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AD01CTS ‐ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES 

Alfrendo Satyanaga

Lecture 4 – Service Integration

WHICH BUILDING DO YOU PREFER TO ENTER ? HOW DO I 

WANT TO REACH TO THE 

TOP ?

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WHY THIS BUILDING SO WELL KNOWN ?

Classification on Buildings

• Group A – Residential building

• Group B – Education building

• Group C – Institutional building

• Group D – Assembly building

• Group E – Business building

• Group F ‐ Industrial building

• Group G – Storage building

• Group H – Hazardous building

Classification on Buildings

Group A – Residential Buildings:•Sleeping accommodation is provided•Permanently or temporarily dwelling•With or without dining or facilities•Example: apartments, bungalows,dormitories, private houses, hotels,hostels, cottages, holiday campus

Group B – Educational Buildings :•Buildings meant for education•Nursery to the university•Example: schools, colleges,universities, training institutes

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Classification on Buildings

Group C –Institutional Buildings :•Any building used for the purposes suchas medical, care of infants or agedpersons, detention•Normally provide sleepingaccommodation for the occupants.

Group D –Assembly Buildings :•Building where groups of peopleassemble or gather for amusement,recreation, social, religious•Example: theatres, auditorium,exhibition halls, museums, gymnasiums,restaurants, places of worship, publictransportation

Classification on Buildings

Group E –Business Buildings :•Building which is used for purposessuch as transaction of business,keeping of accounts and records,dispensaries and clinics, news stands,barber shops, banks, city halls

Group F – Industrial Buildings :•Building or structure in whichproducts are fabricated, assembledor processed.•Example: laboratories, assemblyplants, laundries, gas plants, powerplants, refineries, diaries

Classification on Buildings

Group G – Storage Buildings :•Building structures which areprimarily used for storage of goods,merchandise, vehicles or animals.•Example: warehouses, depots, storehouses, truck terminals, garages

Group H – Hazardous Buildings :•Building structures which are usedfor the storage, manufacture ofmaterials which are liable to burn andhazardous to health and building.•Buildings used for storage of gasesunder high pressure or for storage ofhighly flammable liquids or explosivematerials.

Building Services

• Basically “BUILDING SERVICES” is what make thebuilding comes to life i.e. what makes the buildingwork.

• Building should be designed in such a way toprovide an environment where people can feelcomfortable, safe, work and liveable.

• Building services contribute largely to thesustainability & functioning of the building.

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Building Services

• Building services is based on engineering principles that are applied to construction of building and the built environment.

• Construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure.

• Built Environment refers to the human‐made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity.

How is Building Services related to Building Works

• Many services works are required to run within the building, the layout of which needs to be carefully coordinated with other building works.

e.g.

‐ openings on walls and floors

‐ loading concern as for machine stand

‐ installation concern as for fixing or hanger arrangement

How is Building Services related to Building Works

• A large number of building services are required to fit‐out carefully with the building finishes works

e.g.

‐ Sanitary fittings

‐ switch and panels on finished walls

‐ interior decoration related works

How is Building Services related to Building Works

• Plant and equipment for many building services are heavy and huge in size that need special accommodation and handling during  the construction process

e.g.

‐Machinery: chiller plant, air handling units, transformer, generator, lift machine, pumps

‐ Pipe : for water supply, gas, drain, chill water, fire services

‐ Duct : ventilation and air distribution system

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How is Building Services related to Building Works

• Many services are placed in inconvenient locations where access and installation are very difficult

e.g.

‐ On roof – chiller plant

‐ In mechanical floor or machine room –transformer, pumps and air handling units, air filters, water storage tanks

‐Within ceiling void – cable, pipe, duct, a/c units, lighting and detectors

How is Building Services related to Building Works

• Some of the building service works affect the critical path of a building programme

e.g.

‐ Lift Services – required the handling over of the lift shaft and machine room for lift installation

‐ Electrical – require to complete before the safe operation of the essential lighting, lift and fire services system

How is Building Services related to Building Works

• Some of the building service works are thus required to complete for operation and inspection before the issuance of an Building Occupation Permit

e.g.

‐ HVAC – form part of the essential building services for habitation and is also a major concern of the fire Services system

‐ Plumbing & Drainage – required for the safe and convenient habitation of a building

Components of Built Environment

• PRODUCTS

• INTERIORS

• STRUCTURES

• LANDSCAPES

• CITIES

• REGIONS

• EARTH

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Products

• Materials and products,  generally created to  extend human capacity to perform specific task: tools (pen and pencils,  hammer and saw)

Interiors

• A space defined by an arranged grouping of products and within the walls of a structure,  generally created to enhance activities and mediate external factors (living room,  work rooms,  public assembly halls and stadiums)

Structures

• A planned grouping of spaces defined by and constructed of products, generally combining related activities into composite structures (housing,  school,  office building,  mosque, factories,  highways,  bridges,  tunnels,  etc.)  Generally,  structures have dual internal spaces and external form characteristics.

Landscapes

• Exterior spaces and or setting for planned grouping of structures and spaces (courtyard,  malls,  parks,  landscapes,  sites for home and other structures,  farm,  countryside,  national forest)

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Cities

• Grouping of structures or landscape of varying sizes and complexities,  generally clustered together to define a community for economic,  social ,  cultural and environmental reasons (Subdivisions,  neighborhood,  villages or town and cities of varying sizes)

Regions

• Grouping of cities and landscapes of various sizes and complexities.

• It is defined by common political,  social,  economic and environmental characteristic

Earth

• All of the above, are thecomponents of the builtenvironment.

Building Services

• Building Services are divided between design and installation.

• Nowadays, Building Services also related closely to sustainability and green technology.

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Sustainable Building Building Services

• Energy supply – gas and electricity

• Water supply – supply, drainage and plumbing

• Heating and ventilating

• Lighting ‐ Day lighting and artificial lighting

• Escalators and lifts

• Harnessing solar, wind and biomass energy

• Communications, telephones and IT networks

• Security and alarm systems

• Fire detection and protection

• Air conditioning and refrigeration

Building Services

Building services are mainly divided into:

• Mechanical Systems

• Electrical Systems

• Building Operation System.

Mechanical Systems

HVAC Systems:stands for “heating, ventilating and air‐conditioning”and includes a variety of active mechanical/electricalsystems to provide thermal control in buildingsControl of the thermal environment is a key objectivefor virtually all occupied buildings. Better thermalcomfort will influence occupant health, satisfactionand productivity.

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HVAC Systems

• Energy source–Electrical power, gas, oil, coal, central steam, hot water, chilled water (location and capacity)

• Heating/cooling–Central air handling, direct radiation, in‐space unitary equipment.

• Comfort controls–Number of control zones, humidity, temperature

• Central plant–Estimated normal (or base) and standby capacities

• Heat rejection ‐Water cooling tower, air cooled condenser, evaporative cooler

• Location of equipment–Central equipment rooms, on floor, on roof, on ground

HVAC Systems

• Ventilation–Outside air requirements (minimum, high, or 100%)

• Exhaust ‐General, food preparation, toxic and special exhaust systems, etc.

• Automation –Building automation system (BAS), building management system (BMS)

Mechanical Systems

Plumbing and sanitation system: • Energy source–Electrical 

power, gas, oil, central steam, hot water, etc.

• Water supply–Public water, river, well, etc.; water pressure, capacity available, and location

• Hot water supply–Hot water heaters or heat exchangers

Mechanical Systems

Plumbing and sanitation system: • Sewage disposal –Sanitary, sewers, sewage 

treatment plant, septic tanks, drainage and filtering fields

• Storm/Rain water drainage–Roof, area, and means of discharge; locations

• Subsoil drainage–Drainpipes, sumps, pumps, and discharge, etc.

• Building facilities–Plumbing fixtures, water, waste, soil, piping

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Mechanical Systems

Gas Supply: 

cooking gas, commercial gas, 

oxygen & nitrogen gas in 

hospitals Piping, Pressure 

Regulation & Supply of gas from 

its container to required area.

Mechanical Systems

Fire Protection Systems: 

• Energy source–Electrical power, gas, oil• Water supply–Flow rate and available pressure at water 

main, location. Separate service or combination with plumbing water supply

• Water storage–Lake, pond, storage tanks (locations and capacities)

• Fire and smoke detection – Thermal and smoke detectors

• Fire containment – Fire shutters, compartmentalization

Mechanical Systems

Fire Protection Systems: 

• Smoke containment and evacuation – Smoke exhaust and pressure controls

• Stairway smoke prevention – Stair pressurization• Fire annunciation–Fire alarm, public address, fire 

department connections• Fire extinguishing–Portable extinguishers, automatic 

sprinklers (water, mist, dry chemical, foam, special gases)

• Fire fighting–Fire hose and standpipe systems• Lightning protection–Air terminals, grounding 

conductors

Electrical Systems

Electrical power: 

• Normal energy source–Utility power or on‐site power (location and capacity); power characteristics (phase and voltage); service entrance (overhead, underground); service requirements (substations, transformer vaults); etc.

• Emergency power source –Separate utility service or on‐site standby generators (location and capacity)

• Interior power distribution –Primary or secondary voltages, unit substations, distribution panels, etc.

• On‐floor distribution–Floor boxes, under‐floor ducts, integrated cellular floors, raised floors, ceiling‐cavity conduit network, etc.

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Electrical Systems

Electrical power: 

• Emergency power distribution –For critical equipment and emergency lighting loads

• Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) –For critical building operations such as computers and communication networks; power storage

• Power for building systems –plumbing, sanitary, fire protection

• Power for building operational equipment –Food service, waste disposal, laundry, garage

• Power for vertical transportation systems –Interface with elevator consultant on power and controls for elevators and escalators

Electrical Systems

Lightning systems: 

• Basic light source–Incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge (HID),

• Illumination –Lighting levels, colour rendering, controls• Lighting fixtures –In offices and other work spaces• Architectural lighting–Interface between architect, 

lighting and/or electrical consultant on public or special spaces

• Introduction of daylight –Fenestration, skylights, controls 

• Exit lighting –Exit signs, evacuation route light• Exterior lighting –Site, landscape, building facade, 

aircraft warning lights

Electrical Systems

Auxiliary systems: 

• Telephone and telecommunication–Type, number of lines and stations, switchboard (manual, PBX), basic and special features, facsimile, modem, etc.

• Data distribution systems–Multiple conductor cables, twisted pairs, coaxial cables, Fibre optic cables, wire closets, etc.

• Public address –Intercom, paging and music systems• Audio/video –Radio, TV, and signal distribution systems• Satellite dishes –Number, diameter, and orientation• Transmission –Transmitter and microwave towers• Cable –CCTV distribution systems, locations, and 

interfacing with other auxiliary systems

Electrical Systems

Auxiliary systems: 

• Time and signal –Clock and program systems• Fire detection and alarm systems –Interface with fire 

protection consultants• Automatic controls –Interface with HVAC and other 

building service consultants• Security systems –CCTV monitoring, detecting, 

alarming, controlling, and interface with security consultant

• Specialty systems –Numerous specialty systems for hospitals, research, computer centres, and industrial, military, or defence facilities, as applicable

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Building Operation Systems

Auxiliary systems: 

• Transportation–Elevators, escalators, moving 

walkways/travelators, etc.

• Processing–Products, food service, etc.

• Automation–Environmental controls, management, etc.

• Special systems

Impact Mechanical & Electrical Systems

• Demand considerable amounts of floor and ceiling space –proper space allocation is needed during the preliminary planning

• Add to the cost of construction of a building –sophisticated buildings, such as research buildings, hospitals, computer centres

• Increase in energy consumption –energy consumed by occupied buildings, including residential, commercial, institutional and industrial facilities, account for 50% of all energy usage by an industrialised country; it also accounts for large portion of the operating costs of such buildings 

Mechanical & Electrical Systems

The complexity of M&E systems varies with:

• Living standards of the society 

• Climatic conditions of the region

• Occupancy and quality of the building

Importance of Building Services

• Building services are indispensable for buildings• For example: certain types of building such as

department store or industrial buildings arealmost 100% dependent on electrical lighting,ventilating and air‐conditioning

• High rise buildings rely on verticaltransportation and high speed pressure forwater supply.

• The implementation of services demands aconsiderable amount of floor and ceiling soproper planning is necessary for their allocation

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Building Services System

Elements that influence the design of building services system :1) Moisture2) Heat3) Ventilation / Air4) Lighting5) Acoustic

Moisture

• The humidity content of water vapor in the air can be expressed as absolute humidity, humidity ratio (relative) or water vapor pressure deficit.

• The effect of high air humidity is dew and fog.

MoistureThe relation 

with building ?

corrosion

moldy

rotten

Heat

• In physics and chemistry, heat is energy in transfer between a system and its surroundings other than by work or transfer of matter

• On that matter, a building at shelter should consider a thermal comfort for human.

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Heat

• Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) design engineers.

• Heat from building can gain from external and internal

Heat

Generally, there are FOUR heat transfer 

sources within any building, they are: 

1. Fabric: Heat losses

2. Ventilation: Heat loss 

3. Solar: Heat gains 

4. Internal: Heat gains

Heat Heat

• Solar heat gain through windows and/or walls provides a valuable contribution of space heating.

• The solar heat gain through a glazed area is calculated by: 

Q Solar = Area of window x solar intensity x Transmissivity.

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Heat

• Casual heat gains inside a building provide a valuable source of heat contribution to space heating.

• Sources include :  occupants  lights  equipments

Ventilation

• Process to maintain the level of comfort for temperature, humidity and oxygen in a space with the fresh air flowing from one space to another space to replace the dirty air.

• Required air quantity are different depending on the nature of buildings and activities.

Ventilation

Keep fresh air for respiratory system

Oxygen content is enough

Control Carbon Dioxide

Control the moisture level Lowering the heat level Remove dust and odors

Ventilation

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Ventilation

Natural Ventilation Mechanical 

Ventilation

Ventilation

• Mechanical ventilation systems are frequently applied to commercial buildings, workshops, factories, etc., where the air change requirements are defined for health and welfare provision. 

• There are three categories of system:1. Natural inlet and mechanical extract2. Mechanical inlet and natural extract3. Mechanical inlet and mechanical   extract

Ventilation Ventilation

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Ventilation Ventilation

FANS

‐ Propeller Fan does not create much air pressure and has limited effect in ductwork. Ideal for use at air openings in windows and walls.

Ventilation

FANS

‐ Axial Flow Fan can develop high pressure and is used for moving air through long sections of ductwork. The fan is integral with the run of ducting and does not require a base.

Ventilation

FANS

‐ Centrifugal Fan can produce high pressure and has the capacity for large volumes of air. Most suited to larger installations such as air conditioning systems. It may have one or two inlets. Various forms of impeller can be selected depending on the air condition. Variable impellers and pulley ratios from the detached drive motor make this the most versatile of fans

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Lighting

• Light travels in straight lines

• Light travel very fast – around 300,00 km per 

second

• Light travel much faster than sound.

Lighting

• Lighting is divided into two types ;

1‐ Natural lighting / Daylighting

2‐ Artificial Lighting

• What is Daylighting ?

Lighting

Factors that influence the brightness of the room:

1. Natural Brightness

2. Size, Shape and Position of Windows

3. Internal Reflected

4. External Reflected

Lighting

• The daylight received inside a building can be expressed as the ratio of the illumination at the working point indoors, to the total light available simultaneously outdoors

• This can also be expressed as a percentage and it is known as the daylight factor 

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Lighting

The daylight factor includes light from:

• Sky component ‐ light received directly from the sky; excluding direct sunlight.

• External reflected component ‐ light received from exterior reflecting surfaces.

• Internal reflected component ‐ light received from internal reflecting surfaces.

Lighting

Artificial lighting

Definition ‐ electrically generated light in which involve components and switches.

Lighting

Artifical lighting selection factors :

1. Quantity of light

2. Quality of colour

3. Level of glare

4. Quality of focusing

5. Electric usage

6. Costing

7. Physical properties

8. Amount of natural lighting

Lighting

Nature of Artificial Lighting

Luminous Efficiency Life Expectancy

Temperature & Colour

Highlighting Colour

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Lighting

LIGHTING SYSTEM

GENERAL LIGHTING

LOCALISED LIGHTING

LOCAL LIGHTING

Lighting

General Lighting

• provide uniform illumination across the working plane

• lamps are mounted in the systematic and structured.

• Advantage : work location can be changed without changing position lamp

• Disadvantage : the same level of radiation for the location of critical and critical space

General Lighting Lighting

Localised Lighting

• to give light irradiation required to work at locations and also a minimal irradiation at other non‐work location.

• Advantage : use less electricity than general lighting

• Disadvantage : work location can not be changing without modified the position of lights.

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Localised Lighting Lighting

Local Lighting

• The required irradiation only for small work area.

• must be accompanied by adequate general lighting for some of the passages and other areas that are not critical.

• Advantage : save the electric and separate control

• Disadvantages : high maintenance cost

Local Lighting Lighting

Type of control

1. Manual switch

2. Remote switch

3. Timer switch

4. Photo‐electric cell switch

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Acoustic

• Purpose ‐ lowering the noise level in a reverberation or canal space.

• Factors :

1. Type of acoustic material

2. Cost

3. Density

4. Fire proof

5. Moisture resistance

6. Physical factors

7. Aesthetic value

Acoustic

POROUS ABSOBER

CAVITY RESONATOR

Acoustic

Porous absorber

• 2 types which is plate and bulk

• if thick absorbent material thinner than the wavelength of sound ; it called plate

• If thick of absorbent material is thicker than the wavelength of sound; it called bulk

Plate Acoustic

Glass wool fiber

Mineral wool fiber

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Bulk Acoustic

Curtain

Carpet 

Acoustic comforter

Acoustic plaster 

Acoustic

Cavity resonator

‐ Used in place that require / use robust.

‐ Example ; cinema / bowling arena/ theater 

stage

Tutorial Questions

1. In tropical country like Singapore, heat is important 

element which must be considered in designing the 

building service. How can heat be transferred within 

any building? Which system of building services that 

are related to heat control? Describe briefly this 

mechanical system of building services. State and 

explain 3 other important mechanical systems for 

building services.

Tutorial Questions

2. Lightning is one important aspect that need to be 

considered in designing services for rooms. Describe 4 

aspects that affect the brightness of the room. Explain 

two types of lightning.

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Tutorial Questions

3. Acoustic is one element of building services that 

require high attention in designing cinema. Explain 2 

types of acoustic including the applicability of each 

type. Which type of acoustic protection is suitable 

for cinema?

THANK YOU