Computers for-bank-exams-guide4 bankexams

The History of the The History of the ComputerComputer

Then &Now

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Computer EvolutionComputer Evolution

1642 Blaise Pascal 1642 Blaise Pascal –– mechanical adding machinemechanical adding machine


Computer EvolutionComputer Evolution

Early 1800’s Jacquard Early 1800’s Jacquard ––uses punch cards to uses punch cards to control the pattern of control the pattern of the weaving loom. the weaving loom.

1832 Charles Babbage -invents the Difference Engine


The Punch CardThe Punch Card

1890 Herman Hollerith 1890 Herman Hollerith –– invents a machine invents a machine using punch card to using punch card to tabulate info for the tabulate info for the Census. He starts the Census. He starts the company that would company that would later be IBM.later be IBM.


Evolution (continued)Evolution (continued)

1946 1946 –– MauchlyMauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC and Eckert created the ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)slide)


ENIAC ComputerENIAC Computer Miles of wiringMiles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switchesThousands of resistors and switches No monitorNo monitor 3,000 blinking lights3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000Cost $486,000 100,000 additions per second100,000 additions per second Weighed 30 tonsWeighed 30 tons Filled a 30x50 foot roomFilled a 30x50 foot room Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted

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19431943

Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project.working on the Mark I programming project.

She invented the phrase “bug” She invented the phrase “bug” –– an error in a an error in a program that causes a program to program that causes a program to malfunction.malfunction.


1950s1950s

Vacuum Tubes were the components for the Vacuum Tubes were the components for the electronic circuitryelectronic circuitry

Punch Cards main source of inputPunch Cards main source of input Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec)Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec) 100,000 additions/sec.100,000 additions/sec. Used for scientific calculationsUsed for scientific calculations New computers were the rule, cost New computers were the rule, cost

effectiveness wasn’t’effectiveness wasn’t’


Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)

Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) 200,000 additions/sec.200,000 additions/sec. Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing

of computers to businesses of computers to businesses Data files stored on magnetic tape Data files stored on magnetic tape Computer Scientists controlled operationsComputer Scientists controlled operations

1960s1960s


Late 60’s Early 70’sLate 60’s Early 70’s

Integrated circuit boardsIntegrated circuit boards

New input methods such as plotters, scannersNew input methods such as plotters, scanners

SoftwareSoftware became more importantbecame more important

Sophisticated Sophisticated operating systemsoperating systems

Improved Improved programming languagesprogramming languages

Storage capabilities expanded (disks)Storage capabilities expanded (disks)


1970’s Integrated circuits and 1970’s Integrated circuits and silicone chips lead to smaller silicone chips lead to smaller

microprocessorsmicroprocessors


Late 80’s to CurrentLate 80’s to Current

Improved circuitry Improved circuitry –– several thousand transistors several thousand transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip. placed on a tiny silicon chip.

Pentium chip named by IntelPentium chip named by Intel Modems Modems –– communication along telephone wirescommunication along telephone wires Portable computers: laptopsPortable computers: laptops Increased storage capabilities: gigabytesIncreased storage capabilities: gigabytes Emphasis on information needed by the decision Emphasis on information needed by the decision

maker.maker.


The Information Processing CycleThe Information Processing Cycle

INPUTINPUT OUTPUTOUTPUT

AUXILIARYAUXILIARYSTORAGESTORAGE

PROCESSINGPROCESSING

MAIN MAIN MEMORYMEMORY


INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES(Hardware)(Hardware)

KeyboardKeyboard

MouseMouse

JoystickJoystick

TrackballTrackball

Light penLight pen

Image scannerImage scanner

Touch tone telephoneTouch tone telephone

Touch screensTouch screens

Bar code scannerBar code scanner

Digitizer Digitizer

Voice recognitionVoice recognition

Auxiliary Storage DeviceAuxiliary Storage Device

INPUTINPUT


Central Processing Unit: CPUCentral Processing Unit: CPU The Brains or Intelligence of the The Brains or Intelligence of the

computer. Controls input and outputcomputer. Controls input and output The part of the computer that interprets The part of the computer that interprets

and executes instructions.and executes instructions. Silicon chip: integrated circuit boardSilicon chip: integrated circuit board Pentium: name give to a particular chipPentium: name give to a particular chip

PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGHARDWAREHARDWARE


What two numbers are used in What two numbers are used in Binary Code?Binary Code?

0 and 10 and 1

They are each called a BITThey are each called a BIT

8 BITS make a BYTE8 BITS make a BYTE

1 BYTE makes a letter or number1 BYTE makes a letter or number

KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytesKILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes

MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytesMEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes

GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytesGIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes

TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytesTERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytesFor more materials of Bank Exams visit us at


MEMORY MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWAREPROCESSING HARDWARE

ROMROM

RREAD EAD OONLY NLY MMEMORYEMORY SmallSmall Instructions are installed Instructions are installed

permanently at the factorypermanently at the factory Cannot be changedCannot be changed These instructions check These instructions check

the computer’s resources the computer’s resources and looks for Operating and looks for Operating SystemSystem

RAM RAM

RRANDOM ANDOM AACCESS CCESS MMEMORYEMORY

Main MemoryMain Memory

TemporaryTemporary——it is erased when it is erased when turned off.turned off.

It is where programs and data is It is where programs and data is stored while being processedstored while being processed

MEMORYMEMORY


OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES((HARDWARE)HARDWARE)

Useful information that leaves the systemUseful information that leaves the system Output Hardware includes:Output Hardware includes:

•Monitor: soft copy

•Printers: hard copy

•Flat Panel displays

•Voice and music - speakers

•Synthesizers

•PlottersOUTPUTOUTPUTFor more materials of Bank Exams visit us at


AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICESAUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES

Network Drive (Network Drive (H: drive)H: drive)

Hard Disk Drive (Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)C:drive)

Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk (Floppy Disk (A:drive)A:drive)

Smart cardSmart card

CD Read/Write DriveCD Read/Write Drive

Zip DriveZip Drive

Digital Audio TapeDigital Audio Tape

AUXILIARYAUXILIARYSTORAGESTORAGE


Computer HardwareComputer Hardware


HardwareHardware

Includes the electronic and mechanical devices that process the data; refers to the computer as well as peripheral devices


System UnitSystem Unit

Case that holds the power supply, storage Case that holds the power supply, storage devices and the circuit boards (including the devices and the circuit boards (including the motherboard).motherboard).


CPU (Central Processing Unit)CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Where the processing in Where the processing in a computer takes place, a computer takes place, often called the brain of often called the brain of the computer.the computer.


CircuitsCircuits

The path from one The path from one component of a component of a computer to another computer to another that data uses to travel.that data uses to travel.

Circuits run betweenCircuits run between RAM and the RAM and the

microprocessormicroprocessor

RAM and various storage RAM and various storage devicesdevices


Silicon ChipSilicon Chip

Silicon is melted sand.Silicon is melted sand.

What the circuits are What the circuits are embedded into to keep embedded into to keep them together.them together.


Peripheral DevicesPeripheral Devices

Devices connected by cable to the CPU.Devices connected by cable to the CPU.

Used to expand the computer’s input, output and storage capabilities.


Input DevicesInput Devices

Units that gather Units that gather information and information and transform that transform that information into a series information into a series of electronic signals for of electronic signals for the computer.the computer.


KeyboardKeyboard

An arrangement of An arrangement of letters, numbers, and letters, numbers, and special function keys special function keys that act as the primary that act as the primary input device to the input device to the computer.computer.


MouseMouse

An input device that An input device that allows the user to allows the user to manipulate objects on manipulate objects on the screen by moving the screen by moving the mouse along the the mouse along the surface of the desk.surface of the desk.


Sound CardSound Card

A circuit board that A circuit board that gives the computer the gives the computer the ability to accept audio ability to accept audio input, play sound files, input, play sound files, and produce audio and produce audio output through speakers output through speakers or headphones.or headphones.


ModemModem

A device that sends and A device that sends and receives data to and receives data to and from computers over from computers over telephone lines.telephone lines.

Means (Modulate Means (Modulate ––Demodulate).Demodulate).


Output DevicesOutput Devices

Devices that display, print or Devices that display, print or transmit the results of transmit the results of processing from the processing from the computers memory.computers memory.


MonitorMonitor

Display device that forms an image by Display device that forms an image by converting electronic signals from the converting electronic signals from the computer into points of colored light on the computer into points of colored light on the screen.screen.


ResolutionResolution

The density of the grid used to display or print The density of the grid used to display or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution.and vertical density, the higher the resolution.

The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more pixels the better the resolution.pixels the better the resolution.


PixelsPixels

The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics.text and graphics.

Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV screen, Computer monitor, or similar displayscreen, Computer monitor, or similar display


PrinterPrinter

Output device that Output device that produces text or produces text or graphical images on graphical images on paper.paper.


SpeakersSpeakers

Output devices that receive signals from the Output devices that receive signals from the computer’s sound card to play music, narration, computer’s sound card to play music, narration, or sound effects.or sound effects.


Storage DevicesStorage Devices

Used to keep data when Used to keep data when the power to the the power to the computer is turned off.computer is turned off.

Different formsDifferent forms Hard diskHard disk

Floppy or zip disksFloppy or zip disks

CDCD--WriterWriter


FormattedFormatted

Arrangement of data for storage or display.Arrangement of data for storage or display.

All storage devices must be formatted.All storage devices must be formatted.


Hard DiskHard Disk

Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent storagestorage


Floppy DiskFloppy Disk

Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff envelopeenvelope


Compact DiscsCompact Discs

CDCD--ROMROM Compact disk with read only memoryCompact disk with read only memory

CDCD--RR Compact disk which you can write to only one time. Compact disk which you can write to only one time.

It then becomes a read only disk.It then becomes a read only disk.

CDCD--RWRW Compact disk which you may rewrite to.Compact disk which you may rewrite to.


DVDDVD

DVD ROMDVD ROM Digital Video Disk which is read only.Digital Video Disk which is read only.

DVDDVD--RR Digital Video Disk which can be written to one Digital Video Disk which can be written to one

time. It then becomes read only.time. It then becomes read only.

DVDDVD--RWRW Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.


Flash or Jump DrivesFlash or Jump Drives

External storage devices that can be used like a External storage devices that can be used like a external hard drive.external hard drive.

They have the capability to be saved to, They have the capability to be saved to, deleted from, and files can be renamed just like deleted from, and files can be renamed just like with a normal hard drive.with a normal hard drive.


Software ComponentsSoftware Components


SoftwareSoftware

A computer program that tells the computer A computer program that tells the computer how to perform particular tasks.how to perform particular tasks.


ProgramProgram

A series of commands and executable files that A series of commands and executable files that produce results.produce results.


Operating SystemOperating System

Software that translates a computers Software that translates a computers commands and allows application programs to commands and allows application programs to interact with the computer’s hardwareinteract with the computer’s hardware

Examples:Examples: Windows XPWindows XP

UnixUnix

OS 10 (MAC)OS 10 (MAC)


Application SoftwareApplication Software

Program that performs a specific function.Program that performs a specific function.

ExamplesExamples Microsoft OfficeMicrosoft Office

Adobe PhotoshopAdobe Photoshop

WordPerfectWordPerfect


MultitaskingMultitasking

Ability to do more than one thing at a time.Ability to do more than one thing at a time.

Computers can run several application software Computers can run several application software programs and the operating system at the same programs and the operating system at the same time.time.

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Software UseSoftware Use

IconIcon Image that represent executable files.Image that represent executable files.

GUI (Graphical User Interface)GUI (Graphical User Interface) Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons on Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons on

screen.screen.

MenusMenus List or table of executable filesList or table of executable files


Types of ComputersTypes of Computers


Super ComputerSuper Computer

Mainframe computer which is the largest, Mainframe computer which is the largest, fastest or most powerful at one given time.fastest or most powerful at one given time.

A computer that was the fastest in the world at A computer that was the fastest in the world at the time it was constructed.the time it was constructed.

Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for other computersother computers Typical usesTypical uses

Breaking codesBreaking codes Modeling weather systemsModeling weather systems


Super ComputerSuper Computer



MainframeMainframe

Large powerful computer often serving many Large powerful computer often serving many connected terminals. connected terminals.

Large expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users.

Used to store, manage, and process large Used to store, manage, and process large amounts of data that need to be reliable, amounts of data that need to be reliable, secure, and centralized.secure, and centralized.

Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.For more materials of Bank Exams visit

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MainframeMainframe


ServerServer A computer that processes request for HTML A computer that processes request for HTML

and other documents that are components of and other documents that are components of Web pages.Web pages.

Purpose is to “serve.”Purpose is to “serve.”

A computer that has the purpose of supplying A computer that has the purpose of supplying its users with data; usually through the use of a its users with data; usually through the use of a LAN (Local Area Network).LAN (Local Area Network).



WorkstationWorkstation

Desktop computer which is usually more powerful Desktop computer which is usually more powerful than a Microcomputer. than a Microcomputer.

Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized tasks.

A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical wall outlet.power from an electrical wall outlet.

The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or horizontal case.horizontal case.

Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that are each plugged into the computer.are each plugged into the computer.


WorkstationWorkstation



Desktop MicrocomputerDesktop Microcomputer

Small computer based on a microprocessor.Small computer based on a microprocessor.

A personal computer designed to meet the needs of an individual; provides a variety of applications.

Provides access to a wide variety of computing Provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processing, photo applications, such as word processing, photo editing, eediting, e--mail, and internet.mail, and internet.


Desktop MicrocomputerDesktop Microcomputer



Laptop or NotebookLaptop or Notebook

Portable, Portable, compact computer that runs on a wall outlet or battery unit with all components in one unit.

All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in one compact unit.one compact unit.

Usually more expensive than a comparable Usually more expensive than a comparable desktop.desktop.

Sometimes called a notebook.Sometimes called a notebook.


HandheldHandheld

Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant). A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on

batteries, and is used while holding in your batteries, and is used while holding in your hand.hand.

Typically used as an appointment book, address Typically used as an appointment book, address book, calculator, and notepad.book, calculator, and notepad.

Can be synchronized with a personal Can be synchronized with a personal microcomputer as a backup.microcomputer as a backup.


NetworksNetworks

File ServerFile Server A computer dedicated to running applications and A computer dedicated to running applications and

storing data. May be shared with other storing data. May be shared with other workstationsworkstations

IP addressIP address A unique address assigned to a computer so that it A unique address assigned to a computer so that it

may be located across the web.may be located across the web.


NetworkNetwork

Two or more computers and other Two or more computers and other devices that are connected, for devices that are connected, for the purpose of sharing data and the purpose of sharing data and programs.programs.



Types of NetworksTypes of Networks

LAN IntranetworkLAN Intranetwork Local Area Network A method by which multiple Local Area Network A method by which multiple

computers are connected. (CJH)computers are connected. (CJH)

WAN InternetworkWide WAN InternetworkWide Wide Area Network by which large geographical Wide Area Network by which large geographical

areas can be connected. (Davis District)areas can be connected. (Davis District)



Computer Performance Computer Performance and Processingand Processing


Boot ProcessBoot Process

Sequence of events that occurs between the time Sequence of events that occurs between the time you turn on a computer and the time that it you turn on a computer and the time that it becomes ready to accept commands.becomes ready to accept commands.

PurposesPurposes Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is

working.working.

Loading the operating system, so the computer can carry Loading the operating system, so the computer can carry out basic operations.out basic operations.


6 events of the boot process:6 events of the boot process:

Power upPower up

Start boot programStart boot program

PowerPower--on selfon self--testtest

Identify peripheral devicesIdentify peripheral devices

Load operation systemLoad operation system

Check configuration and customizationCheck configuration and customization



Megahertz (mHz)Megahertz (mHz)

A measurement used to describe the speed of A measurement used to describe the speed of the system clock.the system clock.

A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or pulses) per second.pulses) per second.

1.3 GHz means that the microprocessor’s clock 1.3 GHz means that the microprocessor’s clock operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per second.second.


PentiumPentium

Name of the CPU.Name of the CPU.

Pentium is the 5Pentium is the 5thth generation of the Intel generation of the Intel processor.processor. Other generations were called:Other generations were called:

8080--8888

286286

386386

486486


RAM vs. ROMRAM vs. ROM

RAMRAM “Random Access Memory”“Random Access Memory”

The ability of a storage devices The ability of a storage devices to go directly to a specific to go directly to a specific storage location without storage location without having to search sequentially having to search sequentially for a beginning location.for a beginning location.

Very volatileVery volatile Cannot hold data when the Cannot hold data when the

power is off.power is off.

Losses all data when power is Losses all data when power is lost.lost.

ROMROM “Read only memory”“Read only memory”

Drives can read data from Drives can read data from disks, but cannot store new disks, but cannot store new data on them.data on them.

One or more integrated One or more integrated circuits that contain circuits that contain permanent instructions that permanent instructions that the computer uses during the the computer uses during the boot process.boot process.


Binary NumberBinary Number SystemSystem

A method for representing numbers using only A method for representing numbers using only two digits 0 and 1.two digits 0 and 1.

Bit Bit –– each 0 or 1.each 0 or 1.

Byte Byte –– 8 bits8 bits

Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code.Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code.



Memory MeasurementsMemory Measurements

BitBit Each 0 or 1Each 0 or 1

ByteByte 8 bits8 bits

KilobyteKilobyte Approximately 1 thousand bytesApproximately 1 thousand bytes

MegabyteMegabyte Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes)Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes)

GigabyteGigabyte Approximately 1 billion bytesApproximately 1 billion bytes

TerabyteTerabyte Approximately 1 trillion bytesApproximately 1 trillion bytes


Basic TermsBasic Terms



ComputerComputer A device that accepts input, processes data, stores A device that accepts input, processes data, stores

data, and produces output, all according to a series data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.of stored instructions.




InputInput Any information, data, sound, etc. that is created Any information, data, sound, etc. that is created

and fed into the computer.and fed into the computer.

OutputOutput Useful information that leaves the system.Useful information that leaves the system.

DataData Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols

that represent facts, objects or ideas.that represent facts, objects or ideas.




ProcessingProcessing Manipulation of the data in many waysManipulation of the data in many ways

MemoryMemory Area of the computer that temporarily holds data Area of the computer that temporarily holds data

waiting to be processed, stored, or output.waiting to be processed, stored, or output.

StorageStorage Area of the computer that holds data on a Area of the computer that holds data on a

permanent basis when it is not immediately needed permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing.for processing.




File managementFile management A method of organizing files and folders to make A method of organizing files and folders to make

data more easily accessible.data more easily accessible.

FoldersFolders Location of physical media where data is storedLocation of physical media where data is stored

FileFile Individual document created and saved by the user.Individual document created and saved by the user.



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Computers for-bank-exams-guide4 bankexams