8/4/2019 Computer Science 37 Lecture 31

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Lecture31

Multiprocessors

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Question: Whatdoesitmeantocompute?

TuringMachine

program

data

y' !d ag

Perhaps:manipulateandtransformdata.

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Question: WhywouldIwanttohavemorethanone

computerworkatthesameproblematthesametime?

Theideais:ifittakestimeTtofinishataskusingonecomputer,itwilltaketimeT/Ntoaccomplishthesame

taskusingNcomputers.Right?Well,kindof.

Amdahl’sLaw:TheLawofDiminishingReturns

t improvemenof  Amount 

t improvemenbyaffected time Executiont improvemenafter time Execution =

unaffected time Execution+

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Conclusion: Inordertosee speedup equaltothenumberof

processorsusedtoexecuteanapplicationinparallel,this

applicationmustbehavenosequentialcomponentatall.

Sometimes,whenthesizeofproblemgrowsvery

large,thefractionofexecutiontimewhichcanbe

affectedbyimprovementgrowsmuchfasterthanthe

executiontimethatisunaffected.Inthosecases,parallelcomputingwillyieldgreatgains.

t improvemenof  Amount 

t improvemenbyaffected time Executiont improvemenafter time Execution =

unaffected time Execution+

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Littleroadmapfortherestofthelecture:

Quickglanceatafewproblemsthatariseinmultiprocessing

Categoriesofmultiprocessorssystems

Panoramiclookatmultiprocessorcomputers

Awordortwoonprogrammingmultiprocessors

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processor

cache

singlebus

processor

cache

processor

cache

…

Main

Memory

I/O

Question: Whataretheproblemswiththispicture?

Enterthecachecoherency protocols…

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processor

cache

interconnectionnetwork 

processor

cache

processor

cache

…

memory memory memory

Question: Whataretheproblemswiththispicture?

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ClassificationAccordingtoMemoryAccessTimes

Singleaddressspace:UMA:

Uniform

Memory

Access

NUMA:

Non-Uniform

Memory

Access

Sametime,nomatterwhich

processor,nomatterwhat

addressisaccessed(SMP).

Timedependsonwhichprocessor

isaskingforthedataandwhere

thedataisinmemory.

Multipleaddressspaces: distributedmemory,messagepassing.

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ClassificationAccordingtoProcessingModel

SISD:

Singleinstructionstream

Singledatastream

MIMD:

Singleinstructionstream

Singledatastream

MISD:

Multipleinstructionstreams

Singledatastream

SIMD:

Singleinstructionstream

Multipledatastreams

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SIMDComputers:TheMASPAR

ACU: arraycontrolunit;issues

instructionstoallthePEs (RISC).

PEs: clustersof32-bitALUs;64KBmemory,

6432-bitregisters.

Topology: gridconnection.

Scalability: 1024,2048,4096,8192or16384

processors.

Target: greatfordataparallelapplications.

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SIMDComputers:TheConnectionMachineCM-2

A5feettallcubeformedof

smallercubes,representinga

12-dimensionalhypercube

structureofthenetworkthat

connectedtheprocessors

together.

“Thishardgeometricobject,black,thenon-colorofsheer,staticmass,was transparent,filledwithasoft,constantlychangingcloudoflightsfromtheprocessor

 chips,red,thecoloroflifeandenergy.Itwasthearchetypeofanelectronicbrain,

 aliving,thinkingmachine.” 

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MIMDComputers:TheSGIOrigin2000

Expandableandflexiblerackdesign:addprocessorsasneedsgrow.Usescc-NUMAbuildingblockstoscalethesingle

shared-memorysystemfrom2to16processorsinasingle

rack.

EachmodulesupportstwotoeightMIPS®processorsandup

to16GBofmemoryandprovidesI/Obandwidthof6.24GB

persecond.

“Capableofconnectingwithmultiplerackstoscaleto64processorsina

 single-systemimageutilizingtherevolutionaryNUMAlink TM  interconnect, ahigh-speed,scalableinterconnectfabricthatprovidesincrementalbandwidth

whilemaintainingtheshared-memorymodelofanSMPserver.”

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MIMDComputers:TheSunEnterprise6500

KeySpecifications: Upto30CPUs,maximummemoryof60GB(SMPstyle

sharedmemory),RAIDdisks.

KeyBenefits:Ahighlyexpandablesystemthatoffersmission-criticalperformanceand

availability.

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MIMDComputers:Beowulf-typeClusters

Grendel (ClemsonUniversity): anexperimentalparallelcomputerbuiltfromcommoditycomponents.

Apile-of-PCsof18machines,eachwiththefollowing:150MHzPentiumCPU,

64MBEDODRAM,2GBIDEdisk,2FastEthernetcards.

OperatingSystem: RedHatLinux (kernel>=v2.0)

Themachinesaretiedtogetherwithtwonetworks.Thefirstisa busnetwork

usingastackof100Mb/shubs.Thesecondisafull-duplexswitchednetwork

usingaFastEthernetswitch.Defines2 nodes forinteractionwiththesystem,and

usestheother16asdedicatedcomputeandI/Oservers.Theconceptincludesnot

onlycommodityoff-the-shelf(COTS)hardware,butalsotheuseoffreely

availableoperatingsystemssuchasLinux,messagepassingsoftwaresuchasPVMandMPI,andothersoftwareoftencontributedbyBeowulfusers.

Cost: Canitgetanylower???

Woo-hoo!

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DoesMultiprocessingAloneSolveThePerformanceProblem?

It’sbeendecadessinceresearchonparallelprocessingstarted,programmingamultiprocessorisstillahardtask.

 Loop:{ 

 Readdata;

 Processdata;

Writedata;

 }

 Loop:{ 

 Readdata;

 Processdata;

Writedata;

 }

ProcessorA ProcessorB

Problem: Communication(itstakestimetotransferdataaround).

Problem: Synchronization(dowehavetoagreeontime?).

Problem: Attherootofitall:DATADEPENDENCIES.