1000-BookPortable A.T. Library

The Appropriate Technology Project(Volunteers in Asia) has produced a por-table Appropriate Technology Micro-fiche Library. It contains 1000 booksin full texton major topics in villagetechnology.The system consists of a portable mi-crofiche reader (12 in. wide, 12 in. deep,and 10 in. high), electric cords for 12-volt operation, and 1700 4 in. x 6 in.humidity- and fungus-proof silver-basedmicrofiche cards in a file box that fits ina desk drawer. The kit includes a hard-bound copy of the Appropriate Technol-ogy Sourcebook for indexed reference totitles and subjects in the library.This library of more than 128,000pages covers research, designs, and otherinformation in stoves and in energy aswell as in such areas as agricultural

page 25

tools, grain storage, water supply sys-tems, small enterprise, nonformal educa-tioniechniques, and other village tech-nology subjects.The library is the only source formore than 100 out-of-print but sought-after materials, such as the comprehen-sive The Farmer's Guide (Jamaican Ag-ricultural Society), and Small EarthDams (USDA). A list of publicationsincluded in the library is available uponrequest. The library is periodically up-(kited with new listings.The system weighs 24 lbs (11 kg),and sells for US $1045.

For more information, contact the Ap-propriate Technology Project, Volun-teers in Asia, P.O. Box 4543, Stanford,California, 94305 U.S.A.


26/32

Page 26

The Casamance Kiln, by EdwardKarch, Michael Boutette, and KjellChristoplicrsen, Energy DevelopmentInternational, 1987,57 pp.This book is a thorough look at theCasamance Kiln. The publication was

put together as a cooperative project be-tween EDI and the University of Idaho,both of the United States. The principleauthor is Edward Karch, the developer ofthe Casamance Kiln. The purpose andcontent of the book are best summarizedin the introduction."The preparation and dissemination ofinformation on the Casamance Kiln has

been minimal, not sufficiently detailed,and often erroneous. This publication isintended to show, step by step, how tobuild and operate the kiln. It is also of-fered as a case study of a technology thatwas developed from traditional methodsand that fits local needs. There also is

included a description of the process ofits development. We hope that the pub-lication will clear up any previous mis-leading information about the Casa-mance Kiln."The book itself is well illustrated withline drawings and is very easy to under-stand. Of particular interest is the chap-ter dealing with the development of thekiln. The story gives interesting insightinto how a technology can grow from ablending of many ideas. The construc-tion and operation sections are also quiteinformative. Rather than just tell youwhat to do, every effort is made to ex-plain why it is done.This type of publication is very usefulbecause it accurately and completely de-fines a new technology and explainshow it developed.The book is available at no cost fromEnergy Development International,1015 18th Street NW, Suite 802, Wash-ington, DC 20036, U.S.A.


27/32

111110b.

The Economics o f Small-ScaleCharcoal Production: A case studyof the Casamance Kiln, Energy Devel-opment International, 1987, 12 pp.This small booklet examines the ele-

ments that contribute to profitable char-coal making. The emphasis is on char-coal production site costs, not the moreusual analysis of transport costs. Al-though the figures are based on EdwardKarch's work with the Casamance Kiln,they are applicable to almost any small-scale charcoal operation.A variety of natural economic condi-

page '27tions were assessed in an attempt to iso-late significant variables. Simple com-puter models of kiln economics thenwere developed to project what wouldhappen if different elements changed.The information is mainly communicat-ed through easy-to-understand charts.Through these charts, one can easily seethe effect that a decrease in stumpagecharges or an increase in kiln efficiencywill have on profitability.The book is available without costfrom Energy Development International,1015 18th Street NW, Suite 802,Washington, DC 20036, U.S.A.

Useful plants o f India and Pakistan, by J.F. Dastur, published byD.B. Taraporewale. Just as the blurb on its cover says, this book is not onlyfor the botanist but also for the layman and entrepreneur interested in the po-tential wealth of plants and trees. Last price available: Rs. 29 (USS2.25).Tropical legumes: Resource for the future. National Academy ofSciences, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 1979. Free.Firewood crops: Shrub and tree species for energy production.National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 1979. Free.

Ideally, a social forestry project should involve not only a multitude of treesthat serve different purposes, but trees of which many parts can be used in thehome to derive an income. We've looked at Dastur's Useful plants of India andPakistan and it seems the Acacias offer solutions to many problems. Dasturdoes not list Acacias albida as a native of Africa, a fact we came across inTropical legumes.Among the tree's many benefits is the forage provided during a prolongeddry spell. The tree sheds its leaves with the rain and these rot in the moistureand humidity under the tree and make excellent fertilizer. Toward the end ofthe dry spell, pods ripen and fall, providing a protein-rich diet to cattle. Cur-rently, in the grasslands of Africa, animals shelter under them, leaving the are-as rich with manure. Because the tree has no leaves during the rains, the cropsgrown underneath do not suffer.Source: News Notes, Action for Food Production (AFTRO), New Delhi, India,May 1987.(AFPRO GIT UNIT IV Patna moved to Ranchi w_e.f. on May 2701, 1987. TheRanchi address is: AFPRO GIT UNIT IV, C-262, Ashoke Nagar. Ranchi 834012, Bihar, India.)


28/32

Page 28

Publications Available from AprovechoBooksCharcoal: Small Seale Production and Use, by G. Edward Karchand Michael Boutette, 1984. 60 pp, $7.00;Helping People in Poor Countries; Develop Fuel-Saving Cook-stoves, Aprovecho Production Team, 1980. 147 pp, $7.00;Lorena Stoves, Ianto Evans and Michael Boutette, 1981.(Replaces 1,,A)rena Owner-Built Stoves, Ianto Evans, 1979). 44pp, $6.00;Work ReportsBan ak Sluff Cookstoves in Senegal, Elisabeth Gem, Gina Amal-fitano, Ianto Evans, 1981. 67pp, $8.50;Guidelines on Evaluating the Fuel Consumption of ImprovedCookstoves, Margaret Thomas, Susan Binder, Gerry Freisen,Ianto Evans, 1981. 26pp, $5.00;Improved Cookstoves For Rural Senegal, lanto Evans, ElisabethGem, Laurence Jacobs, 1980. 60 pp, $7.50;Improved Cookstoves in Upper Volta, Elisabeth Gem, LaurenceJacobs, Ianto Evans, 1980. 115 pp, $10.00;Solutions To The Firewood Crisis, a collection of papers, 1982.42 pp, $4.00.PeriodicalsCookstove News, quarterly journal. $10.00 annual subscriptionto individuals, $20.00 to institutions, airmail $5.00 extra. Sub-scription u-a d e sm a yb ea r ra n ge dine xc h

able information or other journals. Complete library set-17 is-sues, volumes 1 through 6 $35 .00 , airmail $40.00.News From Aprovecho, six times annually, original informationon pemlaculture, stoves, low-consumption lifestyles, li fe at theResearch Center and all of Aprovechots work. Subscriptions$15.00

PublicationsAprovecho Institute,80 57 4 H azeiton Rd., Cottage Grove, OR 97 42 4 USA


29/32

A Di rec to ry :NGOs in the Forestry Sector2nd African Edition

1987

Page 29

A unique networking tool produced by the International Tree Project Clearing-house for African NG0s, community workers, foresters, international and nationalagencies or people interested in environmental issues including: more than 200 indigenous and international NGO profiles, ecosystem map and forest cover Map of Africa, a listing of over 100 resources relating to forestry activities of use to AfricanNG0s, summary key word indexes of forestry activities and areas of focus by countries.For a l l U .S . and in te rna t iona lorders (exc ept Cana dian )I.T.P.C.Non-Governmental Liaison ServiceDC2-1103, United NationsNew York, NY 10017Price: US $15.00 each

For Canadians onlyUNA of Canada63 Sparks Street, #808Ottawa, OntarioCanada KlP 5A6Price: Can. $20 each

Biomass Stoves: Engineering Design,Development, and Disseminationby Samuel F. Baldwin

This volume compiles years of research i n the field in West Africa and in thelab into the design requirements for optimum performance of biomass-fueledcookstoves. The research marked a kind of watershed in African stove research, anend to naive assumptions about stove design and performance and the demonstra-tion that even simple technologies require what Dr. Baldwin terms "elegant engi-neering" to achieve maximum efficiency. The, book focuses in detail on the prob-lems of deforestation that gave rise to the search for the improved stove and on thedesign and testing principles that were developed. It covers thoroughly the issues, ofstove construction and dissemination and includes detailed appendixes on the ele-ments of heat transfer as well as other areas. Extensive notes, references, and listsof institutions involved in cookstove projects and research round out the book.

Biomass Stoves: Engineering Design, Development, and Dissemination, 1987,287 pp., is available from VITA Publications, P.O. Box 12028, Arlington, VA22209, U.S.A. Price, including postage: U.S.A., US$35.75, International SurfaceUS$36.75, International Air US$47.00. Payment must accompany order.,


30/32

Page 30

Agriculture, Man,and EcologyOctober 26November 14, 1987April 18May 7, 1988Three-week training courses for exten-

sion workers from Nepal, Sri Lanka,and India.January 25February 20, 1988An international four-week trainingcourse for extension workers from allover Asia.These courses focus on

learning about techniques and meth-ods of ecological agriculture in theoryand practice, working On adapting these techniquesand methods to specific agro-ecologicalcircumstances, developing a plan for the incorpora-tion of an ecological approach towardagriculture in the individual work sta-tion.

The AME training courses on ecologi-cal agriculture are conducted by ETC.,Kastanjelaan 5, 3833 AN Leusden,Holland.

Introduction toErgonomicsSeptember 25November 5,1988Wageningen, The Netherlands

The joint (ILIFRO/CIGR/IAMMRH)Working Group PET ("promotion of er-gonomics in the tropics and developingcountries") is organizing the 4th train-ing course, "Introduction to Ergonom-ics" for staff members from tropical and

developing countries working in educa-tion, training, research, extension andmanagement in agriculture, forestry andagrolorestry, who want to incorporateergonomics (Am: human engineering)into their regular job.For information contact: SecretaryPET, F.J. Staudt, Vakgroep Bosbouw-techniek LIJW, Postbus 342, 6700 A l lWageningen, THE NETHERLANDS

Forestry Congress/International Sympo-sium on AgrolorestryNovember 1988La Habana, Cuba

The Forestry Congress is the first ofits kind to be organized in Cuba. I twill run concurrently with the Interna-tional Symposium on Agroforestry.Both events are hosted by the ForestryResearch Institute under the Ivlinistry ofAgriculture.For more information contact:Comite Organizador, 1 Congreso Fo-restal de Cuba, Palacio de las Conven-ciones, La Habana, Cuba. Telex:511609 PALCOCUBA


31/32

Page 31

Guatemala Permacul ture Study TourNovember 22-December 5, 1987January 10-23, 198 8Two-week study tou r of traditional sustainablemounta in agriculture systems,plus optional week fo r special project

Jointly Sponsored byAprovecho Institute and the Permaculture Institute of North America

P E R M A C U LT U R E is a design system that makes use of appropriate tech-nologies, organic gardening methods, solar energy, integrated aquaculture, agricul-ture, social and economic strategies and sensible landscape planning.Within a small area in western Guatemala are arid and humid tropical ecologies,rainforests, export crops, and subsistence farming. The region is a unique reservoirof sustainable peasant agriculture, of traditional villages and cultures, often at highaltitudes on precipitous slopes. Guatemalan farmers are under pressure to adopt im-ported fertilizer and pesticides; the traditional cultures are disintegrating.Aproveeho Institute is invited by the Guatemalan Minister of Agriculture tostudy traditional agriculture systems and advise how permaculture methods bothtraditional and modern can be incorporated into government agricultural policy.The study tour will collect material for a report to be prepared in week three.The course is for land and resource planners, local development workers and ex-tension agents, agriculture missionaries, students and teachers of Third World con-ditions, foresters, international netvvorkers, researchers in sustainable agricultureand appropriate technology, and international volunteers. Central American partici-pants will be encouraged to expand the diversity of background and experience inthe group.

Where: Based at Solola School of Agriculture on Lake Atitlan, surrounded byintensive traditional vegetable farms, with spectacular views on lakes and volca-noes. Daily field trips to traditional farms, markets and villages from sea level to10,000 feet. Examples of most tropical and subtropical agriculture systems(coconuts to potatoes), all within 50 miles.Instructors: Dr. William Role), a n d I a n t oE v a n sw i l ll e a dat e a c h in gt e amof

international development workers and Guatemalan agricultural specialists. Roleyand Evans have taught four Third World Permaculture course together; both haveextensive experience in small-scale agriculture and practical permaculture. Bothhave worked in Guatemala, where Evans spent three years developing fuel-conserving cookstoves and studying agriculture and settlement patterns.Cost: $600 plus fare. Part of the fee provides scholarships for Central Ameri-cans. Cost includes tuition, accommodation, food, and all field trips. $100 deposit.20 person limit. Part work trades available; part scholarships for Third World resi-dents.Contact: Guatemala Study Tour, Aprovecho Institute, 80574 Hazelton Rd.,Cottage Grove, OR 97424 USA. Phone: (503) 942-9434.


32/32

Documents

Cookstove News Vol. 7 No. 3