Conference on Clean Fuels and Vehicles

Regional Research on Status of Clean Fuels and Vehicles

Szentendre, 27-28th October 2005Ruslan Zhechkov, REC

ruslan@rec.orgThis project is financed by the USEPA and the UNEP.

www.rec.org

Assessment methodology

• Timing – May-July, 2005

• Based on a common questionnaire

• Baseline year – 2003Questionnaire includes 5 main chapters:

• Personal Information

• Country Specific Data

• Air Quality

• Fuel Quality

• Vehicle Emissions

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Basic data (1)Country Total

consumption of crude oil (in barrels)

Sulphur content of crude oil %

Energy consumption by transport (tones of oil equivalent)

Estonia No refinery. N/A

Czech Republic

40,215,000 4,600,000

Hungary N/A N/A N/A

Latvia No refinery. 926,722

Lithuania 54,118,000 1.3 – 1.8% 1,220,500

Poland 48,630,840 ? 13,453,000

Slovakia 24 661 379 1.4 3 382 000

Slovenia No refinery. 1,411,000

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Basic data (2)Country Total

consumption of crude oil (in barrels)

Sulphur content of crude oil

Energy consumption by transport (tones of oil equivalent)

Albania 2,735,500 N/A N/A

Bulgaria 44,134,9240 N/A 2,281,000

BiH 7,342,974 1-2% N/A

Croatia 32,000,000 N/A 1,790,000

Macedonia 8,938,260 1-1.2%

Romania 82,448,400 N/A 3,541,000

SCG 24,255,000 3-4% 1,588,000

Turkey 129,114,545 N/A 12,396,000

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Air Quality

• Institutions – Ministries of Environment, Ministries of Health, Inspectorates, Institutes. Have been strengthened in the pre-accession period.

• Legislation NMS – fully transposed Air Quality Framework Directive and daugther directives, Emission into Air Directives: VOC from petrol, VOC from solvents, sulphur content in liquid fuels

• Primary air pollutant criteria standards – harmonised with EU standards, identical targets, sometimes extended deadlines

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Fuel Quality (1)

• Institutions for fuel quality control – different ministries set policies, control lies with Inspectorates or institutes

• Legislation – full transposition of relevant legislation: Council regulation 2964/95 on registration of crude oil imports and deliveries; EC Dir. 98/70/EC on quality of petrol and diesel fuels; EC Dir. 2003/17/EC amending 98/70/EC

• Fuel quality standards are harmonised with EU Directive 98/70/EC on quality of petrol and diesel fuels.

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Fuel Quality (2)

Problems:

- insufficient control activities?

- financial resources for laboratory tests?

- Illegal import of low quality fuels from neighbouring countries?

- strengthening of institutions?

- database of fuel stations?

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Sulphur and lead content in petrol and diesel – national specifications – NMS (1)

Country Nat. specif. (max) (mg/kg) – S in petrol

Nat. specif. (max) (mg/kg) – S in diesel

Nat. specif. (max) (g/l) – Pb in petrol

Czech Republic

50 50 0.005

Estonia N/A N/A 0.005

Hungary N/A N/A 0.005

Latvia N/A N/A 0.005

Lithuania 50 (2005) 50 (2005) 0.005

Poland 150 350 0.005

Slovakia 150 350 0.005

Slovenia 150 350 0.005

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Sulphur and lead content in petrol and diesel – national specifications – SEE (2)

Country Nat. specif. (max) (mg/kg) – S in petrol

Nat. specif. (max) (mg/kg) – S in diesel

Nat. specif. (max) (g/l) – Pb in petrol

Albania 150 500 0.005

Bulgaria 150 (50 after 1/1/2007)

350 (50 after 1/1/2007)

0.005

BiH 150 350 0.005

Croatia 150 350 0.005

Macedonia 150 350 0.013

Romania 150 350 0.005

SCG 2,000 10,000 0.020

Turkey 150 (500 until

2007) 350 (7,000 until 2007)

0.005

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Lead content in petrol – current status (1)

Countries Status

Czech Republic

Banned in January 2001.

Estonia Banned in May 2001.

Hungary Banned in 1999.

Latvia Banned in 2001.

Lithuania Banned in 2001.

Poland Banned in 2003.

Slovakia Banned in 1995.

Slovenia Banned in 1995.

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Lead content in petrol – current status (2)

Countries Status

Albania Ban planned for 2005.

Bulgaria Banned in January 2004.

BiH Ban planned for 2010.

Croatia 80% unleaded now; ban planned for January 2006.

Macedonia 12/2004 decrease of lead content (leaded petrol) from 0.6 g/l to 0.15 g/l and from 0.02 g/l to 0.013 g/l in unleaded. Ban planned for 2006 – actions?

Romania

SCG 1/1/2006 new quality unleaded fuel will be available on the market.

Turkey Complete ban planned for 2006.

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Promotion of environment friendly fuels

Countries Measures

Czech Republic

No excise tax on the biofuels. Production of ultra low-sulphur diesel oil (max. sulphur content of 0.050 g/kg) is planned to be launched in 2005.

Estonia Biofuel is free from excise tax.

Hungary In the NEP there is a national plan for dissemination of environmentally friendly fuels.

Latvia Plans to introduce a discount on excise tax on biofuels.

Lithuania Reduced excise tax for for fuel which meets bio-fuels and bio-oils requirements. Government subsidies and tax exemption for biofuel production

Poland Excise tax differentiation for LPG and exemption on biofuels

Slovakia N/A

Slovenia Bio fuels are exempt from excise duty. Agriculture receives subsidies of 67,000 EUR per year plus an additional 27 EUR per hectare of oil rape used for the production of bio fuel. Some producers are already selling 5% mixture of bio diesel in the ordinary diesel.

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Vehicle emissionsCountry Number of

vehiclesCzech Republic

4,056,000

Estonia 530,900

Hungary 3,761,000

Latvia 848,428

Lithuania

Poland 15,899,000

Slovakia 1,621,000

Slovenia 1,094,000

• Diesel passenger cars 10%-30%• LDV, HDV, buses – mostly diesel• Little info on converters - Slo (72%), Sk (56%)• Old fleet – mostly 11-20 years, newer than SEE• Own production – Slo, Hu, Cz, Pl, Sk• Limitations on import (age cap Cz, catalytic converters – Slo, Sk)

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Promotion of environment friendly vehicles

Countries Measures

Czech Republic

All newly imported cars have to fulfill Euro III standards and must be equipped with catalytic converters. 25% road tax discount for cars compliant with Euro III. There is a state subsidy for purchasing environmentally friendly public transport buses.

Estonia Obligatory catalytic converters. In Tallinn there is an initiative to allow free parking for ecological cars with hybrid engines

Hungary VAT for alternative fuel vehicles is only 10%.

Latvia N/A

Lithuania N/A

Poland The older the car the higher the excise tax.

Slovakia Ban on the import of cars without catalytic converters.

Slovenia Ban on the import of cars without catalytic converters. New vehicles with emissions less than 110 mg CO2/km are exempt from motor vehicle tax (1-14% of vehicle value)Environmental Fund offers loans for buying vehicles powered by electricity or hybrid (electricity and petrol)

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Working group results (1)

• Fuel quality monitoring and control- FQ control strategy- Mobile monitoring equipment- Training of staff- Strengthen the labs (both state and independent)- Better control of imported fuel- Stronger inspection• Vehicle emissions control- Develop implementation progr. for EU Directives- Evaluation of existing programs in each country- Equip inspections with better tools and equipment for

emissions testing- Increase number of ad hoc checks- Retrofitting diesel buses and trucks/ Replacement of old

buses/ Switching to CNG, LPG

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Working group results (2)

• Promotion of new vehicles- Lower registration fee for new vehicles- Less frequent control for newer vehicles- Bigger access to bank credits- Tax incentives for cleaner cars- Age caps for imported vehicles• Refineries- Upgrade of refineries, financial and technological aspects- Depends if they are state-owned or private- Raising of capital for modernization (internal or bank) –

ability to recover costs- Through privatization contracts- Modernization of testing equipment- Disposal of lead equipment- Improved cooperation between ministries and refineries

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Issues to be addressed during conference

• All issues from workshop working groups and the research

• Specific approaches to phasing out leaded gasoline – good examples. How is it done? NMS examples.

How?• Share good and bad country experiences• Brainstorm on what has to be done• Draft a list of follow up steps and actions• Discuss financial needs, capacity building

needs• Complete research data where it is missing!