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HISTORY

&DEVELOPMENT

OF

SOFTWARES


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DATA COLLECTION, DATA WRITING,

DATA ACTION & ROLE PLAY


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DATA CO-ORDINATION,

COORELATION, PROJECTORING,

SCREENPLAY, ROLE PLAY & SOFTWARE

GENERATION


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PRESENTING, EDITING, ANALYSING,SPL EFFECTS, SUMMARISING

&DIRECTION & ROLE PLAY


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INTRODUCTION


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COMPUTER SOFTWARE, OR JUST

SOFTWARE, IS A COLLECTION OF

COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND RELATEDDATA THAT PROVIDE THE

INSTRUCTIONS FOR TELLING A

COMPUTER WHAT TO DO AND HOWTO DO IT.


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SOFTWARE IS A SET OF :

PROGRAMS

PROCEDURES

ALGORITHMS&

ITS

DOCUMENTATION


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APPLICATION SOFTWARE - SUCH AS WORD PROCESSORS OR

VIDEO GAMES, AND ERP SOFTWARE FOR GROUPS OF USERS.

MIDDLEWARE CONTROLS AND CO-ORDINATES DISTRIBUTEDSYSTEMS.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES DEFINE THE SYNTAX AND

SEMANTICS OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS. EXAMPLE, MANY MATUREBANKING APPLICATIONS.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE INCLUDES OPERATING SYSTEMS.

TEST WARE IS SOFTWARE FOR TESTING HARDWARE OR A

SOFTWARE PACKAGE.

DEVICE DRIVERS CONTROL PARTS OF COMPUTERS SUCH AS DISKDRIVES, PRINTERS, CD DRIVES, OR COMPUTER MONITORS.

PROGRAMMING TOOLS HELP CONDUCT COMPUTING TASKS IN

ANY CATEGORY LISTED ABOVE.

Examples of computer software include:


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SOFTWARES

OVERVIEW


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The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the

Entscheidungsproblem (Decision problem). The term "software" was

first used in print by John W. Tukey in 1958.

The term is often used to mean application software. In computer

science and software engineering, software is all information

processed by computer system, programs and data.

The academic fields studying software are computer science andsoftware engineering.


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SOFTWARE WAS BUNDLED WITH THE HARDWARE

BY ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS

(OEMS) SUCH AS DATA GENERAL, DIGITAL

EQUIPMENT AND IBM. WHEN A CUSTOMER

BOUGHT A MINICOMPUTER, (AT THAT TIME THE

SMALLEST COMPUTER ON THE MARKET), THE

COMPUTER DID NOT COME WITH PRE-INSTALLEDSOFTWARE, BUT NEEDED TO BE INSTALLED BY

ENGINEERS EMPLOYED BY THE OEM. COMPUTER

HARDWARE COMPANIES NOT ONLY BUNDLED

THEIR SOFTWARE, THEY ALSO PLACED DEMANDS

ON THE LOCATION OF THE HARDWARE IN A

REFRIGERATED SPACE CALLED A COMPUTER

ROOM.


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SOFTWARE GENERATIONS


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FIRST GENERATION

During the 1950's the first computers were

programmed by changing the wires and set tens of

dials and switches. One for every bit sometimes

these settings could be stored on paper tapes that

looked like a ticker tape from the telegraph


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SECOND GENERATION

the first generation "languages" were regarded as

very user unfriendly people set out to look for

something else, faster and easier to understand.

The result was the birth of the second generation

languages (2GL) at the mid of the 1950's


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THIRD GENERATIONAt the end of the 1950's the 'natural language' interpreters

and compilers were made. But it took some time before the

new languages were accepted by enterprises.

About the oldest 3GL is FORTRAN (Formula Translation) which

was developed around 1953 by IBM. This is a language

primarily intended for technical and scientific purposes.

Standardization of FORTRAN started 10 years later, and a

recommendation was finally published by the International

Standardization Organization (ISO) in 1968.


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FOURTH GENERATION

A 4GL is an aid witch the end user or programmer can use

to build an application without using a third generationprogramming language. Therefore knowledge of a

programming language is strictly spoken not needed.


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PRACTICAL DIVIDE

INTO THREE MAJOR

CLASSES:


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SYSTEM SOFTWARE PROVIDES THE BASIC

FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTER USAGE AND HELPSRUN THE COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SYSTEM.

IT INCLUDES A COMBINATION OF THE

FOLLOWING:

DEVICE DRIVERS

OPERATING SYSTEMS

SERVERS

UTILITIESWINDOW SYSTEMS


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PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE USUALLY PROVIDES TOOLS TO

ASSIST A PROGRAMMER IN WRITING COMPUTERPROGRAMS, AND SOFTWARE USING DIFFERENT

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES IN A MORE CONVENIENTWAY.

THE TOOLS INCLUDE:

COMPILERS

DEBUGGERSINTERPRETERS

LINKERSTEXT EDITORS


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APPLICATION SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWARE IS DEVELOPED TO AID IN ANY TASK THAT BENEFITS FROM COMPUTATION. IT

IS A BROAD CATEGORY, AND ENCOMPASSES SOFTWARE OF MANY KINDS, INCLUDING THE INTERNET

BROWSER BEING USED TO DISPLAY THIS PAGE. THIS CATEGORY INCLUDES:

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

DATABASES

DECISION MAKING SOFTWARE

EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE

IMAGE EDITING

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATIONMATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE

MEDICAL SOFTWARE

MOLECULAR MODELING SOFTWARE

QUANTUM CHEMISTRY AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS SOFTWARE

SIMULATION SOFTWARE

SPREADSHEETS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS (I.E., THE INTERNET AND EVERYTHING THAT FLOWS ON IT)VIDEO EDITING SOFTWARE

VIDEO GAMES

WORD PROCESSING


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WHAT IS A PROGRAMMING

LANGUAGE?A tool for instructing machines.A notation for algorithms.

A means for communication among programmers.A tool for experimentation.A means for controlling computer-controlledgadgets.A means for controlling computerized devices.A way of expressing relationships among concepts.A means for expressing high-level designs.


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EARLY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Classic C

Simula

Pascal

Algol68

BCPL

Fortran

Lisp

COBOL

Algol60

PL\1

1950s: 1960s: 1970s:


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MODERN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Object Pascal

C++

Java95

C#Ada98

C++98

Java04

C++0x

PythonLisp

Smalltalk

Fortran77

Ada

EiffelSimula67

COBOL89

PHP

C89

PERL

Visual Basic

COBOL04 Javascript


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STRATEGIES OR SOFTWARE TOPICS:

SOFTWARE ARCHIETECTURE (AS OPPOSED TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, ANALOG COMPUTERS &

SUPERCOMPUTERS).

SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION SO THAT THE END USER CAN UNDERSTAND THE PROGRAM.

SOFTWARE LIBRARY INCLUDE COLLECTIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONALITY.

SOFTWARE STANDARD FOR INSTANCE, AN EMAIL SENT FROM A MICROSOFT OUTLOOK SHOULD BEREADABLE FROM YAHOO! MAIL AND VICE VERSA.

EXECUTION (COMPUTING) EACH INSTRUCTION CAUSES THE COMPUTER TO CARRY OUT ANOPERATION .

SOFTWARE QUALITY SOFTWARE QUALITY IS VERY IMPORTANT, ESPECIALLY FOR COMMERCIAL ANDSYSTEM SOFTWARE LIKE MICROSOFT OFFICE, MICROSOFT WINDOWS AND LINUX.

SOFTWARE LICENSE THE SOFTWARE'S LICENSE GIVES THE USER THE RIGHT TO USE THE SOFTWARE INTHE LICENSED ENVIRONMENT.

SOFTWARE PATENT AND SOFTWARE PATENT DEBATE MAY NOT BE DUPLICATED BY OTHERS

AND CONSIDERED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT DEPENDING ON THESEVERITY.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, COMPUTER PROGRAMMING,SOFTWARE ENGINEERING.


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Portability is goodType safety is goodHigh performance is goodAnything that eases debugging is good

Access to system resources is goodStability over decades is goodEase of learning is goodSmall is good

Whatever helps analysis is goodHaving lots of facilities is good


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WHY DO WE DESIGN LANGUAGES & SOFTWARES?

There are many diverse applications areas--

No one language can be the best for everything

Programmers have diverse backgrounds and skills--

No one language can be best for everybody

Problems change--

Over the years, computers are applied in new areas and to newproblems

Computers change--

Over the decades, hardware characteristics and tradeoffs change

Progress happens--

Over the decades, we learn better ways to design and implementlanguages


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REFERENCESREFERENCES^ "WORDREFERENCE.COM: WORDNET 2.0". PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, PRINCETON, NJ.

RETRIEVED 2007-08-19.

^ SOFTWARE..(N.D.). DICTIONARY.COM UNABRIDGED (V 1.1). RETRIEVED 2007-04-13,

FROM DICTIONARY.COM WEBSITE:HTTP://DICTIONARY.REFERENCE.COM/BROWSE/SOFTWARE

^ HALLY, MIKE (2005:79). ELECTRONIC BRAINS/STORIES FROM THE DAWN OF THE

COMPUTER AGE. BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION AND GRANTA BOOKS,

LONDON. ISBN 1-86207-663-4.

^JOHN TUKEY, 85, STATISTICIAN; COINED THE WORD 'SOFTWARE', NEW YORK TIMES,

OBITUARIES, JULY 28, 2000^ TYING ARRANGEMENTS AND THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY: DIGIDYNE CORP. VS. DATA

GENERAL^ "MSDN LIBRARY". RETRIEVED 2010-06-14.

^ V. ENGELHARDT, SEBASTIAN (2008): "THE ECONOMIC PROPERTIES OF SOFTWARE",

JENA ECONOMIC RESEARCH PAPERS, VOLUME 2 (2008), NUMBER 2008-045. (IN ADOBE

PDF FORMAT)^ "WHY OPEN SOURCE IS THE OPTIMUM ECONOMIC PARADIGM FOR SOFTWARE" BY

DAN KAMINSKY 1999


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