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Conservation of Apis mellifera from Africanized hybrids Amy Schabel
Background on HoneybeesHoneybeeBumble bee
Why are honeybees important?
Honeybee GeneticsQueen, Worker, DroneThe Queen
Africanized HoneybeeHybrids that are creating competition and inbreeding
Genetic Impacts on the HoneybeeDecrease amount of individuals with each generationHybrids taking over colonies and the genetic diversity of Apis mellifera
ObjectivesTo see if the bottle neck and genetic drifts were impacting Apis melliferas genetic make up.Specifically looked at heterozygosity to see if has been impacted by the hybrids by:Compare Ho and He of different populationsComapre Ho between lineagesComapre Ho between Africanized and Non-Africanized colony populations
MethodsResearch articles and books for more knowledge on the honeybee itself and the genetic impacts the honeybee is going through.
Conclusiont-ratio = 7.40p < 0.05
Chart1
0.6180.016220.01622
0.498
Difference: He - Ho
Figure 1. Comaprison of Ho values and He values from six loci all samples were taken from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Sheet1
0.01622
MeanStandard Error
He0.618Africanized Colonies0.750.056
Ho0.498Non-Africanized Colonies0.390.037
MeanStandard Error
A0.830.06
C0.530.06
M0.340.04
Sheet1
00.016220.01622
0
Difference: He - Ho
Figure 1. Comaprison of Ho values and He values from six loci all samples were taken from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Sheet2
00.0560.037
0
Ho
Figure 2. Comarison of Ho mean values of Africanized colonies and Non-Africanized colonies from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Sheet3
00.060.06
00.060.06
00.040.04
Lineages
Ho
Figure 3. Comparison of Ho mean values of the three lineages of Apis mellifera from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Table 1. Population differences of Ho and He of mtDNA among different locations of the Old World and divided by the three lineages of the honey bee, Western Europe (M), Eastern Europe (C) and African (A).
PopulationHoHeLocusAfricanized (+/-)Region (Old vs. New World)Lineage
Avignon0.7940.882B124-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.3540.790A7-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.0000.000A24-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.6680.885A113-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.3710.475A28-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.0000.000A88-Southern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.8760.907B124-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.1740.647A7-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.2980.492A24-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.5050.740A113-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.0850.266A28-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.0430.266A88-Northern France - Old WorldM
Ume0.8970.908B124-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.1380.492A7-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.2600.492A24-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.2710.792A113-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.0450.268A28-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.0000.000A88-Sweden - Old WorldM
Forli0.5880.787B124-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.8160.823A7-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.6070.629A24-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.4590.470A113-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.0660.468A28-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.1880.468A88-Italy - Old WorldC
Berlin0.7590.870B124-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.7770.872A7-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.6290.645A24-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.6870.795A113-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.2370.485A28-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.5680.645A88-Germany - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.8840.910B124-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.6860.912A7-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.5240.468A24-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.3570.823A113-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.2120.478A28-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.5840.729A88-Greece - Old WorldC
Johannesburg0.8830.921B124+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.9140.921A7+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.7790.835A24+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.9080.903A113+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.8730.905A28+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.8730.913A88+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8790.900B124+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8530.882A7+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8000.827A24+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8580.859A113+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8630.916A28+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.7260.827A88+South Africa - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.8750.893B124+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.8190.907A7+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.6110.660A24+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.7710.881A113+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.7880.854A28+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.8360.854A88+Morocco - Old WorldA
Mallorca0.6430.862B124+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.4000.529A7+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.1050.101A24+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.8570.853A113+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.6000.678A28+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.3680.468A88+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.6670.866B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.1910.601A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.1000.311A24-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.7140.743A113-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.3720.414A28-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.2160.415A88-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.4580.770B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.0590.164A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.2170.199A24-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.6960.798A113-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.0000.000A28-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.0440.043A88-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.2860.643B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.0000.000A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.5000.403A24-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera1.0000.792A113-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.0000.000A28-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.0000.278A88-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
ConclusionF = 28.61p < 0.05
Chart2
0.750.0560.037
0.39
Ho
Figure 2. Comarison of Ho mean values of Africanized colonies and Non-Africanized colonies from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Sheet1
0.01622
MeanStandard Error
He0.618Africanized Colonies0.750.056
Ho0.498Non-Africanized Colonies0.390.037
MeanStandard Error
A0.830.06
C0.530.06
M0.340.04
Sheet1
00.016220.01622
0
Difference: He - Ho
Figure 1. Comaprison of Ho values and He values from six loci all samples were taken from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Sheet2
00.0560.037
0
Ho
Figure 2. Comarison of Ho mean values of Africanized colonies and Non-Africanized colonies from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Sheet3
00.060.06
00.060.06
00.040.04
Lineages
Ho
Figure 3. Comparison of Ho mean values of the three lineages of Apis mellifera from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Table 1. Population differences of Ho and He of mtDNA among different locations of the Old World and divided by the three lineages of the honey bee, Western Europe (M), Eastern Europe (C) and African (A).
PopulationHoHeLocusAfricanized (+/-)Region (Old vs. New World)Lineage
Avignon0.7940.882B124-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.3540.790A7-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.0000.000A24-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.6680.885A113-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.3710.475A28-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.0000.000A88-Southern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.8760.907B124-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.1740.647A7-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.2980.492A24-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.5050.740A113-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.0850.266A28-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.0430.266A88-Northern France - Old WorldM
Ume0.8970.908B124-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.1380.492A7-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.2600.492A24-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.2710.792A113-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.0450.268A28-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.0000.000A88-Sweden - Old WorldM
Forli0.5880.787B124-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.8160.823A7-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.6070.629A24-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.4590.470A113-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.0660.468A28-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.1880.468A88-Italy - Old WorldC
Berlin0.7590.870B124-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.7770.872A7-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.6290.645A24-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.6870.795A113-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.2370.485A28-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.5680.645A88-Germany - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.8840.910B124-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.6860.912A7-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.5240.468A24-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.3570.823A113-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.2120.478A28-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.5840.729A88-Greece - Old WorldC
Johannesburg0.8830.921B124+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.9140.921A7+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.7790.835A24+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.9080.903A113+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.8730.905A28+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.8730.913A88+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8790.900B124+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8530.882A7+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8000.827A24+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8580.859A113+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8630.916A28+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.7260.827A88+South Africa - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.8750.893B124+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.8190.907A7+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.6110.660A24+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.7710.881A113+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.7880.854A28+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.8360.854A88+Morocco - Old WorldA
Mallorca0.6430.862B124+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.4000.529A7+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.1050.101A24+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.8570.853A113+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.6000.678A28+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.3680.468A88+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.6670.866B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.1910.601A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.1000.311A24-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.7140.743A113-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.3720.414A28-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.2160.415A88-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.4580.770B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.0590.164A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.2170.199A24-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.6960.798A113-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.0000.000A28-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.0440.043A88-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.2860.643B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.0000.000A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.5000.403A24-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera1.0000.792A113-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.0000.000A28-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.0000.278A88-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
ConclusionF =24.11p < 0.05
Chart1
0.830.060.06
0.530.060.06
0.340.040.04
Lineages
Ho
Figure 3. Comparison of Ho mean values of the three lineages of Apis mellifera from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Sheet1
0.01622
MeanStandard Error
He0.618Africanized Colonies0.750.056
Ho0.498Non-Africanized Colonies0.390.037
MeanStandard Error
A0.830.06
C0.530.06
M0.340.04
Sheet1
00.016220.01622
0
Difference: He - Ho
Figure 1. Comaprison of Ho values and He values from six loci all samples were taken from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Sheet2
00.0560.037
0
Ho
Figure 2. Comarison of Ho mean values of Africanized colonies and Non-Africanized colonies from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Sheet3
00.060.06
00.060.06
00.040.04
Lineages
Ho
Figure 3. Comparison of Ho mean values of the three lineages of Apis mellifera from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.
Table 1. Population differences of Ho and He of mtDNA among different locations of the Old World and divided by the three lineages of the honey bee, Western Europe (M), Eastern Europe (C) and African (A).
PopulationHoHeLocusAfricanized (+/-)Region (Old vs. New World)Lineage
Avignon0.7940.882B124-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.3540.790A7-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.0000.000A24-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.6680.885A113-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.3710.475A28-Southern France - Old WorldM
Avignon0.0000.000A88-Southern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.8760.907B124-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.1740.647A7-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.2980.492A24-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.5050.740A113-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.0850.266A28-Northern France - Old WorldM
Valenciennes0.0430.266A88-Northern France - Old WorldM
Ume0.8970.908B124-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.1380.492A7-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.2600.492A24-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.2710.792A113-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.0450.268A28-Sweden - Old WorldM
Ume0.0000.000A88-Sweden - Old WorldM
Forli0.5880.787B124-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.8160.823A7-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.6070.629A24-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.4590.470A113-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.0660.468A28-Italy - Old WorldC
Forli0.1880.468A88-Italy - Old WorldC
Berlin0.7590.870B124-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.7770.872A7-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.6290.645A24-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.6870.795A113-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.2370.485A28-Germany - Old WorldC
Berlin0.5680.645A88-Germany - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.8840.910B124-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.6860.912A7-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.5240.468A24-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.3570.823A113-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.2120.478A28-Greece - Old WorldC
Chalkidiki0.5840.729A88-Greece - Old WorldC
Johannesburg0.8830.921B124+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.9140.921A7+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.7790.835A24+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.9080.903A113+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.8730.905A28+South Africa - Old WorldA
Johannesburg0.8730.913A88+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8790.900B124+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8530.882A7+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8000.827A24+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8580.859A113+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.8630.916A28+South Africa - Old WorldA
Cape Town0.7260.827A88+South Africa - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.8750.893B124+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.8190.907A7+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.6110.660A24+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.7710.881A113+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.7880.854A28+Morocco - Old WorldA
Tiznit0.8360.854A88+Morocco - Old WorldA
Mallorca0.6430.862B124+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.4000.529A7+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.1050.101A24+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.8570.853A113+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.6000.678A28+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Mallorca0.3680.468A88+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.6670.866B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.1910.601A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.1000.311A24-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.7140.743A113-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.3720.414A28-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Menorca0.2160.415A88-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.4580.770B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.0590.164A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.2170.199A24-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.6960.798A113-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.0000.000A28-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Ibiza0.0440.043A88-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.2860.643B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.0000.000A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.5000.403A24-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera1.0000.792A113-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.0000.000A28-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
Formentera0.0000.278A88-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM
DiscussionHeterozygosity of Apis mellifera is decreasing due to the Africanized hybrid.The Africanized honeybee are spreading at a high rate, taking over Apis melliferas colonies.A decrease in honeybees leads to a decrease in genetic diversity of bees and plants and will also impact the economics of our country.
DiscussionConservation tactics should be taken to preserve the genetics of this species.Also research into parasites and pesticides should be done to further investigate colony collapse incidents.