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Presented at
Indo Japanese Conferenceon
Fuel Quality and Vehicular Emissions17-18th March 2009, New Delhi
K.K.GandhiExecutive Director ( Technical )
Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, Delhi
Clean Vehicles : Automobile Industry Perspective
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Society of Indian AutomobileManufacturers
Non-profit organization representing 44 vehicle & vehicular
engine manufacturers
Advocacy: Economic Policy, Technical Policy & Public Policy
Networking Stakeholders National / International
Seminars / Conferences Technical, Trade & Economic, Road
Safety
Statistical services Production, Sales and Exports
Auto Expo
Promotes sustainable development of Indian automobile industry
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SIAM Members
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Auto Industry Growth TrajectoryVehicle Sales : 1972 onwards
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Million
1990
2.3 mn units
1998
4.1 mn units
2001
5.2 mn units
2006
10.9 mn units
1979
0.4 mn units
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Auto Industry Today
PassengerVehicles
43%
ThreeWheelers
2%
Two
Wheelers
25%
Commercial
Vehicles
30%
Domestic Sales ~ US $ 33.78 bn
Exports ~ US $ 3.46 bn
Estimated; All figures for 2007-08
2W0.5
8.02
3WCVPV
1.76
0.54
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Total Registered Vehicles ~ 109 Mn
CommercialVehicles*
13%
PassengerVehicles
13%
Two
Wheelers74%
As on March 2008
Source: Govt. of India Statistics of Registered Vehicles & SIAM estimates
Vehicle Parc
* Include tractor, trailer, three wheelers and others
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CHALLENGES
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Challenges before theAutomotive Industry
Air quality
Energy diversification
Climate Change
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Challenges before theAutomotive Industry
Air quality
Energydiversification
Climate Change
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IDLEEMI
FAS(DIESEL)
CMVR 91(PETROL)
CMVR 92
(DIESEL)
CMVR 96 (DIESEL)
EVA & CC EMI (PETROL)
BS-I(ENTIRE COUNTRY)
BS-II
(NCR)
BS-II
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)
BS-III
(11 CITIES)
BS-III
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)
BS-IV
REVIEW
BS-I(NCR)
BS-II
(3 CITIES)
CURRENT SCENARIO
BS-II
(8 CITIES)
BS-II
(2 CITIES)
CNG BUSES(DELHI)
BS-IV
(SELECT CITIES)
1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010
India Unique
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IDLEEMI
FAS(DIESEL)
CMVR 91(PETROL)
CMVR 92
(DIESEL)
CMVR 96 (DIESEL)
EVA & CC EMI (PETROL)
BS-I(ENTIRE COUNTRY)
BS-II
(NCR)
BS-II
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)
BS-III
(11 CITIES)
BS-III
(ENTIRE COUNTRY)
BS-IV
REVIEW
BS-I(NCR)
BS-II
(3 CITIES)
CURRENT SCENARIO
BS-II
(8 CITIES)
BS-II
(2 CITIES)
CNG BUSES(DELHI)
BS-IV
(SELECT CITIES)
1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010
India Unique
Need to evolve future road map
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Challenges before theAutomotive Industry
Air quality
Energydiversification
Climate Change
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Portfolio of Clean Fuels
CNG ,LPG
Bio-fuels
Bio-diesel, Ethanol
Electric/
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Hydrogen
CleanFuels
Low sulphur
Diesel / Petrol
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Portfolio of Clean Fuels
CNG ,LPG
Bio-fuelsBio-diesel 5%Ethanol
Electric/
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Hydrogen
CleanFuels
Low sulphur
Diesel / Petrol
CURRENT
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Portfolio of Clean Fuels
CNG ,LPG
Bio-fuels
Bio-diesel, Ethanol
Electric/
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Hydrogen
CleanFuels
Low sulphur
Diesel / Petrol
Th I di Bi F l
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The Indian Bio Fuel
Program
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Among Biofuels, Ethanol & bio diesel are promising
renewable fuels which can be used as blending component
with petrol & diesel up to a specified percentage intransport sector without any modification in the existing
set of engines.
Ethanol Programme in India
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Ethanol Programme in India
Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in gasoline in 9 States& 4 UTs w.e.f. January 1, 2003.
Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in gasoline in 9 States& 4 UTs w.e.f. January 1, 2003.2002
20022002
Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in 10 States & 3 UTs subject to
commercial viability & ethanol availability
Mandatory 5% Ethanol blending in 10 States & 3 UTs subject to
commercial viability & ethanol availability200420042004
5% Ethanol blending made mandatory throughout country(except NE, J&K, A&N) subject to commercial viability
w.e.f 01.11.2006
5% Ethanol blending made mandatory throughout country(except NE, J&K, A&N) subject to commercial viability
w.e.f 01.11.2006
200620062006
CCEA decides to implement:Voluntary 10% ethanol blending from Oct 07Mandatory 10% ethanol blending from Oct 08
CCEA decides to implement:Voluntary 10% ethanol blending from Oct 07Mandatory 10% ethanol blending from Oct 08
200720072007
SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced throughtwo Depots one each at Desur (Karnataka) and Aonla(UP)
SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced throughtwo Depots one each at Desur (Karnataka) and Aonla(UP)
Dec2008Dec2008Dec2008
T t R lt
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Test Results ( Performance / Emission )(Y2K Compliant vehicles-2W)
Legends : -OK within Spec.Remarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency observed
MODEL A
Mass Emission 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks
CO , gm / km 40 ~ 78 % drop
HC , gm / km 0 ~ 5 % increase
NOx , gm / km 17 ~ 25 % increase
HC + NOx , gm / km 7 ~ 8.5 % Increase
Remarks :- Drop in CO , gm / km, Increase in Nox , gm/km
Vehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks
Power , kW No significant variation
Acceleration , Sec Comparable
Max Speed , kmph
FE , kmpl 2 ~ 7% drop
Comparable
Test Results ( Performance / Emission ) :
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Remarks :- Drop in CO, & Increase in HC, Nox gm / km
Mass Emission 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks
CO , gm / km 30 ~ 64 % drop
HC , gm / km 9.5 ~ 24 % Increase
NOx , gm / km 10 ~ 32 % Increase
HC + NOx , gm / km 10 ~ 27 % Increase
Legends : -OK within Spec
Remarks :- Drop in fuel efficiency & Acceleration observed
Test Results ( Performance / Emission ) :(Y2K Compliant vehicles 2W)
MODEL BVehicle Performance 88 ON E-05 E-10 Remarks
Power , kW Increase
Acceleration , Sec 5.5 ~ 7% drop
Max Speed , kmph Comparable
FE , kmpl 2 ~ 4% drop
E10 Studies on Four wheelers
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E10 Studies on Four wheelers
Driveability of ethanol is lower because of Distillation characteristics & RVP of ethanolblended fuel. Reduced Cold & Hot Startability & Acceleration performance.
E10 fuel affects material compatibility, engine wear & life. Rubber swelling & metalcorrosion increases.
Intake valve deposits & stickiness, combustion chamber deposits increases,subsequently leads to loss of compression & reduction in engine performance.
International experience confirms 3% Increase in Fuel consumption due to lowerenergy value of ethanol.
Evaporative emissions increases drastically.
InIn Sweden, about 40% of in, about 40% of in--use vehicles heavily affected by increased evaporativeuse vehicles heavily affected by increased evaporativeemission due to 5% ethanol gasoline blendemission due to 5% ethanol gasoline blend ((Source: WP29 informal document)
Misfire (in some cases)
Ethanol can absorb water; If water enters the fuel tank It dilutes ethanol, reducing its valueas a fuel. It causes problems ofphase separation in fuel.
Ethanol absorbs dirts & carries inside the fuel lines and fuel tank, thus contaminatingthe car engine system.
Most of the In-use vehicles are not compatible with E10 fuel
General Trends:
E10 Studies on 4 wheelers
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E10 Studies on 4 wheelers
In India, not much vehicle testing taken place to date however the following impact isexpected. ( performance and emissions impact is highly dependent on application )
Driveability
Potential deterioration in startability & cold driveability. Closed loop vehicles can tolerate
to some extent.
HC, CO Decreases significantly. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration.
NOx Increases. Level of change is highly dependent on vehicle & calibration.
Evaporative emissions Increases drastically to the extent of 40-50%.
Inspection / Maintenance Negligible change.
Rubber / plastics Increased degradation (fuel lines, injectors, seals, connectors)
Aluminum Increased corrosion (fuel rail, etc.). Effect worsens with prolonged storage of E10 fuel.
SteelIncreased corrosion (fuel lines, fuel tank, pressure regulator, pump, filler neck, etc.).
Effect worsens with prolonged storage.
Deposits Increased intake system deposits.
Vehicle Emissions
Hardware durability
General Trends:
ustra a, apan tu es on
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ustra a, apan tu es onImpacts
(4 Wheelers) USA JAPANParameters
Fuel Injected
model
Carburetted
model
Vehicle Performance
Mileage (or) Fuel economy Drop up to 2.4%
Driveability Drop up to 0.8% Drop up to 2.3% Acceleration delay
Cold Startability Drop up to 2.0% Drop up to 2.5%
Hot Startability Drop up to 1.0% Drop up to 3.5%Vehicle Emission Parameters
Mass emission
CO 10 - 11% drop decreases
HC 15 -16% drop decreases
NOx 3 - 7% increase increases
PM 30 - 42% drop
Evaporative emission Increases Increases
Material compatibility -
Rubber - -decrease in hardness
Aluminium -Corrosion such as
Complete dissolution,
reduction in mass
Durability -
Engine life -
Valve & Combustion chamber
seposits-
Fuel system durability -
AUSTRALIA
-
Increases by 2.8%
Drop by 32%
Drop by 12%
Increases by 1%
valve stickiness increases, loss of
compression
- Fuel filter clogs- pump life deteriorates
- injector drifts
Doubtful / Unsatisfactory
- Distortion, stiffening happens in
diaphragms.
- Crumbling of rubber
(breakdown)
- Leakage from hoses
Doubtful / Unsatisfactory
Reduces
-
10 - 40% increase
10% Eth l bl d d G li
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10% Ethanol-blended Gasoline
Concerns Very large number of in-use vehicles are not compatible with 10%
blend. Hence, this issue needs to be addressed.
For the use of E-10 , as fuel compression ratio needs to be increased tocompensate for the FE loss, hence the use of E-0 (in case of adiscontinued supply of E-10) may cause knocking.
The consumers / vehicle manufacturers should be given assurance of a
sustained supply of 10% blend.
There should be a clear Road Map for implementation with sufficientlead time for the vehicle manufacturers
Assured supply Defined percentage
Labeled
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Pilot E10 Blending Program
SIAM informed that Pilot Project has Commenced throughtwo Depots one each at Belgaum from Desur (Karnataka)and in Bareilly from Aonla (UP) w.e.f. 15th December 2008
SIAM study of the field situation in Bareilly Labeling of Dispensing Units by Oil Companies is more or less
being followed, but needs to be streamlined.
Vehicle Dealers are generally aware that E10 blended
Gasoline is being sold. There is a wide variation in the Ethanol percentages in
Bareilly; from 0% to 10% from the samples tested by SIAM
Since this variation largely depends on the availability ofEthanol by each Depot, at any particular time, this variation is
likely to continue. It may be difficult for SIAM members to conclude the extent of
impact of E10 fuel on vehicles due to this inconsistency.
On-line blending is not being done at IOC Depot at Aonla.
E l f E10 Sti k Di i U it
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Examples of E10 Sticker on Dispensing Unitsat Bareilly
)
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)
No labels were observed in the Petrol Station
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Bio Diesel studies
Observations during the road test
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Observations during the road test
A car running on Biodiesel shows no particular deviation from a car runningon fossil diesel as far as vehicle performance is considered.
The vehicle fueled with Biodiesel meets the Euro III emission standard and
therefore also the effective Bharat Stage II (EU II) norms with a sufficientmargin.
Hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions are comparable to that of fossildiesel. However, carbon monoxide emissions tend to increase.
Particulate emissions from the vehicle have shown significant reductions tothose of a car running on fossil diesel.
The storage stability of the Biodiesel is a parameter which needs to bestudied further as increased emissions were observed with aged Biodiesel.
In order to come to a more conclusive understanding of the performance ofJME Biodiesel in Mercedes-Benz Common Rail Diesel engines additional testare being further conducted.
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The Tough gets going !!
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Field Trials by OEMs
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Field Trials on State Transport Buses
Field trials on buses jointly with Haryana Roadways,
Gujarat Roadways & Tata Motors
Haryana Roadways 20 buses running on 5%
Biodiesel blend for almost one year
Driveability performance observed satisfactory and
smoke found lower
Based on the success of trials so far HaryanaRoadways agreed to convert entire Gurgaon and
Nuh depot to 5% Biodiesel
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Portfolio of Clean Fuels
CNG ,LPG
Bio-fuels
Bio-diesel, Ethanol
Electric/
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Hydrogen
CleanFuels
Low sulphur
Diesel / Petrol
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Propulsion TechnologyPropulsion Technology
HEVHEV EVEV HH22 FEVFEVHH--CNGCNG
Battery TechnologyBattery Technology ::
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Battery TechnologyBattery Technology ::
Heart of EV+Heart of EV+
EVsEVs
Fuel CellFuel Cell
HH22ICEICEHH--CNGCNG
Diesel /Diesel /PetrolPetrol
CNG/LPGCNG/LPG
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Hydrogen CentricHydrogen Centric
ActivitiesActivities
The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:
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The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:The Hydrogen initiatives can be taken by Industry in two ways:
For HFor H22ICE DevelopmentICE Development
Incubation of HIncubation of H22ICEICE
SeedingSeeding
Pilot FleetPilot Fleet
Tech DemoTech Demo
JanJan 0909 JanJan 1010 JanJan 1111 JanJan 1313
For Fuel Cell DevelopmentFor Fuel Cell Development
Incubation
Tech Demo
Pilot Trials
JanJan0909 JanJan12/1312/13 JanJan1515 JanJan1717
OROR
A roadmap for
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A roadmap fordevelopment and implementation of
zero emission vehicles
HCNG EV/HCNGHCNG EV/HCNG H2/Fuel CellsH2/Fuel Cells
Hybrids & H2EVHybrids & H2EVss
YrYr
20082008
YrYr
20102010
YrYr
2011/122011/12
YrYr
20202020
YrYr
20302030
ChallengesChallenges: Production, Storage and Transportat ion
To sum up
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To sum up.
1. 5 percent Ethanol Petrol blend introduced in India but
sustained availability a concern
2. Issues concerning Fuel Quality & Engine Durability fornew & in use vehicles has to be adequately resolved for 10
% blends.
3. Bio diesel is an environmentally & Technically Feasible
Alternative Fuel for India
4. Need to evolve standards for Bio Fuels in line with
International regulations
5. Prepare roadmap for sustained availability in consultationwith all stake holders
6. Electric Vehicles & Hydrogen hold the key for the
sustained development of Industry
Commitment of All Stakeholders
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Commitment of All Stakeholders
GovernmentDepartments
Vehicle
Manufacturers
OilCompanies
Judiciary
VehicleUsers
NGOs
Clean Vehicles /Air &
Energy Security
Research
Institutions
Visit us at www.siam.in
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Society of Indian Automobile ManufacturersCore 4B, 5th Floor
India Habitat Centre
Lodi Road, New Delhi
Phone: +91 11 2464 7810 - 12
Fax: +91 11 2464 8222E-mail: [email protected]
Cold weather High altitude
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Biodiesel testing
The Himalaya-trials with Biodiesel
was in continuation of road trials in
2004
2 C-Class cars & 1 Viano van wereutilized for the Cold weather + High
Altitude testing of Biodiesel.
Encouraging results from trials
Mileage comparable to normal diesel (8-9 km/l for C-Class & 7.5 km/l for Viano).
Engine performance comparable- and marginally better than conventional diesel.
Low particulate emissions: one-third of normal diesel. Complete combustion (black smoke).
Power loss observed. Not attributable to Biodiesel but due to oxygen rarity at highaltitude.
Fuel sample taken for every 1000kms & sent to Daimler for testing & analysis.