Complex Word StressPertemuan 9

Matakuliah : G0332/English PhonologyTahun : 2007

Bina Nusantara

• Words made from a basic word (or stem) with the addition of an affix (eg. Personality)

• Compound words which are made of two or more independent words (eg. Armchair)

Two types of complex Words

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Bina Nusantara

• The affix itself receives the primary stress ; ex. Semi + ‘circle ‘semicircle

• The word is stressed just as if the affix is not there; ex. ‘pleasant un’pleasant; ‘market ‘marketing.

• The stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but is shifted to a different syllable ; ex. : ‘magnet mag’netic.

Effects on word stress

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Bina Nusantara

Stem + Affix

Suffixes which carry primary stress:– ain : enter’tain, ascer’tain– ee: refu’gee, evacu’ee– eer: mountai’neer, volun’teer– ese: portu’guese, journa’lese– ette: ciga’rette, laun’drette– esque: picture’resque, u’nique

Bina Nusantara

Stem + Affix

• Suffixes which do not affect stress placement:– able: ‘comfort, ‘comfortable– age: ‘anchor,’anchorage– en: ‘wide,’widen– ful: ‘wonder, ‘wonderful– ing:’amaze,’amazing– ish: ‘devil, ‘devilish– like: ‘bird,’birdlike– less: ‘power, ‘powerless

Bina Nusantara

Stem + Affix

– ly: ‘hurried, ‘hurriedly– ment: ‘punish, ‘punishment– ness: ‘yellow, ‘yellowness– ous: ‘glory, ‘glorious– fy: ‘glory, ‘glorify– wise: ‘other, ‘otherwise– y: ‘fun, ‘funny

Bina Nusantara

Stem + Affix

• Suffix which influence stress in the stem– eous: ‘advantage, advan’tageous– graphy: ‘photo, pho’tography– ial: ‘proverb, pro’verbial– ic: ‘climate, cli’matic– ion: ‘perfect, per’fection– ious: ‘injure, in’jurious– ty: ‘tranquil, tran’quility– ive: ‘reflex, re’flexive

Bina Nusantara

Compound Words• A compound word can have stress on the first

element such as: ‘blackboard, ‘hotbed, ‘blueberry, ‘mailman, ‘shortcake.

• But modifier + noun may have the stress on the second element such as: Hot ‘house, dark ‘room, black ‘bird, tender ‘foot, handy ‘man.

• Compound with the first element in number have final stress such as : three ‘wheeler, second ‘class, five ‘finger.

• Compound functioning as adverb are final stressed such as: head ’first, north ‘east, down ‘stream.

Bina Nusantara

Compound Words• Compound with adjectival first element and –ed

morpheme at the end have this pattern, such as: bad –’tempered ; half – ‘timbered; heavy –’handed.

• Compounds which function as verbs and have and adverbial first element have final stress, such as: down ‘grade, back ‘pedal, ill ‘treat.

Bina Nusantara

Shifting/ Variable Stress

• Many words in English have shifting stress : the position of stress may shift with a change of context.

• In isolation, before a pause, or before a weak syllable, these words have a primary stress on the last syllable.

• When the primary stress in such a word occurs directly before another syllable with primary stress, the primary stress can be shifted to the front of the compound word or demoted to the second word.

Bina Nusantara

Grammatical stress pattern

The placement of stress mark will determine the meaning of the compound noun.

1. Compound noun pattern : ´` : blackboard, hotbed2. Modifier + noun pattern : `´ : hot house, dark room

´high `chair : special chair for infant `high ´chair: chair that is high

3. Verb + object pattern : `´ : baking apples, racing horses

4. Verb + adverbial pattern : `´ : cutting up, handed out. But the nouns derived from this pattern has the pattern ´` : cutup, handouts.

Bina Nusantara

Word Class Pair

Different word class will have different stress placement

• ‘abstract (A) ; ab’stract (V)• ‘conduct (N); con’duct (V)• ‘desert (N); de’sert (V)• ‘export (N), ex’port (V)• ‘object (N), ob’ject (V)