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Components of IWRM study program at WEC
and its relevance to water sector in Yemen
by
Prof. Dr.Abdulla Babaqi
WEC IWRM Seminar
Sana’a 15-16 March 2010
Outline
• Current situation of the water sector
• Needs for development in water sector
• Tools needed
• Role of WEC – IWRM Diploma/MSc Program
– Aim of the IWRM education in Yemen
– Approaches towards curriculum development
– The curriculum
– Implementation of the program and achievements
• Conclusions
YEMEN OVERVIEW
NWRA-Yemen
2006
Area: 460,000 km2
Cultivated area: 1,200,000 ha
Population: 20.1 million
– Rural 75%
– Urban 25%
– Estimated growth rate 3.1 % / year
Water status in Yemen
Total renewable water:
2.1 Bm3/y.
Total water use:
3.0 Bm3/y
Deficit:
0.9 Mm3/y
Cultivated area:
1,200,000 ha
Drop of Water Level in different Basins
(m/y)
Basin Decline Level (m/Year)
Sana’a Basin 6.0-7.0
Northern Highlands (Sa’adah) 5.0
Rada’a Basin 5.0
Ta’iz Basin 4.0
Southern Mountains 4.o
Western Highlands 3.5
Amran Basin 3.0
Tihama Basin 3.5
Ahwar-Ma’yfaih Basin 2.5
Tuban-Abyan Basin 0.2-1.0
Water Use in Yemen
Agriculture:
90 %.
Municipal:
8 %
Industry:
2 %
NWRA-Yemen
2006
• All surface water is fully utilized
(only in extreme floods water reaches the sea)
• Water Scarcity is More Critical in the WESTERN PART of the
Country, where > 90% of the population live
• Irrigated Area Has Expanded From 37,000 ha to about 1,200,000 ha
between 1970 to 2004,
• Mostly Depend on Ground water
• Groundwater exploitation is continuously increasing
• More than 70,000 wells and estimated 200 drilling rigs
Water Status in Yemen
9
Water Resources Challenges
in Yemen
• Most water constrained country in the world:
• 120 m3/capita/year,
• 10% of regional average and
• 2% of global average
• Over-exploitation of GW (Water tables drop up to 8 meters/year in some areas)
• Low irrigation water use efficiency (20-40%)
• Institutional and implementation capacity challenges for groundwater management
CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM
Technological factors
Social factors
Economic and financial
factors
Institutional & legal
factors
- Introduction of drilling technology and pumps
-Inefficient use - particularly in agricultural
sector
- irrigation efficiency only 35%
- Population growth
- Production of Qat
- Subsidy on diesel fuel
- Cropping patterns are guided by market signals
- Low/free water tarrifs
- Poor sectoral coordination
- No enforcement for rules & regulations
Main Stakeholders in the Yemen water
sector
• Farming Sheikhs and Large Landowners:
• Parliamentarians:
• Ministry of Water and Environment:
• National Water Resources Authority:
• Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation:
• WUAs
• Donors:
Stakeholders in the Yemen water sector (Mark Zeitoun, 2009)
• Creation in 1995 of a single water resource
agency: NWRA
• Creation in 2003 of a new Ministry of Water and
Environment: MWE
• Approval by Parliament of a Water Law in 2002
• Restructuring of the urban water supply sector
and tariff reforms
• Adoption of a National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program (NWSSIP) in 2004
• Revision of NWSSIP 2008
Recent reforms in the water sector
Needs for development
• In addition to the specific water related technical skills,
more water management knowledge and skills are
needed
• Need to create a national and regional intellectual IWRM
resource base that has the capacity and capability to
identify, formulate and undertake programs and projects
of national and international organizations.
Needs for development
• There is also a need for an intermediate
between private sector clients (contract
research) and the knowledge institutes in
Yemen and abroad
Tools Needed
• IWRM education
– taking into account that implementation of water
related policy needs enforcement
Tools Needed
• Programs offered in Water and Environment
Science in the Arabic Region are primarily
focused on the technical and scientific aspects
of the water sector…
Tools Needed
• It is now clear that the water crisis is not purely a
technical problem, but is a multi-faceted socio-
economic problem that requires a
multidisciplinary approach
Role of WEC
• Centre for IWRM education
• Centre of “New water-thinking”
• Point of contact with international organizations
(IWMI, GWP, CAP-Net, ESCWA, UNESCO-IHP)
• Support from Wageningen University, Technical
University Delft, Cairo University amongst others
Role of WEC
• To provide MSc curriculum and professional
diploma courses on IWRM
• Listen to water and educational sector to provide
a fitting curriculum
What is IWRM
IWRM (definition):
IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and
management of water, land and related resources, in order to
maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable
manner without compromising the sustainability of vital eco-systems
(Global Water Partnership, 2000)
IWRM Definitions
IWRM (definition):
Natural
Resources
System
Administrative Institutional
System
Socio-
Economic
System
Demands
Impacts
Infrastructure
IWRM
Laws and regulations
IWRM Definitions
IWRM (definition):
Natural
Resources
System
Administrative Institutional
System
Socio-
Economic
System
Demands
Impacts
Infrastructure
IWRM
Laws and regulations
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
IWRM Definitions
IWRM (definition):
Natural
Resources
System
Administrative Institutional
System
Socio-
Economic
System
Demands
Impacts
Infrastructure
IWRM
Laws and regulations
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
IWRM Definitions
IWRM (definition):
Natural
Resources
System
Administrative Institutional
System
Socio-
Economic
System
Demands
Impacts
Infrastructure
IWRM
Laws and regulations
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes
IWRM Definitions
IWRM (definition):
Natural
Resources
System
Administrative Institutional
System
Socio-
Economic
System
Demands
Impacts
Infrastructure
IWRM
Laws and regulations
pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
IWRM Definitions
IWRM (definition):
Natural
Resources
System
Administrative Institutional
System
Socio-
Economic
System
Demands
Impacts
Infrastructure
IWRM
Laws and regulations
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Definitions
IWRM (definition):
Natural
Resources
System
Administrative Institutional
System
Socio-
Economic
System
Demands
Impacts
Infrastructure
IWRM
Laws and regulations
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
IWRM Definitions
Natural
Resources
System
Administrative Institutional
System
Socio-
Economic
System
Demands
Impacts
Infrastructure
IWRM
Laws and regulations
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Definitions
IWRM:
A little bit of everything
the interface of all water management aspects
very complicated processes
very important processes !
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
The Focus of IWRM
• IWRM focuses more on water resources management than on water resources development.
• IWRM is an approach that combines technical, social, legal, economical and political aspects of water Management (Multi-disciplinary).
The Focus of IWRM
• IWRM is an approach that involves multiple
stakeholders to find a common acceptable
solution to water management problems.
• IWRM is an idea that people need to be aware
of and that needs continuously creative
applications in water resources problems
The Focus of IWRM
• IWRM does NOT create more water!!
• It uses existing water resources better.
Aim of IWRM Education in Yemen
• To teach the basics of good water management, while at the same time considering technical, social, political, legal, etc. constraints.
• To develop students with skills, knowledge and attitude that they can apply in the context of the Yemeni water sector.
Aim of IWRM Education in Yemen
• The support project aims to develop an
institutionally and financially sustainable
educational program.
Approaches towards curriculum
development
• A coherent set of courses, not a a collection of separate disciplines.
• Involvement of the teachers in the development of the complete curriculum, not a top down approach.
• Include the Yemeni water sector in the program, not an ivory tower approach.
Approaches towards curriculum
development
• Build upon other efforts, not developing
the wheel again.
• Combine the knowledge from all project
partners and learn from each other (two-
way traffic)
The curriculum
• First semester develops the basis of several disciplines.
• Second semester combines the disciplines in a problem oriented approach.
• Third semester develops research skills and makes students apply the IWRM skills and knowledge to their own problem.
• Fourth semester is MSc research.
First semester • Introduction to IWRM
• Introduction to Hydrology
• Report Writing and basic computer skills
• Water and environment
• Hydrology of Yemen
• Water use in agriculture
• Water value / economics
• Water rights and policies
• Water use in urban and rural areas
• Gender and water
• Water and public participation
• Sanitation and waste water treatment
• Water Issues in the Arab Region
• IWRM case studies
Second Semester • Integrated Watershed Management
• Integrated Water Chain Management
• Integrated Groundwater Management
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management
• Environmental Impact Assessment
•
Third semester • Basic Research skills
• IWRM Project
IN
OU
T
Dip
lom
a p
roje
ct
MS
c R
esearc
h
Case s
tudie
s
Curriculum objectives
Dis
cip
linary
cours
es
Inte
gra
ted c
oncept
cours
es
Stu
de
nt
bas
e le
vel (
BSc
)
Wo
rk F
ield
s (s
ecto
rs)
IWRM Curriculum
1. Introduction to IWRM:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
2. Introduction to hydrology:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
3. Basic skills:
MSc research background knowledge
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
4. Water and Environment:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
5. Hydrology of Yemen:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
6. Water use in agriculture:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
7. Water value / economics:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
8. Water rights and policies:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
9. Water use in urban and rural areas:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
10. Gender and water:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
11. Water and public participation:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
12. Sanitation and waste water treatment:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
13. Water issues in the Arab World:
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
IWRM Curriculum
14. IWRM Case studies:
Small project with interdisciplinary views
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Environment
NWRA
NWSA
GDI
CWMU
WUA GSCP
WEC
EPA
Local corporation
Water Law
Drilling permits
Environmental Law
Islamic Law Water Rights
Runoff rights
Land ownership
Land rights
EIA
Strategic plans
Water vision
Farmers
Fruit and vegetable market
Households
Men
Women
Children
Qat market
Health
International Trade
Tribes pollution food
fuel recreation
deforestation
building materials
Lakes
Wadis
Forest
Coastal Zone
Groundwater
Watersheds
pumps
pipes
sewerage
canals
dams
waste water treatment plant
Hydrologic cycle
Achievements • The second group of students has finished their
diplomas and currently working in their MSc thesis researches.
• The third group of students has finished their diplomas and currently preparing their research plans.
• The fourth group of students has started in 2009. In general, the achievements of the educational program at the WEC with the students are very satisfying.
• There is still a lack of funding for some students.
Conclusions
• Actual ownership of the curriculum is with the
Water and Environment Center and the
lecturers.
• Response from the Yemeni water sector on
course content so far is encouraging.
• Curriculum is a coherent set of courses with a
clear build up of skills, knowledge and attitude.
Conclusions
• IWRM capacity building is successful with
the lecturers.
• IWRM capacity building now has spread to
and through the students.
Thank You
