Composition and transport in the Asian summer monsoon

Composition and transport

in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA):

A case study based on in-situ observations during ESMVal

and EMAC simulations

K. Gottschaldt1, H. Schlager1, with contributions from

R. Baumann1, H. Bozem3, D. S. Cai1, V. Eyring1, P. Graf1, V. Grewe1,2,

P. Hoor3, P. Jöckel1, T. Jurkat1, C. Voigt1,3, A. Zahn4, H. Ziereis1

3rd ACAM workshop

Guangzhou, 08.06.2017

Photo: DLR, CC-BY 3.0

1Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany2Delft University of Technology, Aerospace Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands3Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Mainz, Germany4Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Karlsruhe, Germany

Male

Larnaca

EMAC CO360 K

July – September 2012

Q1: What composition was encountered and can we explain the observations?

Q2: What did we learn about processes in the ASMA in general?

HALO ESMVal campaign

Intro | Obs & sim | Trajectories | TL entrainment | Splitting | Exceptional? | Ozone | Seasonal evolution | Summary

Gottschaldt et al.:

Composition and transport … ASMA … ESMVal

18 Sep 2012

Asian

Monsoon

50 60 70 80 90 nmol/mol

Measurements & simulation: O3

Male Larnaca

12 min

Increase contrasts presumption

of decreased O3 in the ASMA

EMAC simulation:

• global, specified dynamics (ESCiMo RC1SD-base-10a)

• O3 ~20 nmol/mol too high

• Pattern reproduced

∆t

ASMA


Gottschaldt et al.:


Measurements vs simulation: Other tracers


Gottschaldt et al.:


• @ instrument limit

• Spurious washing out

or slightly misjudged

gradient in sim

• Surprisingly good for

monthly BB emissions

Parameterized lightning:

• Cannot expect

exact match

• Magnitude ok

hPa km

• Considering coarse resolution, approximations / parameterizations

Measurements & simulation

Surprisingly well reproduces observations of HALO ESMVal,

at least large scale features

Observations

HCl, CO, O3, NO, NOy enhanced in ASMA filament(s)

Simulation

Ok to use simulation

for the interpretation

of the measurements

Curious combinationtracer

St Tr


Gottschaldt et al.:


Back-trajectories

• Almost parallel UT trajectories

→ Radial transport barrier

• UT + Lower Tropospheric air

• ~10 days ASMA roundtrip

• ~3 days from eastern flank

HYSPLIT


Gottschaldt et al.:


-5 days

Back-trajectories

2

1

3

All 3 flight segments have seen a filament of similar genesis:

• At least one ASMA roundtrip in UT

• Entrainment by upwelling at eastern ASMA flank

Male Larnaca

CO

Enhanced CO

Obs, EMAC, HYSPLIT


Gottschaldt et al.:


1 32

Enhanced HCl EMAC


Gottschaldt et al.:


• HCl = tracer of

stratospheric influence

• Filament originating

in Tropopause Layer

@ eastern ASMA flank

18 Sep 2012

Tropopause layer entrainment

T

EMAC

Tropopause

Flight level

T

S

N

km

16

12

8

4

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50°N


Gottschaldt et al.:


18 Sep 2012 15 Sep 2012

hPa

100

200

300

500

700

S N

• HCl = tracer of

stratospheric influence

• Filament originating

in Tropopause Layer

@ eastern ASMA flank

Radiative-

convective balance (WMO)

Baroclinic

wave activity

(3.5 PVU)

Tropopause layer entrainment EMAC

Enhanced HCl in fringe


Gottschaldt et al.:


T

Tropopause

Flight level

T

S

N

km

16

12

8

4

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50°N

18 Sep 2012 15 Sep 2012

hPa

100

200

300

500

700

?

Enhanced HCl in center ?

S N

Dynamics: Splitting and stirring

ASMA splits

Fringe

Interior

Iranian

interior

Iranian

fringe

Tibetan

interior

Tibetan

fringe

HCl

CO


Gottschaldt et al.:


Stirring accross former

transport barriers

EMAC

Dynamics: Splitting and stirring

ASMA splits

Fringe

Interior

Iranian

interior

Iranian

fringe

Tibetan

interior

Tibetan

fringe

HCl

CO


Gottschaldt et al.:


Stirring accross former

transport barriers

Enhanced HCl in center

EMAC

HALO ESMVal = exceptional? TL entrainment EMAC


Gottschaldt et al.:


2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

July August SeptemberHCl

HALO ESMVal

HALO ESMVal = exceptional? TL entrainment

HCl

EMAC

Entrainment of

stratospheric tracer

at eastern ASMA flank

not a rare event


Gottschaldt et al.:


2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

July August September

HALO ESMVal = exceptional? Splitting EMAC


Gottschaldt et al.:


25 135°E

°N

35

15

°N

35

15

168 hPa

Meridio

nal

win

d f

raction

S

N

HALO ESMVal = exceptional? Splitting EMAC

Dynamical instabilities ubiquitous

(e.g. ASMA splitting)


Gottschaldt et al.:


168 hPa

Meridio

nal

win

d f

raction

S

N

Tibetan and Iranian anticyclones EMAC

Sep

24

18

12

6

500-400 hPa 400-300 hPa 200-100 hPa300-200 hPa

• Tibetan part dominates UT

• Iranian part dominates mid troposphere

168 hPa

Iranian Tibetan ~65°E


Gottschaldt et al.:


Meridio

nal

win

d f

raction

S

N

Decreased O3 in the ASMA? EMAC

p

Tpot

Sep 2012

averages

O3 minimum …

• rather in isentropic

than in p-coordinates


Gottschaldt et al.:


Decreased O3 in the ASMA? EMAC

p

Tpot

Sep 2012

averages

O3 minimum …

• rather in isentropic

than in p-coordinates

Local O3 maximum

at ~ flight level !?


Gottschaldt et al.:


• Evolution of laterally averaged profiles throughout a year

• Separately for eastern & western ASMA parts

Iranian Tibetan

Iranian Tibetan

Iranian Tibetan

Iranian Tibetan

Sep 2012Dynamical modes

(Pan et al., 2016)

Iranian Tibetan

Split Elongated


Seasonal evolution EMAC

Gottschaldt et al.:


168 hPa

TP

-100

-200

-300

-400

hPa

25

15

5

pmol

mol

2012

STE

HCl in the UT ASMA is a tracer of TL or St inmixing

Seasonal evolution: HCl EMAC

Descending

from UT

Descending

from UTAscending

in dry conditions,

no washing out

No ascending HCl,

washed out

• marine BL

• only TL / St

sources in ASMA

HA

LO

ES

MV

al


Gottschaldt et al.:


TibetanIranian

HCl

TP

-100

-200

-300

-400

hPa

100

70

40

nmol

mol

2012

• CO in the UT ASMA is a tracer of BL air, incl. other O3 precursors

• Uplift in Tibetan part,

episodic UT transport to Iranian part,

descent to mid Troposphere

Received

from Tibetan Leaky

barrier

Ascending,

no washing out

Steep gradient

across TP


Seasonal evolution: CO EMAC

Gottschaldt et al.:


TibetanIranian

CO

TP

-100

-200

-300

-400

hPa

400

200

0

pmol

mol

2012

TibetanIranian

• Mostly lightning NOx in UT ASMA

(Sensitivity simulations)

NOx in simulation supported

by ~ matching in-situ obs

UT sources Little

ascending NOx

Enhanced NO, NOy


Seasonal evolution: NOxEMAC

Gottschaldt et al.:


TibetanIranian

NOx

TP

-100

-200

-300

-400

hPa

4

0

-4

ppb

day

2012

TibetanIranian

• Maximum photochemical O3 production

where (lightning) NOx meets other precursors (~CO)

Net O3 loss in

O3 maximum over

Arabian peninsula

Net O3 production

throughout summer

Maximum

in UT ASMA


Seasonal evolution: Net O3 production EMAC

Gottschaldt et al.:


TibetanIranian

dO3/dt

TP

-100

-200

-300

-400

hPa

110

90

70

nmol

mol

2012

TibetanIranian

STE

ASMA not

O3-poor

• Preferential export

of fringe air

• ASMA outflow O3-rich

Ascending

O3-poor airMid tropospheric

O3 maximum

• Enhanced by transport• TL entrainment +

in-situ production

Enhanced O3


Seasonal evolution: O3EMAC

TibetanIranian

O3

Interplay of dynamics and composition in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone

Klaus-D. Gottschaldt1, Hans Schlager1, Robert Baumann1, Duy S. Cai1, Veronika Eyring1,

Phoebe Graf1, Volker Grewe1,2, Patrick Jöckel1, Tina Jurkat1, Christiane Voigt1,3, Andreas Zahn4,

and Helmut Ziereis1

1Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany2Delft University of Technology, Aerospace Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands3Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Mainz, Germany4Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Karlsruhe, Germany

Trace gas composition in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone:

A case study based on aircraft observations and model simulations

Klaus-D. Gottschaldt1, Hans Schlager1, Robert Baumann1, Heiko Bozem2, Veronika

Eyring1, Peter Hoor2, Patrick Jöckel1, Tina Jurkat1, Christiane Voigt1,2, Andreas Zahn3, and

Helmut Ziereis1

1Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany2Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Mainz, Germany3Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Karlsruhe, Germany

Publications

submitted


Gottschaldt et al.:


www.atmos-chem-

phys.net/17/6091/2017

Summary

• TL entrainment

• Upwellings /

convection

• Lightning NOx

• Net O3 production

Variability due to

• On-off nature

of convection

• Dynamical

instabilities

Enhanced

HCl, CO, NO, NOy,O3

ASMA processes

important beyond

HALO ESMVal


Gottschaldt et al.:


Documents

Composition and transport in the Asian summer monsoon