Concepts of Physical Fitness SmitaSureshwarContents Definition Purpose of physical fitness testing Basic guidelines for physical fitness testing Components of physical fitness Physical fitness testing in sports Conclusion References Definition: Ability to perform moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity without undue fatigue and the capability of maintaining such throughout life. (ACSM ) A set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activityPurpose of physical fitness testing Educating participants Exercise prescription Progression Motivation Stratifying riskBasic guidelines for physical fitness testing Pre test instruction Test order Test environmentComponents of physical fitnessPhysical fitnessHealth related Skill related Health related: Cardiovascular endurance Flexibility Muscular fitness 1. Muscular strength2. Muscular enduranceBody compositionCardiovascular endurance t is the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate to high intensity exercise for prolonged period Maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] is accepted as the criterion measure of cardio respiratory fitness The tests used are divided into 21. Maximal tests2. Submaximal tests 20 meter shuttIe run test Scoring-athletes score is thelevel and no of shuttlesreached before they wereunable to keep up with thetape recording ThecorrelationbetweenVO2max andshuttleruntest was0.92Maximal test 445er 12 min run test Scoring equation that can be used to estimate VO2 max [ml/kg/min] VO2 max = [35.97 x miles covered] 11.29VO2 max = [22.351 x km covered] 11.28 Validity : correlation of 0.90 between VO2 max and the distance covered in 12 min walk/run Reliability : it depends on practice, pacing strategiesand motivational level Submaximal test Astrand - rhyming cycle ergometer testvalidity : correlation to VO2 max approx 0.85-0.90"ueens step test Scoring: an estimation of VO2max can be calculated from the test results, using the formula below: men: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 111.33 - 0.42 x heart rate (bpm) women: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 65.81 - 0.1847 x heart rate (bpm) Reliability: test re-test reliability for recovery heart rate has been measured as r = 0.92 Validity: correlation between recovery heart rate and VO2max has been measured as r = -0.75. Flexibility t is the ability to move a joint through its complete range of motion t is important in athletic performance and in the ability to carry out activities of daily living Types 1. Static2. Dynamic Dynamic flexibility : measured during activity using motion analysis system [vicon] or cinematography Static flexibility fall in 2 categories 1.Direct modified sit and reach test,ankle flexibility test2.ndirect goniometer, electrogoniometers, leighton flexometer, nclinometer and tape measures Modified sit and reach test Acuflex Trunk Rotation Test Aim: The purpose of this flexibility test is to measure the flexibility of the ankles, knees, trunk, shoulder and neck. Trunk flexibility is important in many sports and for injury prevention scoring: Take the average of the two scores (left and right sides). Muscular fitness Muscular fitness has 2 components1. Muscular strength 2. Muscular endurance Muscle strength Peak force or torque produced by a single maxvoluntary contraction irrespective of the type ofcontraction and conducted under standardized condition Maximal force a muscle can generate at a given velocity1. Static/isometric strength cable tensiometer, hand held dynamometer2. Dynamic/isotonic strength involves movement of body or external load is applied 3. sokinetic testing Static or isometric strength : dynamometerJamar dynamometer Dynamic/isotonic strength1. Weight lifting bench press or leg press2. Calisthenic type strength testBench pressLeg pressBench press test1 Re5 Max Bench Press TabIe f4r aduIts (weight Iifted 5er b4dyweight) Rating Sc4re (5er b4dy weight) Excellent > 1.60 Good 1.30 - 1.60 Average 1.15 - 1.29 Below Average1.00 - 1.14 Poor 0.91 - 0.99 Very Poor< 0.90 The 1- RM test was found to be significantly reliable for trained menr = 0.98 and untrained men r = 0.99 women r = 0.99 and untrained womenr = 0.97 sokinetic testing :t involves assessment ofmaximal muscle tensionthroughout a range ofjoint motion set atconstant angular velocity Most common deviceutilized is the cybex The reliability of isokinetic dynamometers is extremely high. The studies which have examined the accuracy of peak torque, work and power have shown correlation coefficients between 0.93 and 0.99 Magnusson et al. 1990, Montgomery et al. 1989 Bemben et al.1989 Muscle endurancet is the ability of the muscle group to execute repeatedmuscle contraction over a period of time sufficient tocause muscular fatigue or to maintain a specified percentage of max voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time Tests 1. Dynamometer2. Calisthenic type endurance testPush upPush u5P44r Fair G44d Very G44dExceIIentmen 10 20 30 40 50w4men 10 20 30 40 50Curl ups4rmsMaIe FemaIeWell above average42 - 75 37 - 70Above average 28 - 41 27 - 36Average 21 - 27 18 - 26Below average 5 - 20 6 - 17Well below average< 4 < 5 A high reliability was noted for both the sit-up and the push-ups tests (intraclass correlation values ranged from 0.92 to 0.95) Body compositiont refers to the relative percentage of body wt that is fatand fat free tissue For athletes fat tissue have a negative impact onperformance Body composition can be estimated with both lab and field techniques BA r = 0.987 0.997 NR r = 0.957 0.980Skill relatedAgilityBalanceCoordinationReaction timePowerSpeed Agility Ability the body or parts of body to change direction rapidly and accurately. llinois agility run test T testRating Male (sec) Female (sec)Excellent 23llinois agility run test: test retest reliability: 0.86llinois agility run testRating Male FemaleExcellent 12.5T test: Reliability: 0.98T test of agility Balance: All the forces acting on the body are balanced such that the center of mass is within the stability limits, the boundaries of base of support Balance beam test Standing stork test5 Walks the balance beam flawlessly. Does not need to check balance, does not pause. Completes the walk within six seconds.4 Walks the beam, but is somewhat unsteady. Completes the walk within six seconds.3 Walks the beam, but is somewhat unsteady. May pause one or more times. Takes more than six seconds to complete the walk.2 Walks the beam, but is very unsteady, almost falling off, may pause one or more times, and/or takes more than six seconds.1 Falls off the beam before completing the walk.0 Falls off the beam immediately.Balance beam testRating Male (sec) Female (sec)Excellent >50 >30Good50 41 30 23Average 40 31 22 16Fair30 - 20 15 - 10Poor< 20 35Good30 - 35Average20 - 29Fair15 - 19Poor65 >55Good60 50Average 55 45Fair50 40Poor