Concept Development Plan Revised May 2004

REVISED DRAFT

LUBOMBO TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE AREA

NDUMO-TEMBE-FUTI TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE PROTOCOL AREA

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

By Roger Porter, Derek Potter and Bradley Poole

May 2004 (Revised)

2

Acknowledgements Bilateral workshops were held on 13 and 14 March 2003, 29 March 2004. The following participants at these workshops contributed to this document. J. Chicué Ministry of Tourism (Mozambique) W. van Riet Peace Parks Foundation J Muando MICOA C Bruno MADER T Olifant International TFCA Coordinator P. Tomas Ministry of Tourism (Mozambique)

A. Manjate Maputo Elephant Reserve E. Mokganedi Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (SA)

A. Seepersadh Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (SA) G. Buthelezi Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife

D. Archer Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife D. Balfour Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife R. Blok Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife

W. Matthews Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife P. Ruinard Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife S. Mostert Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife D. Potter Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife R. Porter Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife B. Poole Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife

M. Tembe Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife A. Zaloumis Greater St Lucia Wetland Park Authority Dr D. Scott Greater St Lucia Wetland Park Authority T. Mchunu Umkhanyakhude District Municipality C Hanekom Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife G Tembe Senior Nduna/Chair Ndumo/Tembe Local Board Comments on the 1st draft of this doc were received from D Archer, D Balfour, E Mokganedi and P Tomas and these are gratefully acknowledged. Following presentation to the Trilateral Commission on 22 April 2004 comments were received from the following members of the commission, B. Soto, K. Mkhize, A Zaloumis and E. Mokganedi.

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE Acknowledgements 2 1. Introduction and Background 4 2. Description of Area Boundaries 4 3. Existing Infrastructure 4

3.1 South Africa 4 3.2 Mozambique 5

4. Biodiversity and Social-cultural significance of the area 5 4.1 Significant biodiversity resources identified are as follows 5 4.2 The rich sociological, cultural and historical resources are

as follows 6 4.3 Description of natural habitats and nature conservation

potential in southern Mozambique 6 4.4 Development potential 8

5. Land Ownership 8 6. Difficulties and Obstacles to Development 8 7. Opportunities for Development 9

7.1 Introduction 9 7.2 Future conservation management in southern Mozambique 10 7.3 Future development in southern Mozambique 11 7.4 Nature-based tourism development 11 7.5 Competing land-uses 12 7.6 Development of Catuane 12 7.7 Security Issues 12

8. Action Plan 12

9. Institutions and Key Role Players 23

9.1 For South Africa the following bodies were identified 23 9.2 For Mozambique the following organizations were identified 23

10. Way Forward 24 11. Terms of Reference of the Protocol Task Group 24 12. List of Reports and Other Documents 24

4

Concept Development Plan: Ndumo-Tembe-Futi Transfrontier Conservation and Resource Area Protocol 1. Introduction and Background

In terms of the requirements of the General Transfrontier Conservation and Resource Area Protocol signed between the Governments of the Republic of South Africa, Republic of Mozambique, and Kingdom of Swaziland on 22 June 2000 the Lubombo TFCRA Commission was formally established. The Lubombo Ndumu-Tembi-Futi Transfrontier Conservation and Resource Area Protocol between the governments of the Republic of South Africa and Mozambique was also signed on that day. At the meeting of the Commission held on 4 February 2003 at Nelspruit, it was agreed that South Africa is to be responsible for convening and chairing the Ndumo-Tembe-Futi TFCA Task Group for the first two years of the project. It was also agreed that a nominated member of EKZNW would chair and convene the meetings of the Task Team for the first period. The meeting agreed that the first task would be the compilation of a concept development plan for this area.

The bilateral NTF TFCA Task Group with representation from Mozambique and South Africa has been established and has met on several occasions to discuss the compilation and content of this Concept Development Plan document. Agreement has been reached and the document was accepted by both parties to be presented at the meeting of the Trilateral Commission held on 22 April 2004. The Concept development plan was adopted by the Commission. It was also agreed that the NTF TFCA Task Group will include a TFCA Co-Coordinator, at the local level, who will be appointed to assist EKZNW and will be responsible for driving the process that will lead to the establishment of the TFCA at the in-country level. DEAT have appointed an “international” TFCA Co-Coordinator responsible for driving the tri-lateral TFCA initiative at the intra-country level.

2. Description of the Area Boundaries

The boundaries of the Ndumo-Tembe-Futi Transfrontier Conservation and Resource Area were determined by the NTF TFCA Task Group and are shown on the attached map.

In Mozambique, the position of the boundary of the Futi Corridor including its zonation for management has been completed following a public consultation process with communities. The extension of the Maputo Elephant Reserve to incorporate the Futi corridor will need to be gazetted by the Ministry of Tourism.

3. Existing Infrastructure

3.1 South Africa Within the South African component of the NTF TFCA the Ndumo Game Reserve, Tembe Elephant Park and Sileza Nature Reserve have been established as proclaimed protected areas. The above mentioned reserves are managed by staff of EKZNW and facilities such as game viewing roads and hides, including accommodation at Ndumo and Tembe, are available for visitors. Outside of the protected areas the existing infrastructure is relatively well developed. This infrastructure includes roads, power and water supplies, and communication services. There are large rural communities living in the area who are serviced by clinics and schools. Small commercial trading nodes have developed especially on the main road routes.

5

3.2 Mozambique The management plan for the Maputo Elephant Reserve has been approved. The reserve is managed by 35 staff. Most field rangers are unqualified. The station has one vehicle and communications networks are poor. The reserve also has a severe shortage of arms for its law enforcement operations. Poaching incidents are few. Although the construction of a road from Ponto Do Ouro to Maputo has not commenced at this stage due to the lack of funds, it will pass through the future NTF protected area. The road will join the recently constructed arterial road from Durban to the border in South Africa. Discussions are underway between Mozambique and South Africa to harmonize border control protocols. A proposed harbour development on the coast at Ponta Dobela has been approved at a ministerial level. Nevertheless in terms of Mozambique environmental law an environmental impact assessment (EIA) will be required to be undertaken. It is anticipated that there would be major concerns regarding the development and its environmental impacts that may possibly prevent the development of this harbour. Concerns were raised by the NTF TFCA Task Group on the possible impact that this development would have on the TFCA objectives and programme. It is anticipated that with the expansion of the Maputo Elephant Reserve to include the Futi Corridor as a protected area various operations and activities may be curtailed. Fencing of the Futi Corridor is proposed however funding is currently insufficient for this purpose.

4. Biodiversity and Social-cultural significance of the area There is an outstanding wealth of biological diversity as well as a wealth of socio-cultural resources in the area.

4.1 Significant biodiversity resources identified are as follows:

• The proposed area represents a substantial proportion (>70%) of the core area of the IUCN designated Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism

• Associated with the plant centre of endemism is an unusually high level of endemism from all of the higher level taxonomic groupings e.g. aves, amphibians, reptilians and particularly in many invertebrate groupings

• A diverse landscape which is intact in its geomorphical and hydrological, aquatic and terrestrial as well as ecological functioning,

• Several established proclaimed protected areas, namely Ndumo Game Reserve, Tembe Elephant Park, Maputo Elephant Reserve, Sileza Nature Reserve,

• Ndumo Game Reserve, listed as a Wetland of International Importance in terms of UNESCO’s Ramsar Convention, is in the area.

• A unique wetland, the Futi delta is in the area, • High biological diversity particularly in species richness (plant, insect, fish,

amphibian and bird), ecosystem and community types (this is a consequence of the meeting of the tropical, montane and the temperate biogeographical regions)

• The region has the potential for the re-establishment of the natural movement range for elephant and other species in the region of Southern Africa,

• The area lies within the southern limit of distribution for many tropical biota, • The area has unique and rare vegetation communities such as Sand Forest and the

geoxylic sufrutex (woody) grasslands, • The current levels of sub species diversity suggest that many of the endemics are

“neo-endemics” which is evidence of recent radiation i.e. that evolution of new species is actively taking place,

6

• Landscape of diverse geomorphological features produced by marine, aolian, and riverine processes over the last 60 – 65 million years since the break-up of Gondwana at the end of the Jurassic period of which the proposed TFCA lies in the last five million (tertiary) year deposition zone,

4.2 The rich sociological, cultural, and historical resources are as follows:

• Long-term dependency by the local inhabitants on the use of natural resources and products to maintain their livelihoods

• The river plays a key role as a resource on which settlements and communities of people are dependent

• They practice the unique form of traditional fishing and fishery management (fonya) • There is a long tradition of marketing including craft markets, • There is a unique form of Cultural dancing – uKudhliba • There are several ancestral and sacred sites on the land as well as important

cultural associations with certain species of animals, • The area has a rich history with past linkages to Arab traders, Portuguese and

British colonisation, as well as the impacts of the recent civil war., It should be noted that the international boundary does not follow ethnic boundaries and that there is considerable movement and tribal affiliation of people across the international border,

• This area served as an important source of labour recruited for the mines on the Witwatersrand -N.R.C / KwaTeba / Kwatemba (Katemba) in the mid to late 20th Century

• There are important sites on the larger rivers (Phongolo and Rio Maputo) where ponts operated e.g. Nkunzibomvu,

• The area has been the site of further conflicts for land e.g. the attempt by the burghers of the Zuid Afrikaanse Republik to take the land and establish a harbour at Kosi bay, including their attack in the early stages of the Anglo Boer War on Mazambaan’s people at Ingwavuma,

• The area has been subjected to systematic destruction of game by Boers and colonists, and later during the anti nagana campaign in the 20th century.

4.3 Description of natural habitats and nature conservation potential in southern

Mozambique.

This area of southern Mozambique (also including the area lying eastward of the Lebombo mountain range in South Africa) lies within the Maputo Centre of Endemism. This centre contains at least 2500 plant species of which 225 species and three genera are endemic or near-endemic. It is also associated with an outstanding diversity of fauna that also includes many endemic species in both vertebrate and invertebrate groups, for example, there are 472 species of birds of which five species and 43 subspecies are endemic or near endemics, 102 mammals with 14 endemic species and subspecies, 112 reptile species and subspecies with 23 species being endemic, 45 frogs with three species that are endemic, and 67 fish with eight species that are endemic. The Maputoland Centre is somewhat unique when compared to other such centres given that the high number of endemic species is spread over almost the whole taxonomic spectrum. It is critical in terms of the prescripts of the I U C N’s Convention on Biological Diversity that Centres of Endemism are identified and recognized by conservation authorities. It is these areas that become a priority for the implementation of a strategy / measures by authorities to protect and safeguard these elements of biodiversity.

7

In all the areas that the group visited there was a glaring absence of wildlife, few birds and even fewer animals were seen during the five days. The main threat to the biodiversity of this region is the uncontrolled commercial poaching of wildlife, the loss of habitat through conversion by concessionaires. Poverty and the lack of alternative sources of income means that people exploit natural resources unsustainably in order to survive. Without key interventions to conserve the biodiversity, degradation will continue and losses will occur.

(1) Eastern coastal grasslands, wetlands, lakes, and dune forests – excellent condition, damage localized mainly multiple vehicle tracks, a few isolated vegetable gardens on wet soils, vehicle damage to steep coastal dune by SA 4x4 visitors. Extensive area or relict dune field with some areas being flat and others deeply undulating. The suffrutex grasslands are a very special vegetation feature, these have been called the “underground forests of Africa” and contain dwarf shrubs many of which are endemic to the Maputoland Centre of Endemism. Few birds but better on lakes (waterfowl) and other forms of animal life very scarce. Obvious similarity to Ozabeni and Coastal Forest Reserve components of GSLWP WHS. Therefore a logical extension of a PA and transfrontier World Heritage Site potential, as well as being listed as a Wetland of International Importance (Ramsar Convention). Very picturesque scenery. MAJOR VEGETATION AND HABITAT TYPES ARE INTACT AND IN EXCELLENT CONDITION. GEO-HYDROLOGY IS A MAJOR ECOLOGICAL DETERMINANT.

(2) Central Futi Corridor. This is an extensive and level sand plain. Diversity of

woodland types growing on nutrient poor sands, condition excellent, also relatively large areas of palmveld (sap tapped for ilala wine production). Also, the special / scarce Sand Forest area which runs in a north-south direction on the ancient inland dune formations containing many endemic, rare and disjunct species of high conservation importance is present. Few birds or other animals (grey duiker, vervet monkey) observed but evidence of elephant seen. Very few inhabitants occupy the area – goats at Muzi, and small herd of cattle seen. Potential would be for a range of ungulates (buffalo, zebra, wildebeest, impala, kudu, bushbuck, nyala, but populations would be small and widely dispersed – but would tend to congregate on burnt areas, THUS STOCKING RATES WOULD BE VERY LOW. MAJOR VEGETATION AND HABITAT TYPES ARE INTACT AND IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

(3) Futi Drainage. Interesting nutrient poor wetland system with areas of reed beds,

aquatic vegetation and small areas of open water. Important source of water for elephant, other animals and a few people that live near by. Few birds seen.

(4) Western Rio Maputo floodplain. Clay rich alluvial soils with relatively higher

nutrient status supporting gallery riparian forest and areas of reedbeds on the floodplain. Lakes with large populations of fish and waterfowl. People eek out a living along the entire extent of the river – but homesteads are well spaced and no concentrations of villages were seen. Vegetable gardens were cultivated on the floodplain and the lakes (e.g. Banjeni lake) were fished under annual licence (cost is equivalent of R50 pa) using hand made nylon nets and crudely made boats. Fish were salted and sun dried, taken to Maputo for sale (a fish of 13 to 18 cm in length sells for R0,50). Outsiders were therefore prevented from accessing and exploiting local fish resources. Hippo are present in some of the lakes but may be hunted with the permission of the iNkosi. This is granted in circumstances where an animal has killed a member of his people.

8

A large number of agricultural concessions have been granted. The area that would include the floodplain and westwards to the Lebombo range would have a considerable potential for the establishment of a large mammal National Park (obvious similarities to Mkhuze and Ndumo reserves). Has good tourism potential especially good for bird - watchers given the natural habitats available. MAJOR VEGETATION AND HABITAT TYPES ARE INTACT AND IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

(5) Maputo Elephant Reserve. All vegetation types in excellent condition –

includes dense forest, dense woodland, Sand forest. coastal grasslands, coastal dune forest, wetlands, riverine communities and extensive reedbeds. Undulating to flat sand area, with wetlands in inter-dune troughs. Few mammals were seen – bushbuck, grey and red duiker, vervet monkey, and elephant. However there are 64 mammal, 318 bird, 43 reptile, 27 amphibian, and 23 fish species that have been recorded in the 700 sq km Park. Frequent signs of elephant were seen throughout the Park. Two species of turtle (loggerhead and leatherback turtle) nest on the beach. MAJOR VEGETATION AND HABITAT TYPES ARE INTACT AND IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

4.4 Development potential

Four concession areas have been identified in the Maputo Elephant Reserve for development of tourist facilities including hutted accommodation, and a document for promotion and marketing purposes has been produced.

5. Land Ownership All the land in South Africa falling in the NTF area defined above belongs to the Ingonyama Trust and is managed by either the Tembe or Mathenjwa Traditional Authorities, with the exception of the proclaimed protected areas which are managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, a para-statal body. All of these areas fall under the uMkhanyakude District Municipality that has the responsibility to provide infrastructure and services to the area and its people. There are currently land claims against some protected areas such as Ndumo Game Reserve in terms of the Restitution of Land Rights Act.

Within the NTF area in Mozambique all the land is owned by the State. However, it will be

necessary to determine if servitude rights e.g. for roads, pipelines, power lines, etc have been granted.

6. Difficulties and obstacles to development

The principal obstacle to development in the region is the extensive and innate level of poverty amongst its inhabitants and the associated poor standards of educational achievement and capacity of these people. Difficulties and obstacles to development are:

• Issues regarding health of communities and domestic animals are of concern e.g. endemic malaria, HIV Aids, water borne diseases, foot and mouth.

• The lack of basic infrastructure such as the supply of power and potable water to communities as well as poorly developed roads in much of the area

• The poor agricultural potential of the land, • Poor access to markets for agricultural and craft products • Cross border regulation of movement of people and their wares, • Issues of security, smuggling, and the illegal use of certain resources,

9

• People living within the Maputo Elephant Reserve, and the Futi area that is sparsely populated by subsistence groups. A proposal to re-locate these people to the west of the Maputo River is under consideration.

• The proposed harbour development at Ponta Dobela, • Protected areas in Mozambique are unfenced • The absence of veterinary services for domestic stock, • The lack of a basic tourism Infrastructure, particularly within Mozambique • Formal nature conservation law enforcement is absent in much of the area, • The lack of adequate funding to undertake proposed infrastructural, tourism and

agricultural developments by the various authorities in the area.

7. Opportunities for Development

7.1 Introduction It is recognised that in the long-term, poverty reduction can only be achieved through broad-based social and resource development, combined with an enhanced political, structural and fiscal role for these communities. Nature based tourism and agricultural development can only be successful when it is integrated into a spatial development concept that is in balance with national, regional and local community objectives. To be sustainable conservation and nature-based tourism, agricultural, and rural community development must integrate the following key areas of activity:

• Conservation and tourism development. This would need to focus on the conservation and protection of biodiversity assets located in a comprehensive network of protected areas, the provision of public and community access to these resources, and their sustainable use through tourism promotion and extractive harvesting.

• Agricultural development. This would need to focus on innovation and support for local agricultural communities, improvements to agricultural extension and other services e.g. veterinary, developing markets and a trade and price policy.

• Social development. The focus here would be on education and health care. Specialized and vocational training particularly in the fields of conservation, tourism and agriculture. Primary health care in malaria and water-born disease prevention, and in combating HIV/AIDS.

• Capacity building and local institutions. Existing community structures need to be supported and developed e.g.. Traditional Authorities and Local Boards, or where they are absent the establishment of such institutional arrangements need to be facilitated. This will require provincial/national funding including expenditure control and auditing measures, coordination, and the setting of standards.

• Infrastructural development. There is an urgent need to provide infrastructural services within this NTF region and beyond. In particular these needs are for; roads and bridges, energy, water supplies and irrigation, transport and communications, local markets, health services and sanitation, education institutions, human and solid waste disposal.

It is thus apparent that the NTF TFCA Task Team must involve all the role players from the public and private sectors, including representatives from the various tiers of government in both countries. The NTF TFCA initiative is seen as being a catalyst that could attract new development and investment into the area with the focus on development based on the abundant natural resources and the wealth of cultural resources.

10

From a planning perspective it is essential that a land-use zonation plan is compiled for the NTF area that shows the biodiversity rich areas, settlement areas, towns and villages, and the existing infrastructure in terms of roads, power lines, communications, clinics, schools etc. It would then be within this framework zonation that future development opportunities and priorities would be systematically identified and selected. There is considerable potential to expand existing protected areas and to establish new ones. This action would improve and reinforce their ecological sustainability. Careful consideration will be required in implementing a programme of animal re-introductions especially for species such as lion, rhinoceros and buffalo. The network of protected and resource managed areas (including fishery resources) by trained and skilled conservation staff would form the resource base for the development of tourism through private sector and public/government investment, promotion, and community participation. It holds the prospect for considerable improvement in the livelihoods of the people in the NTF TFCA area through the creation of new jobs and businesses (e.g. manufacture of crafts, operating B&Bs and guest houses, marketing of agricultural produce, providing trained guides for visitor excursions, etc), and the development of capacity in conservation management, tourism and hospitality, through vocational training. What is considered important is that the linkages (biodiversity, infrastructural, and communication) across the international border are facilitated and put in place in the interests of achieving TFCA Protocol development and sustainability objectives. The NTF TFCA Protocol is also recognised as having the potential to ensure cooperative and peaceful relations across the border and would allow for the resolution of disputes as local institutional structures are strengthened.

With the completion of the SDI road it can be expected that this would have a kick-start effect in the region as a range of businesses along the road will spring up. This will stimulate and build a bigger local economy. The border post needs to be developed as a ”one-stop” control point for the tourist and it should not be developed as a commercial import – export border post.

7.2 Future conservation management in southern Mozambique

Animal re-introduction. Given the excellent condition of the vegetation it would be possible to re-introduce a wide range of large mammal species. However, stocking rates would be low, in the order of 7 – 10 ha per large animal unit.

Fire management. Fire is essential for the maintenance of the coastal grassland areas and would be required at a high level of frequency i.e. annually during high rainfall years. Plant species are adapted to a frequent (annual – biennial) fire regime.

Elephant management. Elephant should not be re-introduced but rather numbers should be allowed to increase, a greater or increased area should be provided that links the two main population areas in Mozambique and South Africa. Protection from harassment is essential. However elephants are responsible for crop damage especially along the Maputo river where crops of maize, and sugar cane have been affected.

Game fencing. The protected area, once it has been gazetted, will need to be fenced in order to confine the animals and prevent these causing damage to property as well as transmitting diseases to domestic animals owned by local people. Habitat areas where there are currently relatively large herds of elephant present, and as the population of elephants increase, it will become essential that the game fence is electrified. It will also be essential that fencing has been undertaken before certain high value species such as rhino can be brought into the area and released.

11

Law enforcement. An expanded well equipped and trained law enforcement unit will be required. Several pickets consisting of five men each would be required at strategic points on the boundary as well as an effective and quick reaction anti-poaching unit (A.P.U.) to respond to threats. Surveys need to be conducted to determine suitable locations for these pickets. However it is essential that robust conservation laws are put in place that give powers of arrest, authorize trained field personnel to carry fire arms, and are explicit in defining the functions, duties and responsibilities of conservation staff.

Institutional arrangements. The National Directorate of Conservation Areas for Forestry and Wildlife (Ministry of Tourism) in Mozambique will require strengthening to fulfil its functions of regulation of nature conservation, policy formulation, planning, and management implementation capabilities within protected areas. Development of the Directorate’s human resources is necessary in order for improvements to be made in (i) the protection and management of protected areas, and (ii) the involvement / participation of communities and other stakeholders. The Endangered Wildlife Trust is currently providing limited assistance which is helping to ease the situation, but considerably more coordinated support is required to assist in the strengthening of the nature conservation authority in Mozambique.

Unsustainable harvesting. Exploitation of some natural resources possibly needs to be addressed in order to ensure that it is not being harvested unsustainable and that unnecessary destruction is being avoided. Trunks of both Hyphaena and Phoenix palms were noticed that had been destroyed through traditional sap tapping as well as uncontrolled veld burning. We were informed that the raw product is exported as far a field as Gauteng. The opportunity for local people to beneficiate the raw product prior to export needs to be investigated. Also there is concern regarding the harvesting of indigenous wood for charcoal production as illegal deforestation of woodlands is taking place. Charcoal is packaged in bags and sold along the main roads to buyers that resell the product in Maputo. The principle of sustainable utilization of natural resources needs to be promoted and accepted by officials and people in the communities, and control mechanism put in place to ensure compliance.

7.3 Future development in southern Mozambique

The area between the Rio Maputo river and the coast is sparsely inhabited with an estimated 5000 to 8000 people who are mostly engaged in subsistence agriculture but live in abject poverty. Others are engaged in fishing in the pans and gathering shellfish from rocky coastal reefs where these occur. Ilala palm wine production allows for a cash income. There are few livestock in the area, possibly as a consequence of the war. Infrastructure such as roads, power and water supply, communications, liquid and solid waste management, etc is either rudimentary, poor, or non-existent. On the coast some concessions have developed facilities for visitors from South Africa. These tourism developments are providing some employment for local people however they cut off access to the coast and its resources for these communities.

The Mozambique authorities need to be aware that people from Maputo may recognize an opportunity to exploit the area to the disadvantage of the local people. Therefore it is imperative that plans are developed and implemented that allow for the reconstruction of the area and its people. Certainly an important opportunity lies in the nature conservation and tourism land use option for sustainable social and economic development of this region. On the other hand they need to be aware that development of the area comes with its own problems as people may move into the area in large numbers over a short period.

12

7.4 Nature-based tourism development

The ecotourism potential of the whole southern area of Mozambique is high and there are many opportunities for potential developments, especially on the coast and along the Rio Maputo. However, the critical factor preventing these opportunities from being realised is the lack of infrastructural services. The establishment of protected areas, construction of roads, provision of water, power, and communications, and the processing and disposal of waste would allow for the rapid unlocking of the tourism development potential of the area. Much of the area may be perceived as being tedious for the traveller or visitor, and therefore it will require that destinations are packaged and marketed appropriately and that these are not over-capitalized by investors.

It is still uncertain what the nature conservation and ecotourism vision and objectives of the Mozambique authorities are for this region. It is important that they identify their priorities and then follow this up by determining what role South Africa can play to fast track or assist in facilitation.

7.4 Competing land-uses

The potential conservation and nature-based tourism development of the Futi Corridor area will need to be balanced with other potential competing land-uses such as agriculture and livestock. Private concessions for tourism and agriculture are competing and conflicting with the NTF Protocol initiative in this area, and these concessions may have a potential to eliminate the conservation – tourism development option as well as to deprive local communities of their rights. That the government has reacted by freezing the area to new concessions has not allowed for appropriate development to occur where it is most needed. The CDP will hopefully make a significant contribution to the bio-regional planning of this area in southern Mozambique.

7.5 Development of Catuane

The development of Catuane as a regional and commercial centre needs to be considered and planned. There is a significant leakage of the small local economy to South Africa and Maputo. People obtain their supplies by crossing over the border into South Africa where they make their purchases. Strategies to attract (and maybe even subsidize) SMMEs into the village are critical to its future. Local people need to be empowered in order to ensure that socio-economic development takes place. There is need for coordination especially in order to bring the various concessionaires into a strategic partnership rather than allow for future development, including infrastructure, to take place in an ad hoc fashion. Future development of the local / sub-regional economy and infrastructure should be linked to Maputo and not South Africa.

7.6 Security issues

There are various routes in the TFCA allegedly used by smugglers of stolen vehicles, fire arms, and wildlife products. Crime syndicates allegedly use local people and bribe officials. Policing of the area, particularly along the border fence, needs to be stepped-up.

8. Action plan

8.1 Vision

The imperative to address economic development in this region plagued by abject poverty is of critical importance to both South Africa and Mozambique. Our vision is that the Ndumo-Tembe-Futi TFCA initiative will catalyse and drive new economic development based on the Natural and human resources of the area.

13

Mozambique and South Africa share a common ideal, that is, to allow for the free movement of especially elephants across the border which divides the two countries between Ndumo-Tembe and Maputo Elephant Reserve. More specifically our vision for the NTF TFCA is of an established and consolidated core protected area which is trans-boundary that stimulates and promotes economic development and that safeguards the unique biodiversity, which is supported and cooperatively and sustainably managed by the two states, communities and stakeholders, together with a larger buffer area where critical infrastructure has been developed.

8.2 Objectives

In order to achieve this vision for the NTF TFCA the following objectives were identified, which are to:

• Stimulate, promote and market the sustainable economic development of the area

focussing on tourism and associated activities, as well as to build the local economy.(Article 2(1) & (4))

• Consolidate and establish core protected areas on both sides of the border. (Article 2 (2) & (3) & (4))

• Ensure that critical infrastructure is put in place to allow for the improvement of livelihoods of the people and tourism development in the area. (Article 2 (1) & (4))

• Empower the people of the area, their representatives and decision makers through a programme of capacity development. (Article 2 (1) (b) & (c))

• Ensure that local communities benefit from the TFCA initiatives and programmes and projects. (Article 2 (1) (b) & (c))

• Establish, develop and maintain effective and co-operative law enforcement. (Article 2 (4))

8.3 Projects

To achieve the above objectives of this Action Plan the following projects were identified as being of immediate and high priority for approval by the Commission and implementation by the various authorities and stakeholders in the two countries.

(i) Economic Development

Economic development of this area would be dependent on mobilising the opportunities provided by the unique natural and human resources occurring locally as well as within the greater region that extends across the three countries. The natural resource base provides exciting opportunities to consolidate a core protected area together with the development of nature-based tourism as well as other critical infrastructure. Such development would remove significant obstacles that currently prevent or constrain economic development, the creation of jobs, and the improvement of the livelihoods of the people living in the area. In order for economic developments to be sustainable it will be essential that training in conservation, tourism, business management and administration is undertaken. In order for the vision and objectives to be realised it is essential that sources of funding for the various projects are identified and applied for. The details of the actions to be taken for these projects are given in sections (ii) to (vi).

(ii) Consolidation of the core protected area

South Africa:

Community Conservation Areas adjacent to the Ndumo and Tembe reserves would be established in the following areas: Usuthu Gorge, Balamhlanga, mBangweni

14

Corridor, Tshanini, and Mfihlweni. This project requires that these areas be defined and demarcated/fenced through a process of engagement and consultation with the respective communities, Traditional Authorities, Municipality and other stakeholders. Management teams would then need to be put in place by the major stakeholders. Once this has been achieved for each area the management, development and business plans would then need to be compiled by the management teams for each area. These plans would aim at ensuring that the use, development and flow of benefits would be sustainable.

In addition to the above, land claims against Ndumo and Tembe protected areas would need to be resolved in terms of the SA Government’s requirements.

Mozambique:

Expand the Maputo Elephant Reserve to include all of the unique ecosystems and link these with the protected areas in South Africa. Local community areas will be incorporated into this area.

(iii) Establishment of other conservation areas

Community Conservation Areas (CCA) at Ingwavuma Gorge, Bambanana, and Nkilondlweni (adjacent to Sileza Nature Reserve) would be established, managed and developed following a process as outlined in 1.above.

(iv) Development of critical infrastructure

Within the RSA the DEAT have provided R19 million in terms of the Poverty Relief

Programme to fund certain infrastructure developments within Ndumo and Tembe Protected Areas and Usuthu Gorge and the Tshanini Community Conservation Areas. The funds are for roads, fencing, staff accommodation, water, electricity supply developments.

However the following infrastructure projects were identified as immediate priorities

for future implementation:

• Roads

The up-grading and tarring of the following road routes in order to improve access to the core protected areas is of high priority. The priority roads are:

South Africa:

· The road leading to the entrance gate to Ndumo Game Reserve, and its westward extension to Usuthu Gorge,

· The old road that crosses the Pongolo river at Makane’s Drift (a bridge over the river will be required),

· The road to the mBangweni community, · The road from Manguzi to Muzi on the international border, · Provide access roads to all CCAs.

Mozambique:

· The road leading from Salamanga to Maputo Elephant Reserve’s main entrance

gates and its continuation to Ponto do Ouro, · Road leading from Port Henrique to Catuane, · Road from Salamanga to the proposed Muzi Border Post,

15

· Maintain and improve road within Maputo Elephant Reserve in accordance with the management plan.

• Power Supply

Expand the power grid to service communities and the proposed tourism infrastructure in accordance with the Integrated Development Plan.

• Airstrips

South Africa:

The airstrips at Manguzi and Ndumo require considerable improvement in order that twin-engine aircraft are able to land and take off safely. The surface would need to be tarred and facilities established for travellers and for refuelling the aircraft.

Mozambique:

Upgrade the airstrip at Ponto do Ouro and establish new airstrips at Catuane and Bella Vista that will be suitable for twin-engine aircraft.

These airstrips would then need to be registered with the aviation authorities.

• Entrance gates

South Africa:

New entrance gates would be required at Usuthu Gorge, Ingwavuma Gorge, Bambanana, Mbangweni, Sileza, Tshanini, Tshanini South, Pongolo and Muzi. The gateways at Muzi and Pongolo are on the international border and would provide access to both the transfrontier conservation area for visitors and for those people living in the transboundary traditional areas. Upgrading of the entrance gates at Ndumo and Tembe would also be required.

Mozambique:

Establish entrance gates at Gala Post, the proposed Muzi Border Post, Catuane, Pongola river and on the south-eastern boundary between Gala Gate and Ponto do Ouro.

• TFCA Centre

Meeting and accommodation facilities will be needed in each country for the two management teams and stakeholders to engage with each other.

• Information centres

South Africa:

Tourist information centres would be established at Bambanana, Manguzi Airstrip, Ndumo Airstrip, the Kosi Border Post, and at the Muzi gateway.

16

Mozambique:

Tourist information centres will be established at Ponto do Ouro, Bella Vista and at the main camp in Maputo Elephant Reserve.

• Proposed tourist facilities

South Africa:

Sites for the development of tourist accommodation and associated infrastructure in the form of EKZNW’s “bush camps” have been identified in the Integrated Development Plans for Tembe and Ndumo Game Reserves and are located at Mavilo in Ndumo G R, Balemhlanga CCA (caravan/camp site), Nungwe on the Tembe/Mfihlweni border, as well as other sites in the Tshanini CCA, and Usuthu Gorge where there is also the potential to have wilderness trails fly-camps.

Mozambique:

Sites for the development of tourist facilities will be identified during a process to develop an Integrated Development Plan for the Maputo Elephant Reserve and its buffer area.

• Communications

Telecommunications including cellular and radio need to be up-graded. This is essential for both tourism and conservation management operations in the NTF TFCA.

The NTF Protocol Task Team (South African component) will ensure that these projects are brought to the attention of the municipal authorities with the objective that they be incorporated into the municipal integrated development plans (IDP) and land use management systems (LUMS). On their acceptance by the District Municipality and inclusion in the Integrated Development Plan (IDP), the authorities will be encouraged to link these projects to the Municipal Infrastructure Fund of the Department of Trade and Industry for their funding. The Municipalities will thus be responsible for driving the infrastructural projects for roads, airstrips, information centres and communication systems. EKZNW, Traditional Authorities and community leaders will be responsible for driving the consolidation of the protected area network, and the establishment of the management teams where these are required. The CCA management team will be required to compile the management and development plans that would include the development of the entrance gates, tourism and management infrastructure.

Consultants will be appointed to prepare an Integrated Development Plan for the TFCA in Mozambique. The NTF Task Team will need to develop a communication strategy to ensure that all stakeholders including communities are kept informed and their concerns are taken into account in the decision making process.

(v) Capacity Development

A critical need is to improve and develop capacity in the field of conservation and tourism amongst conservation staff, communities and stakeholders. The process and programme to develop capacity in order to empower these people needs to be structured. A dedicated person responsible for developing this project proposal and its eventual implementation would need to be appointed. Funding for this position and the implementation of the

17

programme would need to be sourced. The NTF Task Team will need to approach the appropriate government structures to facilitate the funding required for this training.

(vi) Law Enforcement

A critical need is to establish, develop, equip, train and maintain an effective and co-operative law enforcement capability. This is necessary to enforce the law and maintain the integrity of the TFCA including border control.

(vii) Administrative Arrangements

• Duties and Powers of the NTF Task Group

The NTF Task Group shall perform its duties and powers in terms of the NTF Protocol.

• Financial Arrangements

The NTF Task Group will need to identify possible sources of funding for the implementation of each of the projects in terms of the objectives. This will require the establishment of a ‘fund’ in terms of the requirements of the NTF Protocol. A number of models will be utilised for the sourcing, allocation and management of the funds that have been secured.

NDUMO-TEMBE-FUTI TFCA ACTION PLAN INCORPORATING BUDGET AND PHASED IMPLEMENTATION

ACTION PROJECT YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 Consolidation of protected areas South Africa:

• Usuthu Gorge • Balamhlanga • mBangweni • Tshanini • Mfrhlweni

Mozambique:

Maputo Elephant Reserve (MER)

Appoint consultants to undertake consultation with Traditional Authorities/ communities and stakeholders to define boundaries, conduct survey & feasibility studies Expand Maputo Elephant Reserve and gazette

Proclaim areas. Prepare budget. Commence fencing and appoint additional management staff

Fence. Appoint management staff. Prepare management and business plans Provide initial management infrastructure (accommodation)

Management and Business Plans

1.

Proposed Budget (R’s) South Africa: Mozambique (U$):

750,000 12 000

Will be determined through studies in yr1 300 000

Will be determined through budget planning in yr2 20 000

500,000 (consultants & documentation)

Establishment of other conservation areas (CCAs) South Africa:

• Ingwavuma Gorge • Bambamana • Nk, londlweni

Appoint consultants to undertake consultation with Traditional Authorities/ communities and stakeholders to define boundaries, conduct survey & feasibility studies

Proclaim areas. Prepare budget.

Fence. Appoint management staff.

Management and Business Plans

2.

Proposed Budget (R’s) South Africa:

450,000 Will be determined through studies in yr1

Will be determined through budget planning in yr2

300,000 (consultants & documentation)

19

Development of roads South Africa:

• Ndumo Game Reserve

• Pongolo Road and Bridge

• mBangweni • Manguzi – Muzi • Access roads to

CCAs Mozambique:

Salamanga to MER to Ponto do Ouro

Port Henrique to Catuane

Salamanga to Mosi Border post

Roads within MER

Appoint Civil Engineers to design and cost. Municipality to obtain environmental approvals and budget. Appoint Civil Engineers to design and cost. Municipality to obtain environmental approvals and budget.

Implementation Implementation

Implementation. Implementation

3.1


5,000,000 1,000,000

+/-R160,000,000

3.2 Power Supply South Africa: Mozambique:

Appoint consultants to conduct survey and feasibility studies

Prepare budget and start implementation

Implement


500 000 100 000

20

Upgrade airstrips South Africa:

• Ndumo • Manguzi

Mozambique:

Ponto do Ouro Catuane Bella Vista

Appoint Civil Engineers to design and cost. Municipality to obtain environmental approvals and budget. Appoint Civil Engineers to design and cost. Municipality to obtain environmental approvals and budget.

Implement Implement

Implementation. Implementation

3.3


240,000 60 000

+/- 800,000 (includes supporting infrastructure)

Entrance gates Appoint Architects, Quantity Surveyor, Engineers, designs & costs

Implementation Implementation 3.4


350,000 50 000

+/- 5,000,000 (includes supporting infrastructure-staff housing)

3.5 TFCA Centres South Africa: Mozambique:

Appoint consultants to design and undertake feasibility study. Prepare Budget

Implement

Implement

Proposed Budget (R’s) South Africa:

Mozambique (U$):

100 000 60 000

21

Information centres \ South Africa: Include in 3.1 and 3.3 above as part of these projects Mozambique: Include in 3.4 above.

3.6

Proposed Budget (R’s) South Africa: Mozambique:

200,000 30 000

1,800,000

Tourist facilities in Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife protected areas South Africa:

• Mavilo • Balemhlanga CCA • Nungwe

Structural Division to design and cost. Seek environmental approval. Prepare feasibility study and budget.

Construction by Structural Division and Reserve staff

Lease

3.7

In CCAs

• Tshanini • Usuthu Gorge

NB : average 30 bed camps with supporting management infrastructure Mozambique:

EKZNW facilitate and assist Traditional Authorities to obtain designs and cost through appointment of Architects etc. Seek funding. Appoint consultants to prepare the Integrated Development Plan for the expanded MER and buffer area

Obtain approvals. Start construction. Seek approval and prepare budgets

Lease Implement

22


800,000 100 000

9,000,000 (CCA’s only)

3.8 Communication South Africa & Mozambique:

• Cell towers

I.T. to approach service providers

Capacity development South Africa & Mozambique:

• Develop a programme

Appoint consultants. Prepare budget. Source funding.

Appoint EKZNW staff member to champion/lead.

4


180,000 10 000

200 000 15 000

220 000 20 000

220 000 20 000

Law Enforcement South Africa and Mozambique:

Appoint staff Train and equip with rifles

Ongoing training and control

Re-equip staff Ongoing training and control

5.


1 000,000 250 000

750 000 200 000

500 000 200 000

9. Institutions and key role players The key institutions and role players were identified. It was considered essential for the success of this initiative that these organizations are committed to the plans for the development of the NTF TFCA.

9.1 For South Africa the following bodies were identified:

At the national government level:

• Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism (DEAT) • Department of Water Affairs & Forestry (DWAF) • Department of Home Affairs • Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) • South African Police Services (SAPS) • South African National Defence Force (SANDF)

At the provincial level of government:

• Department of Agriculture & Environmental Affairs • KZN Tourism • Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife

At the local level of government:

• The Tembe and Mathenjwa Traditional Authorities • The uMakhanyakude District Municipality

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s):

• Peace Parks Foundation • The Wildlands Trust • Endangered Wildlife Trust • CINDEK

9.2 For Mozambique the following organizations were identified: At national government level:

• The Ministry of Tourism-MITUR • The Ministry of Environment-MICOA • The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development-MADER • Maputo Corridor- (Ministry of Transport) • Migration- (Ministry of Home Affairs)

At Provincial level of government:

• Provincial Directorate of Tourism • Provincial Directorate of Health • Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Development

24

At local level of government:

• Elephant Coast Development Agency –(ECDA) • District administration • Maputo Elephant Reserve • Local authority (representatives from the local communities)

Non-Government Organizations and International role players would include:

• The IUCN/UICN • Helvetas • ADEL- Local development agency, (national NGO) • FNP-Fundação Natureza em Perigo, (national NGO)

The private sector would be an essential partner and would need to be brought on board. Also, in terms of resolution of land claims against protected areas a cooperative management agreement would be put in place.

10. The Way Forward The immediate tasks will be to:-

1. Prepare, detail, a project implementation plan (PIP / timebound and costed action plan. It is essential that the Ministerial Commission is advised on the costs involved in the creation and operational effectiveness of the TFCA.

2. Secure funding for implementation of the PIP, and to 3. Establish a Project Implementation Unit. Although staff from several organizations (i.e. EKZNW, MITUR, MICOA, MINT, DEAT, representatives from the Local Board, Municipality, and Traditional Authority) are responsible for their institutional involvement in this project, their role will now be to steer the project to implementation. This will be done by means of an independent Project Implementation Unit that is responsible for (i) the coordination of projects undertaken by the various implementing agencies in terms of the Action Plan (ii) or otherwise undertake a project management role where appropriate or necessary. A Project Implementation Unit is essential in order to drive the operational effectiveness of the project as well as to integrate it into the economic fabric, communities and institutional structures in the Ndumo-Tembe-Futi TFCA area. On completion of the various projects, handover to the responsible implement agencies will take place.

11. Terms of reference of the Protocol Task Group

Broad terms of reference are incorporated in the relevant Protocols signed between the two participating counties. However revised and specific terms of reference will need to be produced at the next meeting of the Task Group.

12. List of Reports and Other Documents See Annexure 1.

25

LIST OF REPORTS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS

ANNEXURE 1 List of reference documents that have information pertaining to the area and the proposed project Futi Corridor Zonation & Management Plan

MEP Tender Concessions Ex - DNC Consolidation Documents SDI Documents

Traditional Authority Development information Municipal IDP

Land Claim Agreements Ecotourism IDP

Anon. (2000). Lubombo-Ndumo-Tembe-Futi Trans-Frontier Conservation and Resource Area Protocol. Signed between the Governments of Mozambique and South Africa in June 2000.

Balfour-Cunningham, A. (1985). The Resource Value of Indigenous Plants to Rural

People in a Low Agricultural Potential Area. Ph.D. Dissertation. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal.

Borrini-Feyerabend, Grazia. (1997). Beyond fences: seeking social sustainability in

conservation. Vol 1 & II. IUCN: Gland Switzerland. Boyd. C. (1996) Estudo socio- económico da zona proposta pra o corridor do Futi.

DNFFB. Bruton, M. N. & Cooper, K. H. (Eds.) (1980). Studies on the ecology of Maputaland.

Bruton, M. N. & Cooper, K. H. (Eds.). Grahamstown : Rhodes University. Bruton, M.N., Smith, Maureen & Taylor, R.H. (1980). "A brief history of human

involvement in Maputaland". studies on the ecology of Maputaland. Bruton, M. N. & Cooper, K. H. (Eds.). Grahamstown : Rhodes University.

Bryant, A.T. (1929). Olden times in Zululand and Natal. (1st Edit). London:

Longmans, Green & Co. Buchan, A.J.C. (1988). Studies of the management of grazing resources on the

Makatini Flats and Pongolo River floodplain. M.Sc. Thesis (Institute of Natural Resources). Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal.

Correia, A.U. (1995). Determinacâo da Dieta de Cinco Espécies de Herbivoros

Grandes da Reserva de Maputo pelo Mètodo das Análises Fecais. Trabalho de Licenciatura. Maputo. UEM.

Davis, S.D., Heywood. V.H. and Hamilton, A.C. (1994). Centres Of Plant Diversity: A

Guide And Strategy For their Conservation. Volume1. World Wide Fund For Nature & IUCN

26

De Boer, W. F. & Ntumi C. P. (1999). A cost-benefit analysis of an electric fence with special reference to elephant population size, crop damage, and tourism in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. In Prep.

de Boer,W.F. & Baquette, D.S. (1998). Natural Resource Use, Crop Damage and

Attitudes of Rural People In The Vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Environ. Cons 25: (3) 11pp

Derman, P J & Poultney, C. (1983). The Social dynamics of smallhold farming in the

Siphondweni district of the Makathini Flats. Pretoria: HSRC. Derman, P J & Poultney, C. (1985). Management of the Pongolapoort Dam waters :

development potential or underdevelopment perpetuated. Pretoria : HSRC. DNAC. (2001). Proposal for Zoning and Management of the Futi Corridor and Other

Areas Adjacent to the Maputo Special Reserve. direcção nacional de areas de conservação report 2001, Maputo Mozambique.

DNFFB. (2002). Management plan for the Maputo Special Reserve. (2000 - 2005)

First revision. Maputo. Draft Concept Development Plan Tembe-Ndumo Complex Eduardo Mondlane University (2000). Vegetation map of the Maputo Elephant

Reserve. Els, H. (1995). Reconciliation of African and Western values in the utilization of

renewable resources. Bissonette, J.A. & Krausman, P.R. (Reds). Integrating people and wildlife for a sustainable future. Proceedings of the first International Wildlife Management Congress. Bethesda: The Wildlife Society (USA). p. 355-360.

Els, H. (2001). Brief summery of results of the socio-Economic Research conducted

in the area between the Rio Maputo and the Rio Futi during June 2001. Eltringham, S.K. (1990). Wildlife carrying capacities in relation to human settlement.

Koedoe 33(2):87-97. Felgate, W.S. (1982). The Tembe Thonga of Natal and Mozambique: an ecological

approach. Occasional publications no 1. Department of African studies. Durban: University of Natal.

Felton, I. & Hanekom, C. (2000). Initial assessment of the environmental impact on the excision of land from the east boundary of Ndumo game reserve, in respect of the resolution of the land claim by the Mbangweni community. KZN Wildlife Unpublished Internal Report.

Griffen, J., Cumming, D., Metcalfe, S., t’Sas-Rolfes, M., Singh, J., Chonguiça,E., Rowen, M., & J. Ogelthorpe. (1999). Study On The Development Of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas In Southern Africa. Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, DC, USA

Haandrikman, V. H. (1998). Vegetation and Elephants in Reserva Especial de Maputo. Mozambique. 25pp. Hall, M. (1984). Mans Historical And Traditional Use Of Fire In Southern Africa. Pp 40-52 in Booysen, P.de. V & Tainton, N. M. Eds. Ecological Effects of Fire in South African Ecosystems. Berlin, Springer–Verlag.

27

Hall-Martin, A.J. (1988). Comments on the proposed fencing of the northern boundary of the Tembe Elephant Park. Report to the KwaZulu Bureau of Natural resources, Ulundi. Hatton, J., Chande B., Seródio. A. & Jujumen.A. (1995). A status quo assessment of the Maputo Transfrontier Conservation Area. 43pp. Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo. Heeg, J. & Breen, C. M. (1982). Man and the Pongolo floodplain. Pretoria: Cooperative Scientific Programs, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Hoare, R.E. & du Toit, J.T. (1999). Coexistence between People and Elephants in African Savannas Cons.Biol 13: 633 – 639 Human, L. N. & Ribeiro-Torres, J. L.(1979). Man and the Pongolo Floodplain : a preliminary study. Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa). Institute for Sociological, Demographic and Criminological Research. Kies, C. W. (1982). Man and the Pongolo floodplain. Pt. 3, The use of certain agricultural products in the religious ceremonies of the inhabitants of the Mlambo-Ngwenya and Siphondweni areas. HSRC; Pretoria : Institute for Sociological, Demographic and Criminological Research, 1982. Klingelhoefer, E.W. (1987). Aspects of the ecology of the elephant Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and a management plan for the Tembe Elephant Park in Tongaland, KwaZulu. MSc thesis, University of Pretoria. LAND TYPE SERIES MAP (1986). 2632 Mkuze 1:250 000 Land Type Series. Department of Agriculture and Water supply & Soil and Irrigation Research Institute, Government Printer, Pretoria. Lubombo Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) (1999). Web Page: http://www.lubombo.org.za/ Mafuca, J. M. (1996). Estudo da Dieta de Cinco Espècies de Herbìvoros da Reserva Especial de Maputo pelo Matodo de Anàlise Fecal. Trabalho de Licenciatura. Maputo. Departamento de Ciências Biolôgicas. Matthews, W.S. (1994). Aerial game survey for Tembe Elephant Park. Winter 1994. KBNR Unpublished Internal Report. Matthews, W.S. (2002). Large herbivore population estimates for Tembe Elephant Park. KZN Wildlife Unpublished Internal Report. Matthews, W.S. & Page, B.R (1999). The utilization of woody species by elephants in Tembe elephant park, Maputaland, northern KwaZulu-Natal. In prep. Matthews. W.S., Van Wyk, A.E., Van Rooyen, N., Botha, G. (2002). Vegetation of Tembe Elephant Park, Maputaland, Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany. Maud, R.R., (1980). The climate and geology of Maputaland. In: Studies on the Ecology of Maputaland (Bruton, M.N. and Cooper, K.H. eds). Rhodes University, Grahamstown.

28

Maud, R.R., (1998). A brief summary of the hydrogeology of the Maputaland Coastal Plain. Proceedings of the Maputaland Groundwater Resource Conference. St Lucia. McGregor, J. (1977). Staking their claims: land disputes in southern Mozambique. LTC Paper 158, Land tenure Centre, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Moll, E.J., (1980). Terrestrial plant ecology. In: Studies on the ecology of Maputaland (ed’s Bruton, M.N. and Cooper, K.H.), Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Ministéio do Turismo. (2002) Proposta para a demarcacão e gestão do CORREDOR DE FUTI. 1st Draft. 31 May 2002. Murphree, M. (1995). Summery report on human – elephant conflicts in areas adjacent to Maputo Reserve. IUCN/DNFFB CBNRM Advisor. Unpubl. MS. Muir, D.P. (1992). Indigenous forest utilisation in KwaZulu: a case study of Hlatikulu Forest Reserve Maputaland. MSc (Institute of Natural Resources). Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal. Myre, M. (1964). A Vegetação do Extremo Sul da Provincia de Moçambique Junta de Investigações do Ultramar Lisboa Newitt, M. (1994). A history of Mozambique. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. Nikelo, S., Camp, K., Forbes, B., Viljoen, P., Blanks, D. & Archer, D. (1999). A preliminary study to determine the agricultural potential of the Mbangweni corridor. Unpublished Study Report, Department of Land Affairs, Pietermaritzburg. Ntumi, C.P. (1997). Estudo de Distribuicâoe do Movimento dos elefantes e o seu impacto nas machambas adjacentes a Reserva de Maputo. Trabalho de Licenciatura. Maputo. Departamento de Ciências Biolôgicas. Ogelthorpe, J. (1997). Management Plan Maputo Special Reserve 1997–2001. Maputo Osborn, L. (1996). Elephant/Human Conflict around the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. 8pp. A report to IUCN and DNFFB, Maputo. Ostrosky, E.W. & Matthews, W.S. (1995). The Trans-Frontier Conservation Initiatives Southern Maputo Province Mozambique. Comments On Feasibility Of The Futi Corridor. Report for Direcção Nacional de Florestas e Fauna Bravia, Maputo,Mozambique Ostrosky, E.W. (1988). Monitoring of elephant movements across the international border between South Africa and Mozambique in the Tembe Elephant Park, 2nd annual report, 1987. Internal report, KwaZulu Bureau of Natural Resources, Ulundi. Parker, V. & de Boer, F. (2000). Birds of the Maputo Special Reserve, Mozambique Bright Continent Guide 2 Avian Demography Unit, University of Cape Town. Pollet, E.A., Mander, J.J., Mander, M., A’Bear, D.A. & N.W. Quin (1995). Mosa Florestal Afforestation Project, Volume 2, Main Report: Draft environmental Impact Assessment Institute of Natural Resources, University of Natal. Report No.123

29

Poultney, C. (1982). Man and the Pongolo floodplain. Part 2, Subsistence and the utilization of resources by the inhabitants of the Mthikeni/Nsimbi Pans region. HSRC. Poultney, C. (1979). Preliminary report on the use of the Pongola floodplain by the inhabitants of the Mthikeni pan area. Unpublished report, Department of African Studies, University of Natal, Durban. Ridgeway, E. & Jenkins, L. (1996). Elephant monitoring at Tembe Elephant Park. Unpublished Internal Report. Schultze, R.E. (1982). Agrohydrology and agroclimatology of Natal. Agricultural catchments research unit, Report No. 14. University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Scott-Shaw, C.R. (1999). Rare and threatened plants of KwaZulu-Natal and neighbouring regions. KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service, Pietermaritzburg. Smedley, L. N. & Ribeiro-Torres, J.L. (1979). Man and the Pongolo floodplain: a preliminary study. HSRC. Tello, J.L.P.L. (1973). Reconhecimento Ecológico da Reserva dos Elephantes do Maputo. Veterinária de Moçambique 6 (2):133-186. The World Bank (1996). Mozambique Transfrontier Conservation areas – pilot and institutional strengthing Project. Report No. 15534 –MOZ. Global Environmental Facility. Van Wyk, A. E. (1994). Maputaland-Pondoland Region. South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique. In: Centres of Plant Diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. Vol 1. WWF & IUCN 227-235. Van Aarde, R. & Fairall, N. (EDS) (2001). Extending Conservation Initiatives in Southern Mozambique. A proposal for the development of the Futi Corridor as a conservation area. CERU Technical Report 007, 52pp., Dept. of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria. Study commissioned by MOZAL Community Development Trust. Van Aarde, R. & Fairall, N. (EDS) (2002). Restoration of the Tembe-Futi-Maputo Coastal plains elephant population – Annual Report 2001/2002. CERU Technical Report 46pp., Dept. of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria. Van Wyk, A.E. & Smith, Gideon. F. (2000). Floristic And Succulent Riches In Southern Africa: A Review Of Centres Of Endemism. Umdaus Press, Pretoria Van Wyk, A.E. (1996). Biodiversity of the Maputaland Center. In: Van der Maesen, L.J.G., Van der Burgt, X.M. & Van Medenbach de Rooy, J.M. eds, The biodiversity of African plants. pp. 198–207. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Watkeys, M.K., Mason, T.R. & Goodman, P.S. (1993). The role of geology in the development of Maputaland, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 16 (1/2): 205-221. Wellington, N.M. (1983). A historical study of the Ingwavuma region. Durban: KwaZulu Development Corporation.