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Contribution of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW) to High Mountain Observations and ABC. Leonard Barrie Chief, Environment Division, WMO [email protected] Search Engine “GAW” www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/gaw_home.html. The GAW Mission. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005
Contribution of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)
to High Mountain Observations and ABC
Leonard Barrie
Chief, Environment Division, WMO
Search Engine “GAW” www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/gaw_home.html
2Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005
The GAW Mission
Systematic Global Monitoring Of Chemical
Composition of the Atmosphere.
Analysis and Assessment in Support of
International Conventions.
Development Of Air Pollution and Climate
Predictive Capability
GAW Monitoring ComponentsSCIENTIFIC ADVISORY
GROUPS:AEROSOL OZONE GHGs
PRECIP-CHEM UVREACTIVE GASES
QUALITY ASSURANCE-SCIENCE ACTIVITY CENTRES
WCCs, RCCs, Projects
CENTRALCALIBRATION LABORATORIES
(World Reference Standard)
GAW STATIONS & GAWSIS
Global Regional
GAW WORLD DATA CENTRES:OZONE/UV GHGs(& Related Gases) AEROSOL PRECIP-CHEM
RADIATION
Analysis
Twinning
Workshops
Calibration, Training Site Visits, Comparisons
SynthesisIGACO
ContributingNetworks
SatelliteObservations
CAS/WG Environmental Pollution
And Atmospheric Chemistry(EPAC)
WMO/GAW Secretariat
AREP
4Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005
Central Calibration Laboratories{Hosts of WMO World Reference Standards}
CO2, CH4, N2O, CO NOAA CMDL USA
Total Ozone NOAA CMDL USA DobsonMSC, Canada Brewer
MGO, Russia M124
Ozone Sondes FZ-Juelich, Germany
In Situ Ozone NIST USA
Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH
World or Regional Calibration Centres{Linking Observations to World Reference Standards and Ensuring Network Comparability}
Total Ozone 6 Regional Dobson Centres1 Regional EU Brewer Centre
1 Brewer travelling standard
Ozone Sondes FZ-Julich, Germany
In Situ O3, CO, CH4 EMPA, Switzerland
CO2 , CH4, N2O NOAA CMDL USA
N2O , VOC IMK-IFU Garmisch Germany
Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH
Aerosol physical IFT, Leipzig, Germany
Precip. Chemistry SUNY Albany USA
GAW Station Information System …GAWSIS Online - comprehensive information on all GAW stations
• Database • Search / Update • Inventory / Audit
(Supported by Switzerland)
7Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005
40
0
South Pole
Point Barrow
Mauna Loa
Alert
Pallas-Sodankylä
Minamitorishima
Kenya
Assekrem -Tamanrasset
Arembepe
Ushuaia
Izana
Amsterdam IslandCape Grim
Cape Point
Samoa
Ny Ålesund
Lauder
Mace Head
40
80
40
0
40
80
160 80 0 80 160
Nov. 2005
Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg
Mt Waliguan
Neumayer Station
Bukit Koto Tabang
Jungfraujoch
GLOBAL STATIONS IN GAW
Danum Valley
GAW GLOBAL TOTAL COLUMN OZONE NETWORK: 2001- 2004Stations Submitting Data
The symbols represent different instrument types.
Compliments of WOUDC, MSC, Toronto {Ed Hare Manager}.
Building A Global AOD Network Monitoring
Swiss GAW and SAG-Aerosols organize with international co-sponsors:
A WMO/GAW Experts Workshop
A Global Surface-Based Network for Long Term Observations of Column Aerosol Optical Properties
hosted by C. Wehrli, WORCC PMOD
March 2004 in Davos
Product A Blueprint For Moving Forward Foreword by
G. Mueller of MeteoSwiss & Hal Maring of NASA Headquarters
The Ground-based Global AOD Network “is currently un-coordinated”
Latitudinal distributionPolar regions: 4Midlatitude North: 50Tropics: 26Midlatitude South: 10Total 90
Major data gapsAfrica, Asia, India, Polar region and Oceans
International: AERONET, BSRN, GAWPFR, SKYNET Courtesy of Chris Wehrli Davos AOD Calibration centreNational: Australia, China, Finland, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, USA(4)
Global AOD Network Long-term Sites4+ years in operation, >50% coverage, as of March 2004
Total count = 90
AERONET-LTOther
Operational Aerosol Satellites Are Coming:So Far Only Demonstration Missions
A best estimate of the global distribution of annual average tropospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) compiled by combining data from six satellites (operating for limited periods between 1979 and 2004). Observations for a region were selected using ground- based AOD observations as guidance ( courtesy of S. Kinne MPI, Hamburg, Germany ).
Mauna Loa
Summit
Mt.Kenya
AssekremIzana
Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg
JungfraujochMt Cimone Sonnblick
Mt.Waliguan
South Pole
Acknowledgements & Thanks To:
Russ Schnell Paolo Bonasoni Emilio Cuevas August Kaiser Wolfgang Fricke
Hans Claude Stefan Reimann Jorg Klausen John Burkhart Jack Dibb
Global Halocarbon Trends
Mauna Loa Aerosol Lidar
1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008
Sol
ar R
adia
tion
Tra
nsm
itted
(%
)
Agung 8.3 SVEI 4
El Chichón 17.4 N VEI 5
Pinatubo 15.1 N VEI 6
100
90
80
70
Volcanic Eruptions
Fuego14.5 NVEI 4
Mauna Loa Observatory Atmospheric Transmission
Mt. Cimone GAW
Research Station
Lat. 44.11 N, Lon. 10. 42 E, 2165 m asl
Measurements carried out at Mt. Cimone
IPCC report, 2001
• O3 and CO CNR
• CO2 by Italian Air Force Meteorological Service
• Halocarbons: CFC-11 ,CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC-115, H-1211, H-1301, HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCFC-124, HFC-125, HCFC-152a, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, C2F6, SF6, CH3Cl, CH3Br, CHCl3, CH2Cl2 collaboration : Urbino University - CNR
• 7Be, 210Pb, 222Rn collaboration: Bologna University - CNR
• Environmental radiation (cosmic ray) collaboration : Bologna University – INAF - CNR
• PM10 collab. Bologna Univ.- JRC Ispra - CNR
• Size aerosol distribution, BC CNR
• NO2 and O3 total column (DOAS) CNR
• Solar radiation CNR
• Bioaerosol (pollen and spore) CNR
• Meteorological parameters CNR and Italian Air Force Meteorological Service
24Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005
1814 15 16 17
0
1
2
3
Part
icelle /
cm
3
July 2003
Coarse particle concentration at Coarse particle concentration at Mt. Cimone Station during a Mt. Cimone Station during a Saharan dust transport Saharan dust transport emphasize by MODIS Satellite emphasize by MODIS Satellite
image image
Mt. CimoneMt. Cimone
MODISModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
July 16, 2003
P. Bonasoni, et al.: Aerosol-ozone correlations during dust transport episodes. ACP, 4, 1–15, 2004
Saharan dust events and O3 concentrations
Identification of Saharan dust transports: 2003
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Co
arse
par
ticl
e n
um
ber
con
cen
trat
ion
(N
/cm
3)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
O3D
ET
(p
pb
v)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90Coarse particleOzone
Colombo T. et al., Biospheric influence on CO2 measurements in Italy. Atm.Env. 34, 4963-4969, 2000
26Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005
View of the Po Valley from Mt. Cimone View of the Po Valley from Mt. Cimone during a summer haze dayduring a summer haze day
Influence of Po basin air masses on O3 at MTC – SUMMER 2003
Selection of transport episodes from Po basin (air mass back-trajectory)
P.Bonasoni et al.: Background ozone variations at Mt. Cimone. Atm.Env. 34, N. 29-30, 2000
Influence of polluted air masses on background OInfluence of polluted air masses on background O33 concentration concentration
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Dai
ly O
3 co
nce
ntr
atio
n
(pp
bv)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
O3
(%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30DAILY O3SI EVENTS
Mt. Cimone monitoring and analysis of stratospheric intrusion events
2) Experimental : “Six-year analysis of stratospheric intrusion events at MTC”
1) Model evaluation:
Time (hours)
Stratosphere-to-troposphere transport: A model and method evaluation
P.Cristofanelli et al., Model evaluation ... JGR, 108(D12), 2003. P.Cristofanelli et al., Six-year .. JGR, in press
28Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS OF HALOGENATED
GREENHOUSE GASES AT JUNGFRAUJOCH,
SWITZERLAND AND OTHER EUROPEAN SITES
Materials Science&Technology
Stefan ReimannDoris Folini
Martin Vollmer
EmpaSwiss Institute of Materials Science and Technology
Increasing HFC 134a coolant agent in air conditioners/fridges
0
50
100
150
200
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
ppt
Monte CimoneJungfraujochMace HeadNy-Alesund
Merging trajectories and pollution events at Jungfraujoch and Monte Cimone for European
source allocation
2-days back trajectories,grid 7x7 km
measurements
potential source regions of the refrigerant HFC 125
European sources of the foam blowing agent HFC 152a as seen from Jungfraujoch
520 t330 t
4 t1880 t
460 t0 t
2001 2002 2003 2004
2003 National Communications to UNFCCC
AustriaBelgiumNetherlandsGermanyFranceItaly
The GAW-DACH Co-operation: Aims, structure and outcome• Co-operation between Germany, Austria and Switzerland within the GAW
Programme under the guidance of the National Weather Services• Since 1996• Aims• Common data base• Exchange of experiences in measurement techniques
• - Spatial representativeness of the measured data (NOx, CO, O3) Fricke et al., 2000 (DWD, 211) (German language)- Calculation and interpretation of the air pollution trends (NOx, CO, O3) Trend report (2003) (German lang.)
GAW-DACH Potential air pollutant source regions (red) Period: 1. 1. 1999 – 31. 12. 2002
Ozone (Dec. – Feb.) Ozone (June - Aug.)
Measurement sites: Jungfraujoch, Hohenpeißenberg, Zugspitze, Sonnblick, Mt. KrvavecWinter: Ozone from above 3000 m; summer: Ozone from the continent and from the Mediterranean
Izaña (IZO)2400 m a.s.l.
A.J. Gomez-Pelaez, R. Ramos, J. Perez-delaPuerta, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Continuous Measurements at Izana GAW Station (Spain), “Report of the 13th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques (Boulder, USA, 19-22 September 2005)” GAW Report (WMO)
Carbon Dioxide daily night mean mixing ratio at Izana Observatory (INM)
A.J. Gomez-Pelaez, R. Ramos, J. Perez-delaPuerta, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Continuous Measurements at Izana GAW Station (Spain), “Report of the 13th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques (Boulder, USA, 19-22 September 2005)” GAW Report (WMO)
Methane daily night mean mixing ratio at Izana Observatory (INM)
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
OZ
ON
O T
OT
AL
(U
nid
ad
es
Do
bs
on
)
Brw#033
Brw#157
N7-TOMS
M3-TOMS
EP-Toms
Izaña Total Ozone series TOMS+BREWER
Total ozone (DU) over Izaña; Redondas & Cuevas
Manuel Gil & Margarita Yela (INTA)
Time series of the NO2 total column density over Izaña Observatory
-560C
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
To
tal
Ozo
ne
(DU
)
0
100
200
300
400
South Pole Ozone Hole
October 15-30 Average
Ozone Partial Pressure (mPa)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Altitu
de
(km)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35Before - 23 August 2000During - 29 September 2000After - 19 November 2000
South Pole Ozone HoleOzonesonde Profiles
Dobson Total Column Ozone
Alt
itu
de
(km
)
41Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005
GEOSummit
Site of the GISP II project (1989-93) Currently manned year round by a
minimum of four personnel Berthing, office, and laboratory space
available and powered continuously Research results led to the Memorandum
of Understanding between the US-NSF, Danish Polar Centre, and the Greenland Home Rule
Special issue on Air-Snow Exchange Studies at Summit to be published by Atmospheric Environment in 2006
72º 34’ N, 38º 29’ W, 3250 m.a.s.l.
Greenland Environmental Observatory ~ Summit
Cooperating Agencies:
GEOSummit Science Coordination OfficeJack Dibb
John BurkhartRoger Bales
7Be and 210Pb Radionuclides
Summer peak in 7Be unique at Summit among Arctic sites, indicating significant seasonal influence from the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere
210Pb concentrations decrease with increasing elevation to Summit. Distinct lack of a winter peak confirms that Arctic Haze rarely extends to 3 km altitude over Summit
(Filter samples analyzed by J. E. Dibb at Univ. NH)
Year round sampling of trace gases NOAA ESRL/GMD sampling
at Summit demonstrates the value of the site as a unique, high latitude, free troposphere observatory.
Opposing secular trends in CO2 and δ13C reflect anthropogenic input, antiphase seasonality due to C uptake by terrestrial biosphere.
Methane and CO show little recent change, yet clear seasonality.
N2O and SF6 (minor GH gases) show anthropogenic increases.
Hydrocarbon Seasonality
Seasonal cycles of hydrocarbons mainly reflect anthropogenic emissions and a weaker winter OH sink
Reproducibility of cycles over 8 years indicates source/sink balance, providing sensitive baseline to detect/quantify future changes
(Whole air samples analyzed by the D. R. Blake group at UC Irvine)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400T
OT
AL
OZ
ON
E (
Do
bso
n U
nit
s)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
TO
TA
L O
ZO
NE
(D
ob
son
Un
its)
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
SOUTH POLE Average Total Column Ozone: 1991-2001
SUMMIT Total Column Ozone: 2004 / 2005
NASA TOMS Satellite
NOAA CMDL
Ozonesondes
ANTARCTICA 90º S
GREENLAND 72.6º N
NOAA CMDL
Ozonesondes
< 220 DU “ozone hole” conditions
Match Campaign time period
Carbon Monoxide at the Global GAW Station Mt. KenyaJörg Klausen1, Stephan Henne1, Josiah Kariuki Murageh2
1Empa Dübendorf, 2Kenya Meteorological Department
Materials Science &Technology
QA/SAC Switzerland
Contact: [email protected]
Science Issues
• Long-range transport (India, Arabia, Southern ocean)
• Trends in global equatorial background
• Biomass burning
Monsoon patterns dominate general airflow
Very low CO due to clean marine air
2002-10 2003-02 2003-06 2003-10 2004-02 2004-06 2004-10
6080
100
140
180
MKN - in situ CO (preliminary)
Date
Dai
ly C
O (p
pb)
49Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005
THANK YOU
WMO