Computer Architecture and Assembly Language.pptx

7/27/2019 Computer Architecture and Assembly Language.pptx

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Computer ArchitectureComputer organization

Deals with allphysical components of computer systems that interacts with eachother to perform various functionalitiesThe lower level of computer organization is known as microarchitecture which ismore detailed and concrete.Examples of Organizational attributes includes Hardware details transparent tothe programmer such as control signal and peripheral.

Computer architecture Refers as a set ofattributes of a system as seen by programmer Examples of the Architectural attributes include the instruction set, the no of

bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism and techniquefor addressing memories

Examples of architectural attributes include the instruction set, the number ofbits used to represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/Omechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory.


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The difference between architecture and organizationis best described by a non-computer example. Is thegear level in a motorcycle part of it is architecture ororganization? The architecture of a motocycle issimple; it transports you from A to B. The gear levelbelongs to the motorcycle's organization because itimplements the function of a motorcycle but is notpart of that function


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Computer System Computer system is a programmable electronic device that can accept, store

and process data. It executes a set of instructions called program.

Computer system can be defined as a collection or an assembly of various

parts or components that work together to achieve an objective.

Computer system may be considered to be a group of integrates

components, interacting with one another to perform a specific set of tasks.

More precisely a computer system may be defined as a collection of entities

such as a processors, memories, input/output devices and other specialinterconnecting components, that interact with each other in a certain

manner to carry out a specific set of tasks.


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Organization of the Von Nuemann

Machine

The basic design of many omodem digital computers can betraced back to one the earliestdigital computers, the VonNuemann machine. It has beennamed after the famousmathematician, John VonNuemann who designed it.

The Von Nuemann Machine hasthe following components

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Memory Control Unit Input Device Output Device


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A computer is a complex system; contemporary computerscontain millions of elementary electronic components.

A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated subsystems,each of the latter, in turn, hierarchical in structure.

Structure: The way in which the components are

interrelated

Function: The operation of each individual component aspart of the structure


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Function Both the structure and functioning of acomputer are, in essence, simple. Figure 1.1depicts the basic functions that a computercan perform. In general terms, there are onlyfour:

Data processing- interpret instructions

Data storage- store data Data movement- The computers operating

environment consists of devices that serve aseither sources or destinations of data. Whendata are received from or delivered to a devicethat is directly connected to the computer, theprocess is known as inputoutput (I/O), andthe device is referred to as a peripheral.When data are moved over longer distances, to

or from a remote device, the process is knownas data communications. Control- a control unit manages the

computers resources and orchestrates theperformance of its functional parts in responseto those instructions.


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Structure The computer interacts

in some fashion with itsexternal environment. Ingeneral, all of its linkagesto the externalenvironment can beclassified as peripheral

devices orcommunication lines.


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Computer systems

include hardware, software, and firmware.

Hardware- the physical computer and the parts inside the computerare examples of hard-ware. The monitor, keyboard, and mouse are

hardware components.

Software- interacts with the hardware. Windows, Linux, OS X,Microsoft Office, Solitaire, Google Chrome, Adobe Acrobat Reader, and

WordPerfect are examples of software. Without software that allowsthe hardware to accomplish something, a computer is nothing morethan a doorstop. Every computer needs an important piece of softwarecalled an operating system, which coordinates the interaction betweenhardware and software applications. The operating system also handlesthe interaction between a user and the computer. Examples ofoperating systems include DOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista,

Windows 7, OS X, and various types of Unix, such as Red Hat andMandrake.


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Computer systems

Adevice driver is a special piece of software designed to enable a hardwarecomponent. The device driver enables the operating system to recognize,control, and use the hardware component. drivers are hardware and operatingsystem specific. For example, a printer requires a specific device driver whenconnected to a computer loaded with Windows 98. The same printer requires adifferent device driver when using Windows XP. Each piece of installed

hardware requires a device driver for the operating system being used. Figure 1.1shows how hardware and software must work together.

Firmware combines hardware and software into important chips inside thecomputer. It is called firmware because it is a chip, which is hardware, and ithas software built into the chip. An example of firmware is the BIOS(basicinput/output system) chip. BIOS chips always have software inside them. The

BIOS has startup software that must be present for a computer to operate. Thisstartup software locates and loads the operating system. The BIOS alsocontains software instructions for communication with input/output devices,as well as important hard-ware parameters that determine to some extent whathardware can be installed. For example, the system BIOS has the ability toallow other BIOS chips that are located on adapters (such as the video card) toload software that is loaded in the cards BIOS


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The motherboard is themain circuit boardlocated inside a PC andcontains the mostelectronics.


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External Connectivity

A port is a connector on the motherboard or on aseparate adapter that allows a device to connect to thecomputer. Sometimes a motherboard has ports built

directly into the motherboard. Motherboards that have ports built into them are

called integrated motherboards.

Male ports have metal pins that protrude from the

connector. A male port requires a cable with a femaleconnector.

Female ports have holes in the connector into whichthe male cable pins are inserted.


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USB Port USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. A USBport allows up to 127 devices to transmit atspeeds up to 5Gbps (5 billion bits per second)with version 3.0. Compare these speeds toparallel port transfers of 1Mbps (1 million bitsper second). Devices that can connect to theUSB port include printers, scanners, mice,

keyboards, joysticks, CD drives, DVD drives,tape drives, floppy drives, light yokes, cameras,modems, speakers, telephones, video phones,data gloves, and digitizers.

In order for the computer to use the USB port,it must have a Pentium or higher CPU; anoper-ating system that supports USB, such asWindows 9x or higher, Apple OS X, or *nix

(any flavor of Unix) and a chipset that acts as ahost controller. Additional ports cansometimes be found on the front of computercases. Figure 1.12 shows a close-up view of twoUSB ports. Figure 1.13 is a photograph ofcomputer USB ports.


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USB Port A smaller USB port used on

small devices such as a USB hub,PDA, digital camera, and phonesis known as a mini-USB port.There are three types of mini-USB ports: mini-A, mini-B, andmini-AB. The mini-AB portaccepts either a mini-A or amini-B cable end. The twoleftmost connectors shown inFigure 1.16 are mini-B and

standard A USB connectors.(The three connectors shown onthe right are 6-, 4-, and 9-pinIEEE 1394 connectors, which arediscussed later in this chapter.)


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Serial Port A serial port (also known as a COM port,RS-232 port, or an asynchronous (async)port) can be a 9-pin male D-shellconnector or a 25-pin male D-shellconnector (on very old computers).Serial ports are used for a variety of

devices including mice, externalmodems, digitizers, printers, PDAs, anddigital cameras. Serial ports arebecoming obsolete for the same reasonthat parallel ports areUSB ports. Themost common reason to have a serialport would be for an external modem.The serial port transmits one bit at a

time and is much slower than theparallel port that transmits eight bits at atime. Serial ports sometimes have asmall picture of two rows of squareblocks (two digital square waves) tiedtogether etched over the connector.


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Sound Card Ports A sound card converts digitalcomputer signals to sound andsound to digital computer signals. Asound card is sometimes called anaudio card and can be integrated

into the motherboard or an adapterthat contains several ports. Themost common ports include a portfor a microphone, one or more portsfor speakers, and an input port for ajoystick or MIDI (musicalinstrument digital interface) device.Examples of MIDI devices includeelectronic keyboards and externalsound modules. The joystick port issometimes known as a game port.


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IEEE 1394 Port

The IEEE 1394 standard is a serial technologydeveloped by Apple Computer. Sometimes it isknown as FireWire or i.Link, which is a Sonytrademark. IEEE 1394 portshave been morepre-dominant on Apple computers, but arenow becoming a standard port on PCs.Windows and Apple operating systemssupport the IEEE 1394 standard. Many digitalproducts now have an integrated IEEE 1394

port for connecting to a computer. IEEE 1394devices include camcorders, cameras, printers,storage devices, DVD players, CD-R drives,CD-RW drives, tape drives, film readers,speakers, and scanners.

Speeds supported are 100, 200, 400, 800, 1200,1600, and 3200Mbps. As many as 63 devices(using cable lengths up to 14 feet) can be

connected with FireWire. The IEEE 1394standard sup-ports hot swapping (pluggingand unplugging devices with the power on),plug and play, and powering low-powerdevices. The cable has six wiresfour for dataand two for power. Newer IEEE 1394 standardssupport the use of RJ-45 and fiber connectors.Figure 1.22 shows FireWire ports. Figure 1.23shows three IEEE 1394 adapter ports.


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Network Ports

Network ports are used to connect a computerto other computers, including a networkserver. Two different network adapters,Ethernet and Token Ring, are available, butmost networks use Ethernet ports. The portson these adapters can be quite confusingbecause the connectors are sometimes thesame. A network cable inserts into thenetwork port.

Ethernet adapters are the most common typeof NIC(network interface card/controller).They can have a BNC, an RJ-45, a 15-pin femaleD-shell connector, or a combination of theseon the same adapter. The BNC connectorattaches to thin coax cable. The 15-pin D-shellconnector connects to thick coax cable. TheRJ-45 connector connects to UTP (unshielded

twisted-pair) cable and is the most commonEthernet port used. The 15-pin female D-shellconnector is confusing because this connectoris also used with game ports. The RJ-45connector (the most common one) looks like aphone jack, but it uses eight wires instead offour. Figure 1.25 shows examples of differentEthernet adapter ports.


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Modem Ports A modem connects a computer to aphone line. A modem can be internal orexternal. An inter-nal modem is anadapter that has one or two RJ-11connectors. An external modem is aseparate device that sits outside the

computer and connects to a 9-pin or 25-pin serial port. The external modem canalso have one or two RJ-11 connectors.The RJ-11 connectors look like typicalphone jacks. With two RJ-11 connectors,one can be used for a telephone and theother has a cable that connects to thewall jack. The RJ-11 connector labeled

Line is for the connection to the walljack. The RJ-11 connector labeled Phone is for

the connection to the phone. An internalmodem with only one RJ-11 connectorconnects to the wall jack. Figure 1.28shows an internal modem with twoports.


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Integrated Motherboards

An integrated motherboard provides expandabilitybecause ports are built in and do not require

separate adapters. If the motherboard includes the

serial, parallel, and video ports, there is more space available for other adapters such as network or

sound cards. Some motherboards include

the network connection and the ports normally foundon sound cards. The number of available

expansion slots in a system depends on themotherboard manufacturer.


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Ports built into a motherboard are faster than those onan expansion board. All adapters in expansion slotsrun slower than the motherboard components.

Computers with integrated motherboards are easier toset up because you do not have to install an adapter orconfigure the ports.

Normally, systems with integrated motherboards are

easier to troubleshoot because the compo-nents are onone board. The drawback is that when one port goesbad, you have to add an adapter that has the same typeof port as the one that went bad.


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Integrated Motherboards


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Docking Station and Port Replicator A docking station allows alaptop computer to be more like adesktop system. A dockingstation can have connections for afull-size monitor, printer,keyboard, mouse, and printer. Inaddition, a docking station canhave expansion slots or cards andstorage bays.To install a laptop into a dockingstation, close the laptop and slide

the laptop into the dock-ingstation. Optionally (depending on themodel), secure the laptop with lockingTabs.


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Docking Station and Port Replicator The port replicator is similar to a docking station, but does

not normally include an expansion slot or drive storagebays. The port replicator attaches to the laptop and allows

more devices to be connected, such as an external monitor,keyboard, mouse, joystick, and printer. To use a

port replicator, normally the external devices are connectedfirst. Align the laptop connector with

the port replication connector. Attach the port replicator tothe laptop. Today, most laptops come

with many integrated ports; therefore, docking stationsand port replicators are not as popular


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Computer Architecture and Assembly Language.pptx